Welding Symbols for Inspectors
AWS Certified Welding Inspector
Prep Course
Module 1
Welding Symbols
Introduction
The purpose of a welding symbol is so the
design professional (engineer) can convey
information about a particular weld joint.
A welding symbol can contain the following
information:
•
Weld Size
•
Weld length
•
Joint preparation
•
Weld type
•
Complete Joint Penetration
•
Partial Joint Penetration
The welding symbol communicates to the
welding personnel how to weld a joint
Definitions
•
Welding symbol
: A graphical representation of the
specification for producing a weld joint
•
Weld symbol
: A graphic character connected to a reference
line of a welding symbol specifying a weld type.
•
Reference Line
: The horizontal line which is a required
element of a welding symbol
•
Chamfer
: Prepped edge on a several types of groove welds
•
Pitch
: Center to center spacing between welds
•
Groove Angle
: The included angle between the groove
faces of the weld groove.
•
Bevel Angle
: The angle between the bevel of a joint
member and a plane perpendicular to the surface of the
member.
Definitions
•
Root Opening
: A separation at the joint root between the
work pieces.
•
Contour
: Weld profile of a finished weld
•
Finish
: How the designer wants the finish of a weld to be
obtained. (i.e. grinding, machining, etc.)
•
Backgouge
: Removal of weld filler metal. This can be
achieved by using several different types of equipment and
process; i.e. grinding, chipping, machining, carbon arc
gouging, etc.
Examples of Welding Symbols
This welding symbol in this
plan view detail
communicates to the
welding personnel how to
connect this W column to
the baseplate.
As inspectors you need to
know how to interpret
welding symbols well, so
you can be able to insure
work is being performed
according to the contract
documents.
5/16
Example of Welding Symbol
5/16
5/16”
This is what the actual
weldment the designer
needs to have the
welding personnel
complete in order for
the structure to be built
properly.
Module Overview
This module will cover:
•
Basic welding symbol parts
•
Welding symbol interpretation
–
Groove welds
–
Fillet welds
–
Plug and Slot welds
Basic Parts
Reference Line
Contains the “weld symbol” and
dimensions for the joint
Points to the area of the joint where the weld
is going to be placed
Basic Parts
Arrow
Contains extra information that cannot be
displayed in the welding symbol
This explains
that the weld
symbol
information on
this welding
symbol will be
used in “5
places”.
Basic Parts
Tail
Arrow Side Vs Other Side
Arrow Side is
ALWAYS
on the bottom of the
Reference Line
regardless which direction the
arrow is pointing to.
Arrow Side Vs Other Side
ARROW SIDE
: Open end of the
joint will be on the side of the
joint in which the arrow is
pointing to
OTHER SIDE
: Open end of
the joint will be on the
opposite side of the joint in
which the arrow is pointing
to.
“No Side Significance”
•
When the welding
symbol straddles the
reference line this
means the weld has
“no
side significance”
.
Which means the actual
fusion takes place in
between the faying
surface
No Side Significances
Symbol
Figure
6
6
Weld occurs
between the faying
surfaces of the
base metal
Multiple Reference Lines
1
st
: Backing weld on
the other side
2
nd
: Bevel weld on
the arrow side
3
rd
: Fillet weld with
flush contour on the
arrow side
Reference line
nearest to the
arrowhead will
be performed
1
st
.
Weld Symbols
Weld Symbol
: A
graphic character
connected to the
reference line of a
welding symbol
specifying a weld
type. The weld
symbol is part of
the “
welding
symbol”.
The weld symbol
often looks like
the joint
configuration
preparation.
Hint: The vertical
line perpendicular
to the reference
line is
ALWAYS
on
the left side.
Weld Symbols
Welded joint sequence example
W
Welding symbol Information:
V-Groove on arrow side
Square Groove on other side
Tail: Backgouge before welding
opposite side
Joint preparation prior to
welding
V-groove
welded first
The root of the
V-groove
gets
backgouged
, then
square groove
side gets welded
Both sides complete in accordance
with the welding symbol
Combining Weld Symbols
•
Weld symbols can be
stacked on top of each
other.
