Understanding Official Statistics in Social Research
Explore the significance of official statistics in social research, including different types like hard and soft statistics, advantages and disadvantages, and the role they play in shaping sociological methods. Discover how statistics help quantify aspects of society, the relationship between positivism and interpretivism, and the ethical considerations in research methods.
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OFFICIAL STATISTICS Workbook 2
WHAT THE SPECIFICATION SAYS: AQA SpecificationResearch Methods Students must examine the following areas: Secondary sources of data: official statistics; different sources of official statistics the relationship between positivism, interpretivism and sociological methods; the nature of social facts the theoretical, practical and ethical considerations influencing choice of topic, choice of method(s) and the conduct of research.
WHAT ARE STATISTICS? Form of numerical data where the objective is to quantify some aspect(s) of an individual, group or society. Statistics provide a wide variety of data that would normally be inaccessible to the sociologist (due to the cost of collection, for example). Quantitative Secondary data Used by Postivists.
TYPES OF STATISTICS: 1. Official statistics refer to numerical data collected and published by Governments(for example, crime or marriage statistics). Here, we can also distinguish between hard and soft statistics: Hard official statistics are statistics which cannot be manipulated or changed, such as, statistics on births, marriages and deaths. These are collected and published by the Office for National Statistics. Soft official statistics are statistics which can be manipulated or changed based on the way categories are created. These include statistics on crime, poverty and unemployment e.g. in the 1980s and 1990s the government changed the method to measure unemployment over 20 times. 2. Non-official statistics refers to numerical data collected and published by a variety of public and private organisations (the Rowntree Foundation, for example, publishes statistics on poverty). These statistics can cover a wide range of issues. Much of this data is collected using surveys e.g. market research.
OFFICIAL/ NON OFFICIAL HARD OR SOFT? Complete the activity on page 2. Statistical data Official/ Non official Hard/Soft The marriage rate in the UK in 2000 was 5.1 per 1000 of the population. This compares to 7.1 per 1000 of the population in 1981. In households containing dependent children the average number of children declined significantly from 1960 to 1980 but has been relatively stable at 1.8 since 1981. On Monday 30th November Tesco had 1,175,000 baskets cheaper at the checkout, as compared to Asda which had 734,500. In 1961 the average age of marriage in England and Wales was 25.6 years for men and 23.1 years for women. By 2000 this had risen to 30.5 and 28.2 years respectively.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING OFFICIAL STATISTICS Cut up and sort the statements about official statistics into advantages and disadvantages. Stick them in the relevant columns. Decide whether the advantage/disadvantages links to P,E,T (or a combination of P,E,T?)
EXAMPLE 1: CRIME STATISTICS Many sociologists use official statistics in their research. There are many reasons why using official statistics can be useful: they are cheap, readily available, and provide detailed quantitative data which is reliable and often representative. Official statistics also provide data for the whole country. This said, official statistics such as crime statistics have to be treated very carefully by sociologists, because they do not show the full extent of crime in society. This is illustrated in the short YouTube video entitled Crime Statistics & the Dark Figure . Research: British Crime Survey
EXAMPLE 2: SUICIDE STATISTICS The topic of suicide has received a disproportionate amount of attention from sociologists. This example was given on the recent Research Methods video we watched. Read the information about Durkheim and Atkinsons approach to researching suicide on page 5 of your workbook. How do these studies illustrate positivism/ interpretivism?
P,E,T STATISTICS REVISION SHEET Using the workbook, textbook and the additional materials we have completed in class write up a detailed summary of using official statistics as a research method on page 6 of your workbooks. Consider a range of P,E,T factors. Illustrate the points you make with examples wherever possible. You are welcome to type this up and make this a more attractive revision sheet
