Understanding Psychological Testing and Intelligence Theories
Exploring the world of psychological testing, this information covers the characteristics of testing such as reliability and validity, standardization, and norms establishment. Delving into intelligence testing theories like Spearman's two-factor theory and Thurstone's opposing views, it sheds light on the complexities of measuring and understanding intelligence.
Uploaded on Oct 07, 2024 | 1 Views
Download Presentation
Please find below an Image/Link to download the presentation.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author. Download presentation by click this link. If you encounter any issues during the download, it is possible that the publisher has removed the file from their server.
E N D
Presentation Transcript
CHAPTER 13: PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
SECTION 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
TEST RELIABILITY Reliability: ability of a test to give the same results under similar conditions 3 ways to determine: 1) Retesting: approx. score must be maintained 2) test yields same results from various people 3) Split-half: divide test items in half and score each separately
TEST VALIDITY Validity: ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure Best way to measure validity: predictive validity (finding out afterwards)
STANDARDIZATION Tests that are administered and graded in the same way Must est. a norm (avg score) made by a large group
ESTABLISHING NORMS Percentile system: ranking of test scores that indicates the ratio of scores lower and higher than a given score Norms: standard of comparison for test results developed by giving the test to a large, well-defined group of people
SECTION 2: INTELLIGENCE TESTING
INTELLIGENCE Def: the ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior, and to adapt to new situations Varying views
TWO-FACTOR THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE Charles Spearman 2 factors contribute to intelligence 1) g general intelligence (complex mental work) 2) s specific mental abilities (verbal/math) Critics: g does not measure other mental abilities
THURSTONES THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE L.L. Thurstone Opposed 2-factor theory Proposed 7 primary mental abilities Verbal comprehension, numerical ability, spatial relations, perceptual speed, word fluency, memory, inductive reasoning
GARDNERS THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES Howard Gardner 8 types of intelligence Verbal, logical/mathematic, spatial, musical, body- kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist Critics: most of these are skills, not intelligences
STERNBERGS THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE Robert Sternberg Triarchic Theory: intelligence can be divided into 3 ways of processing info 1)Analytical problem solving 2)Creative dealing with new things 3)Practical adjusting and coping with environment
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE Includes 4 major aspects of intra/interpersonal intelligences 1)accurately and appropriately perceive and express emotions 2) Uses emotions while thinking
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE 3) Understand emotions and use the knowledge effectively 4) Regulate one s emotions to promote personal growth
STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALE Groups test items by age level Standardized Intelligence Quotient (IQ): standardized measure of intelligence based on a scale in which 90-109 is average Otis-Lennon Ability Test: measures cognitive abilities related to school
THE WECHSLER TESTS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III) 6-16 yr olds Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligences (WPPSI-R) 4-7 yr olds
CONTROVERSY OVER IQ TESTING
NATURE VS NURTURE Identical twins have similar IQs Those raised in the same environment have similar IQs Both heredity and environment impact intelligence
CULTURAL BIAS Def: an aspect of an intelligence test in which wording in questions may be more familiar to people of one social group than to another group
SECTION 3: MEASURING ACHIEVEMENT, ABILITIES, AND INTERESTS
APTITUDE TESTS Def: estimates the probability that a person will be successful in learning a specific new skill Assessed with predictive validity General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB): most widely used---9 different tests ranging from vocabulary to manual dexterity SAT and ACT (American College Test): predict student s success in college
ACHIEVEMENT TESTS Def: measures how much a person has learned in a given subject area Assessed with content validity Adaptive testing: computer testing that responds to your performance
INTEREST INVENTORIES Def: measure of a person s preferences and attitudes in a wide variety of activities to identify areas of likely success Answer patterns will correspond with occupations Kuder Preference Record and the Campbell Interest and Skill Survey
SECTION 4: PERSONALITY TESTING
PERSONALITY TEST Def: assesses an individual s characteristics and identifies problems Some are objective and some are projective
OBJECTIVE TESTS Def: a limited-or- forced-choice test in which a person must select one of several answers
THE MMPI Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Answers reveal habits, fears, delusions, sexual attitudes, and symptoms of psych disorders Best for diagnosing psych disorders
CPI California Psychological Inventory Measures traits like responsibility, self- control, and tolerance Used to assess the normal person Does NOT reveal psychiatric illnesses
MYERS-BRIGGS TEST Focuses on how we take in info, make decisions, and approach day-to- day tasks 4 scales: 1) Extraversion v. Introversion 2) Intuition v. Sensing 3) Feeling v. Thinking 4) Judging v. Perceiving Personality is a combination of these
PROJECTIVE TESTS Def: an unstructured test in which a person is asked to respond freely, giving his/her own interpretation of various ambiguous stimuli
RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST Best known and most widely discussed Hermann Rorschach (1921) Theory: A person s response will reveal an aspect of that person s personality
TAT Thematic Apperception Test Developed by Henry Murray (1943) Participants are asked to tell a story about a picture (20 pictures total) Used to assess motivation and personality characteristics