•
When welding symbols
are stacked, the weld
symbols that are closest
to the reference line will
be performed first.
•
Fillet welds performed
after groove welds are
referred to as
“reinforcing
fillet welds”
.
Combining Weld Symbols
Welding symbol
information:
Other side
:
Fillet
weld
Arrow side
:
Bevel
groove
with a reinforcing
Fillet
weld
Arrow Side
Other Side
Fillet weld on the other
side
Bevel groove weld on
the arrow side
Reinforcing fillet weld
on the arrow side
Joint complete according
to specifications
Welding Symbol Variables
Welding Symbol Variables
Similar to a math
equation, a welding
symbol has variables
(i.e. “S” is where the
fillet weld size
dimension would be
placed.). Dimensions
are plugged into these
variables to convey
important information
about weld joint.
Groove Welds
Depth of Preparation
S
For Groove Welds:
The “
S
” variable is
where the
engineer places
the dimension for
how deep the
base metal needs
to be prepared
Groove Welds
Weld Size
(E)
For Groove Welds:
“
(E)
”
is weld size,
or the actual
“Thickness” of the
weld. The
“
(E)
”
variable will
ALWAYS
be in
parenthesis.
Groove Welds
Root Opening
R
(E)
Root Opening
“
R
”: The
separation at
the joint root
between the
base metal
Groove Weld
Groove Angle
(E)
A
Groove angle “
A
”: The
entire angle of the
prepared steel
Groove Angle
Contour
Contour:
How the
designer wants the
surface to appear.
•
Flush
•
Convex
•
Concave
Contour shape
over joint opening
dictates if the weld
reinforcement will
be convex or
concave.
Flush
Convex
Concave
Groove Weld
Finish
Finish
G
- Grinding
M
- Machining
C
- Chipping
R
- Rolling
H
- Hammering
Finish “F”
:
How
the designer wants
the contour finish to
be achieved.
Contour and Finish Examples
•
Fillet weld on the arrow
side with a
convex
contour using a
grinding
method.
•
Bevel groove weld on the
arrow side with a
convex
contour. No method
specified
•
Bevel groove weld on the
other side with a
convex
contour using a
machining
method
Groove Weld
Weld size
VS
Depth of Preparation
Weld Size
: The actual thickness
of the weld
Depth of preparation
: The
depth of the chamfered
material
In this example the ¾” Weld
Size
“(E)”
is greater than the
5/8” V-groove depth of
preparation
“S”
Hint:
Welding symbols without any
dimensions on the reference line means
that joint will be Complete Joint
Penetration (CJP)
Fillet Welds
Weld Size
Weld Size “S”
: The weld
size for a fillet weld is
the distance of the
shortest leg.
Leg
: The distance
between the root and
the toe
Fillet Welds
Throat
(E)
Throat (E):
The
shortest distance
between the root and
weld face
Weld face:
Distance between toe
to toe
Fillet Welds
Length
L
Length “L”
:
Length of
the fillet
weld
Hint:
A
fillet weld
without a
dimension
in the
“L”
variable
means the
weld will
run the full
length of
the joint
Fillet Welds
Pitch
Pitch “P”
:
Center to
center
spacing for
intermittent
welds
ONLY
Intermittent Fillet Weld
•
“L-P” is an instant clue
that the weld type is
intermittently spaced.
•
“L” is
ALWAYS
in front of
the dash “-” and the
“P”.
•
“P” is
ALWAYS
a center
to center distance.
Never clear distance.
L - P
S (E)
Chain Intermittent Fillet Weld
Length
“
L
”
Pitch
“
P
”
L- P
Staggered Intermittent Fillet Weld
Weld Symbol
:
Offset fillets
welds signifies
staggered
spacing
Length
“
L
”
Pitch
“
P
”
L- P
Plug Welds
Size/ Diameter
Ø
S
Hint:
Slot
welds should
have the
diameter
symbol “Ø” in
front of it.
