Significance of Psychological Theories in Understanding Suicidal Behavior
Psychological theories play a crucial role in guiding research, clinical work, and the development of new hypotheses related to suicidal behavior. The Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior emphasizes social forces, such as disturbed regulation of individuals by society, social integration, and moral regulation, as key factors influencing suicide risk. Joiner's theory highlights the concepts of belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and habituation to pain and fear of death as crucial elements contributing to suicidal behavior. Understanding these theories can provide insights into the complex psychological processes underlying suicide.
- Psychological theories
- Suicidal behavior
- Interpersonal-Psychological Theory
- Belongingness
- Perceived burdensomeness
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So why are theories important? 1) Guides research 2) Guides clinical work 3) Creates new hypotheses
Joiners Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior Those Who Desire to Die Those Who Desire to Die May endorse suicidal ideation Thwarted Belongingness Those who are capable of suicide Those who are capable of suicide Perceived Burdensomeness At greatest risk of suicide Van Orden, Witte, Gordon, Bender & Joiner, 2008
The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior argues that, in order to enact lethal self- harm, an individual must habituate to physical pain and the fear of death. This process of habituation occurs through repeated exposure to painful and provocative events. Examples of habituation? www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jrjf3V7Tc1c
Emphasized collective social forces and dismissed most other factors Disturbed regulation of the individual by society Two basic types of regulation: 1) Social integration - Low integration = egoistic - when people feel like they don t belong, purposeless and become desperate - High integration = altruistic Excessive integration leads people to lose themselves and to commit to a larger goal 2) Moral regulation * Similar to Joiner s concept of belongingness * Similar to Joiner s concept of burdernsomeness - Low regulation = anomic - Sudden changes in the social position of an individual due to abrupt changes in society lead to a lack of social direction - High regulation = fatalistic Occurs among people who live overregulated, unrewarding lives.
Why was he so influential? 1) Emphasized social disconnection as a major source for one s desire to end his/her life 2) Introduced the concept of perceived burdensomeness as a risk factor to serious suicidal behavior 3) There were very few theorists during this time - - Sullivan Menninger
Focused on the nature of psychological needs and the consequences of having those needs thwarted Suicide is caused by a certain kind of psychological pain called psychache . Psychache is defined as a general psychological and emotional pain that reaches intolerable intensity. Risk factors operate by increasing psychache which predisposes one to suicidality.
Psychache is compatible with Joiners concepts of perceived burdensomeness and failed belongingnes.
Emphasized the role of hopelessness In one study Beck and colleagues correctly identified 91% of those who later died by suicide. Those with high hopelessness were 11 times more likely to die by suicide than those with lower scores. Joiner believes that hopelessness doesn t tell the whole story and is not sufficient for suicidal behavior. Hopelessness about belongingness and burdensomeness is required, together with the acquired capability for serious self-harm
Beck also argued that previous suicidal experience sensitizes suicide-related thoughts and behaviors so that they become more accessible and active. Allows for subsequent episodes to be more easily triggered and more severe Shares similarities with Joiner s model which proposes an escalating course of suicidal behavior over time through habituation.
Proposed an escaped theory of suicide Described a series of steps leading up to serious suicidal behavior: 1) Individual experiences a negative and severe discrepancy between expectations and actual events 2) An aversive state of high self-awareness develops, which produces negative affect * Person may dwell on personal inadequacies leading to distress, sadness, and worry.
3) Person attempts to escape from negative affect as well as from the aversive self- awareness by retreating into a numb state of cognitive deconstruction self and replaces them with lower-level more immediate goals and tasks. of impulse control in general (particularly with respect to suicidal behavior). cognitive deconstruction. * Person disregards meaningful thoughts about * Reduced inhibition results which leads to a lack
Fluid Vulnerability Model Suicidal episodes are time-limited. Risk factors that both trigger a suicidal episode and determine the duration and severity of an episode are fluid. Imminent risk cannot endure beyond periods of heightened arousal. Baseline risk varies from person to person.
Fluid Vulnerability Model Fluid Vulnerability Model Suicidal Mode Acute Risk Acute Risk Baseline Risk Baseline Risk Person 1 Person 2 Adapted from Rudd, 2006
