Understanding the Structural Roles of Biomolecules in Living Organisms

 
1.3.6 + 7 Structural & Metabolic
Roles of Biomolecules
 
Need to know
 
Structural Role of Biomolecules
State carbohydrates role as cellulose in cell
walls
State proteins role as fibrous protein e.g.
keratin or as myosin
State the role of lipids as Phospholipids in
cell membranes
 
2
 
What does the ‘Structural Role of
Biomolecules’ mean?
 
Structure
 = the way in which something is
built e.g. timber structure, steel structure
Role
 = function/job or position
Biomolecules
 = carbohydrates, fats, proteins
Structural Role of Biomolecules
 = the
function/job of carbohydrates, fats, proteins
in making various parts of living things
 
3
Structural role of Carbohydrate
 
Cell Structure
Cellulose 
found in plant cell
walls
Cotton 
fibres represent the
purest natural form of
cellulose, containing more
than 90% of this fibre
Chitin
 found in fungal cell
walls and insect exoskeletons
4
 
 
Structural role of Proteins
 
Cell structure
Proteins are fibrous (threadlike) in nature.
They combine with phospholipids to from
cell membranes
 (lipoproteins)
Keratin
 is the structural protein in skin, hair
and nails
Myosin
 is the structural protein in muscle
 
5
 
Learning check
 
What does the ‘Structural Role of Biomolecules’
mean?
 
Structural Role of Biomolecules
 = the function /
job of carbohydrates, fats, proteins in making
various parts of living things
 
6
 
Structural role of Lipids
 
Cell Structure
Important 
storage
 molecules in organisms
Heat 
insulation
 – e.g. under the skin
Waterproof
 the body
Protection
 around body organs e.g. kidney,
heart
Phospholipids and lipoproteins are major
components
 in 
cell membranes
Myelin
 helps transmit messages in nerve cells
 
7
 
Learning check
 
What is the structural role of proteins?
Proteins are fibrous (threadlike) in nature.
They combine with phospholipids to from
cell membranes
 (lipoproteins)
Keratin
 is the structural protein in skin, hair
and nails
Myosin
 is the structural protein in muscle
 
8
 
1.3.7 Metabolic Role of
Biomolecules
 
10
 
Need to know
 
State that carbohydrates & lipids act as a
primary source of energy
State that proteins act as enzymes and are
made of amino acids
State that hormones (protein) act as
regulators of metabolic activity
State that vitamin C & D are used for tissue
growth, cell production and health
maintenance
Name disorders associated with deficiency
of a water soluble
 
and a fat-soluble vitamin
 
11
 
What does the ‘Metabolic Role of
Biomolecules’ mean?
 
Metabolic 
= metabolism = all the chemical
reactions in a cell
Role
 = function/job or position/involvement
Biomolecules
 = carbohydrates, fats, proteins
Metabolic Role of Biomolecules
 = the
function / job / involvement of
carbohydrates, fats, proteins in the chemical
reactions in cells making various substances
for living things
 
12
 
Metabolic Role of 
Carbohydrates
and Lipids
 
These are the 
primary sources
 of energy for
metabolism – e.g.
glucose
 (carbohydrate) is an immediate
source of energy
lipids
 are a long-term energy storage
 
13
 
Metabolic Role of 
Carbohydrates
and Lipids
 
They are important in the following processes:
Respiration
 – energy is released when
glucose is broken down to form carbon
dioxide and water – 
catabolism
Photosynthesis
 – glucose molecules are made
from carbon dioxide and water using the
sun’s energy – 
anabolism
 
14
 
Metabolic Role of 
Proteins
 
 
All
 enzymes 
are proteins and have a 
folded
shape
. Enzymes control the chemical
reactions in cells.
e.g. enzymes control the processes of
photosynthesis and respiration
Chlorophyll
 is a protein that traps the sun’s
energy during  photosynthesis
 