Plug Welds
Depth of Filling
Ø S
X
Plug Welds
Countersink
A
Ø S
X
A
Plug Welds
Contour
S
X
Ø S
X
A
Plug Welds
Pitch
Ø S
X
P
Pitch:
Center
to center
spacing. The
illustration
shows a
center to
center
distance of
“3”.
Note:
Length
or the “L”
variable is not
used because
plug weld are
circles which
is given in the
“S” variable
for diameter
or size.
A
Plug Welds
Number
Ø S
X
P
(N)
Number
“(N)”:
Variable
position that
states the
number of
plug welds in
a joint. The
(N)
variable is
always placed
underneath
the
arrowside. In
the
illustration
the
“(N)”
variable
would be 5.
Slot Welds
Size and Length
S
X
L
- P
(N)
Size “S”:
Represents the
width of the
slot.
“L”
represents the
length of the
slot.
S
L
A
Plug
VS
Slot
•
Plug Welds
–
“S”: Represents the DIAMETER of the plug weld
and needs to have “Ø” in front of the dimension
–
“L”: Plug welds do NOT have lengths
•
Slot Welds
–
“S”: Represents the WIDTH of the slot weld
–
“L”: Plug welds have LENGTHS because of the
elongated shape.
Back
VS
Backing
Back Weld
•
Back Welds
Weld performed
AFTER
front side of
the joint is welded.
Welding Symbol Options
Back
VS
Backing
Backing
•
Backing Welds
Performed
BEFORE
front side
of the joint is welded
Welding Symbol Options
Which of the following figures on the left match
the welding symbol on the right?
Answer:
C
Explanation
•
Weld symbol: Bevel
Groove weld
•
Side: Arrow side
•
Broken Arrow: Pointing
to the top piece of steel
so the top piece of steel
is the side that gets
chamfered (prepared)
Fill in the correct dimension in the
appropriate variable area
a.
S = ¾ and (E)= 7/8
b.
S= 7/8 and (E)= ¾
c.
The weld size is ¾ and
the depth of
preparation is 7/8
d.
A and C
e.
B and C
S
(E)
Answer:
e
“(E)”
is the weld size or the actual thickness of the weld ¾”.
“S”
is the depth of preparation in the base metal 7/8”
(E)
S
Which of the following answers best
describes the welding symbol below?
a)
Plug Weld
b)
Slot Weld
c)
Backing bar
d)
Back weld
Answer:
a
a)
Plug weld
•
The dimension in the
“S”
area has a diameter
symbol. Plug welds have
diameters
•
There’s only one
dimension to the left of
the symbol. Slot welds
have to have a
Length
(because they’re
elongated) and a
Pitch
.
Plug welds just have a
Pitch
ONLY
Which of the following statements is
true about the welding symbol below:
a)
Backing weld
b)
Back weld
c)
Bevel groove weld
with melt thru on the
arrowside
d)
Bevel groove weld on
the otherside with a
backing weld on the
arrowside
Answer:
a
a)
Backing weld
•
The reference line
closest to the arrow is
perform 1
st
.
•
“Backing welds” are
welded
BEFORE
the
groove weld is started
on the opposite side
Which of the following statements best
describes the welding symbol below:
a)
Continuous fillet weld
on both sides of the
joint.
b)
Chain intermittent
fillet weld
c)
Staggered intermittent
fillet weld
d)
Double bevel groove
e)
None of the above
Answer:
b
b) Chain intermittent fillet
weld
•
It’s Intermittent fillet
weld because there’s a
Length
and a
Pitch
(
L-P
)
•
It’s a
Chain
intermittent fillet
because the fillet weld
symbols are right on
top of each other
Which of the following statements are
true about the welding symbol below
a)
The weld size for
quadrant A is ¼
b)
The weld size for
quadrant B is 3/8
c)
The weld size for
quadrant C is 5/16
d)
The weld size for
quadrant D is 3/16
e)
The weld size for
quadrant C is 1/4
A
B
C
D
Answer:
e
e) The weld size for quadrant C
is 1/4
•
The weld joints of quadrant
B and C are in the same
PLANE.
•
3/16 fillet weld would be
placed in quadrant B
because its on the
arrowside of the reference
line and the ¼” fillet weld
would be placed in
quadrant C because its on
the otherside of the
reference line.