15
 
Learning check
 
1.
Give examples of the primary sources of
energy for metabolism
 
Glucose
 & 
Lipids
2.
Name two important metabolic pathways
and state whether they are anabolic or
catabolic
 
Photosynthesis
 – anabolic
 
Respiration
 – catabolic
 
16
 
Metabolic Role of 
Hormones
 
 
Hormones
 regulate body functions
e.g. the hormone insulin controls the amount
of glucose in the blood
Oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone are
other hormones controlling human sexual
development
 
17
 
Learning check
 
What is the metabolic role of protein?
Enzymes 
are proteins.
Enzymes 
control the processes of photosynthesis
and respiration
Chlorophyll
 is a protein that traps the sun’s
energy during  photosynthesis
 
18
 
Metabolic Role of 
Vitamins
 
Definition
: can you remember it
Vitamins are essential organic catalysts of
metabolism
They are needed in small amounts for the
correct functioning of the body
They cannot be made by the body
They must be in the diet
 
19
 
Vitamin C
 
Chemical name: 
 
ascorbic acid
Solubility:
   
water soluble
Function: for building connective tissue i.e.
tissue used for attaching organs together or
for protection,
  e.g. skin, blood vessels,
bone, tendons, cartilage, ligaments
Source: 
Citrus Fruits, Green vegetables
 
20
 
Vitamin D
 
Chemical name: 
 
calciferol
Solubility:
   
fat soluble
Function: needed to absorb calcium from
food. Calcium needed for healthy teeth and
bone formation and their maintenance
Source: Dairy products, fish liver oils, egg
yolk, made by skin in sunlight
21
Learning check
 
For the vitamins C & D give the following
 
The chemical name
 
-
Solubility
   
-
Function
   
-
 
 
Source in the diet
 
-
 
Vit C
 
Vit D
 
Ascorbic acid
 
Water soluble
 
Connective
tissue
formation
 
One source
 
Calciferol
 
Fat soluble
 
Absorb
calcium
 
One source
 
22
 
Vitamin deficiency disorders
 
Lack of Vitamin C
 causes
scurvy
Symptoms
: 
soft bleeding gums, bad and loose
teeth
Lack of Vitamin D
 causes
rickets
 in young children
Symptoms
: softening of the bones of the spinal
column and bowlegs
osteomalacia
 in adults
Symptoms
: the bones lose calcium and become
weak – common in vegans
 
23
 
END
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Explore the essential roles of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in cell structure and function. Learn how cellulose, keratin, myosin, phospholipids, and more contribute to the structural integrity and metabolic activities within living organisms. Discover the significance of these biomolecules in maintaining the structural framework and functionality of cells, tissues, and organs.


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  1. 1.3.6 + 7 Structural & Metabolic Roles of Biomolecules

  2. Need to know Structural Role of Biomolecules State carbohydrates role as cellulose in cell walls State proteins role as fibrous protein e.g. keratin or as myosin State the role of lipids as Phospholipids in cell membranes 2

  3. What does the Structural Role of Biomolecules mean? Structure = the way in which something is built e.g. timber structure, steel structure Role = function/job or position Biomolecules = carbohydrates, fats, proteins Structural Role of Biomolecules = the function/job of carbohydrates, fats, proteins in making various parts of living things 3

  4. Structural role of Carbohydrate Cell Structure Cellulose found in plant cell walls Cotton fibres represent the purest natural form of cellulose, containing more than 90% of this fibre Chitin found in fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons 4

  5. Structural role of Proteins Cell structure Proteins are fibrous (threadlike) in nature. They combine with phospholipids to from cell membranes (lipoproteins) Keratin is the structural protein in skin, hair and nails Myosin is the structural protein in muscle 5

  6. Learning check What does the Structural Role of Biomolecules mean? Structural Role of Biomolecules = the function / job of carbohydrates, fats, proteins in making various parts of living things 6

  7. Structural role of Lipids Cell Structure Important storage molecules in organisms Heat insulation e.g. under the skin Waterproof the body Protection around body organs e.g. kidney, heart Phospholipids and lipoproteins are major components in cell membranes Myelin helps transmit messages in nerve cells 7

  8. Learning check What is the structural role of proteins? Proteins are fibrous (threadlike) in nature. They combine with phospholipids to from cell membranes (lipoproteins) Keratin is the structural protein in skin, hair and nails Myosin is the structural protein in muscle 8

  9. 1.3.7 Metabolic Role of Biomolecules

  10. Need to know State that carbohydrates & lipids act as a primary source of energy State that proteins act as enzymes and are made of amino acids State that hormones (protein) act as regulators of metabolic activity State that vitamin C & D are used for tissue growth, cell production and health maintenance Name disorders associated with deficiency of a water soluble and a fat-soluble vitamin 10

  11. What does the Metabolic Role of Biomolecules mean? Metabolic = metabolism = all the chemical reactions in a cell Role = function/job or position/involvement Biomolecules = carbohydrates, fats, proteins Metabolic Role of Biomolecules = the function / job / involvement of carbohydrates, fats, proteins in the chemical reactions in cells making various substances for living things 11

  12. Metabolic Role of Carbohydrates and Lipids These are the primary sources of energy for metabolism e.g. glucose (carbohydrate) is an immediate source of energy lipids are a long-term energy storage 12

  13. Metabolic Role of Carbohydrates and Lipids They are important in the following processes: Respiration energy is released when glucose is broken down to form carbon dioxide and water catabolism Photosynthesis glucose molecules are made from carbon dioxide and water using the sun s energy anabolism 13

  14. Metabolic Role of Proteins All enzymes are proteins and have a folded shape. Enzymes control the chemical reactions in cells. e.g. enzymes control the processes of photosynthesis and respiration Chlorophyll is a protein that traps the sun s energy during photosynthesis 14

  15. Learning check 1. Give examples of the primary sources of energy for metabolism Glucose & Lipids 2. Name two important metabolic pathways and state whether they are anabolic or catabolic Photosynthesis anabolic Respiration catabolic 15

  16. Metabolic Role of Hormones Hormones regulate body functions e.g. the hormone insulin controls the amount of glucose in the blood Oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone are other hormones controlling human sexual development 16

  17. Learning check What is the metabolic role of protein? Enzymes are proteins. Enzymes control the processes of photosynthesis and respiration Chlorophyll is a protein that traps the sun s energy during photosynthesis 17

  18. Metabolic Role of Vitamins Definition: can you remember it Vitamins are essential organic catalysts of metabolism They are needed in small amounts for the correct functioning of the body They cannot be made by the body They must be in the diet 18

  19. Vitamin C Chemical name: Solubility: Function: for building connective tissue i.e. tissue used for attaching organs together or for protection, e.g. skin, blood vessels, bone, tendons, cartilage, ligaments Source: Citrus Fruits, Green vegetables ascorbic acid water soluble 19

  20. Vitamin D Chemical name: Solubility: Function: needed to absorb calcium from food. Calcium needed for healthy teeth and bone formation and their maintenance Source: Dairy products, fish liver oils, egg yolk, made by skin in sunlight calciferol fat soluble 20

  21. Learning check For the vitamins C & D give the following Vit C Ascorbic acid Water soluble Connective tissue formation Vit D Calciferol Fat soluble Absorb calcium The chemical name Solubility Function - - - One source One source Source in the diet - 21

  22. Vitamin deficiency disorders Lack of Vitamin C causes scurvy Symptoms: soft bleeding gums, bad and loose teeth Lack of Vitamin D causes rickets in young children Symptoms: softening of the bones of the spinal column and bowlegs osteomalacia in adults Symptoms: the bones lose calcium and become weak common in vegans 22

  23. END 23

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