A
B
C
D
Welding symbols play a crucial role in conveying information about weld joints to welding personnel. This module covers the basics of welding symbols, including parts, interpretation, groove welds, fillet welds, plug, and slot welds. As an inspector, it is essential to understand welding symbols to ensure work is performed according to contract documents.
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Presentation Transcript
AWS Certified Welding Inspector Prep Course Module 1 Welding Symbols
Introduction The purpose of a welding symbol is so the design professional (engineer) can convey information about a particular weld joint. A welding symbol can contain the following information: Weld Size Weld length
Joint preparation Weld type Complete Joint Penetration Partial Joint Penetration The welding symbol communicates to the welding personnel how to weld a joint
Definitions Welding symbol: A graphical representation of the specification for producing a weld joint Weld symbol: A graphic character connected to a reference line of a welding symbol specifying a weld type. Reference Line: The horizontal line which is a required element of a welding symbol Chamfer: Prepped edge on a several types of groove welds Pitch: Center to center spacing between welds Groove Angle: The included angle between the groove faces of the weld groove. Bevel Angle: The angle between the bevel of a joint member and a plane perpendicular to the surface of the member.
Definitions Root Opening: A separation at the joint root between the work pieces. Contour: Weld profile of a finished weld Finish: How the designer wants the finish of a weld to be obtained. (i.e. grinding, machining, etc.) Backgouge: Removal of weld filler metal. This can be achieved by using several different types of equipment and process; i.e. grinding, chipping, machining, carbon arc gouging, etc.
Examples of Welding Symbols This welding symbol in this plan view detail communicates to the welding personnel how to connect this W column to the baseplate. 5/16 As inspectors you need to know how to interpret welding symbols well, so you can be able to insure work is being performed according to the contract documents.
Example of Welding Symbol 5/16 This is what the actual weldment the designer needs to have the welding personnel complete in order for the structure to be built properly. 5/16
Module Overview This module will cover: Basic welding symbol parts Welding symbol interpretation Groove welds Fillet welds Plug and Slot welds
Basic Parts Reference Line Reference Line (required) Contains the weld symbol and dimensions for the joint
Basic Parts Arrow Arrow (required) Points to the area of the joint where the weld is going to be placed
Basic Parts Tail Contains extra information that cannot be displayed in the welding symbol Tail This explains that the weld symbol information on this welding symbol will be used in 5 places .
Reference Line (required) Arrow (required) Tail
Arrow Side Vs Other Side Other Side Arrow Side Arrow Side is ALWAYS on the bottom of the Reference Line regardless which direction the arrow is pointing to.
ARROW SIDE: Open end of the joint will be on the side of the joint in which the arrow is pointing to OTHER SIDE: Open end of the joint will be on the opposite side of the joint in which the arrow is pointing to.
No Side Significance When the welding symbol straddles the reference line this means the weld has no side significance . Which means the actual fusion takes place in between the faying surface
No Side Significances Symbol Figure Weld occurs between the faying surfaces of the base metal 6 6
Multiple Reference Lines Reference line nearest to the arrowhead will be performed 1st. 1st: Backing weld on the other side 2nd: Bevel weld on the arrow side 3rd: Fillet weld with flush contour on the arrow side
Weld Symbol: A graphic character connected to the reference line of a welding symbol specifying a weld type. The weld symbol is part of the welding symbol . Weld Symbols The weld symbol often looks like the joint configuration preparation. Hint: The vertical line perpendicular to the reference line is ALWAYS on the left side.
Welded joint sequence example Welding symbol Information: V-Groove on arrow side Square Groove on other side Tail: Backgouge before welding opposite side W Joint preparation prior to welding V-groove welded first The root of the V-groove gets backgouged, then square groove side gets welded Both sides complete in accordance with the welding symbol
Combining Weld Symbols Weld symbols can be stacked on top of each other. When welding symbols are stacked, the weld symbols that are closest to the reference line will be performed first. Fillet welds performed after groove welds are referred to as reinforcing fillet welds .
Combining Weld Symbols Welding symbol information: Other side: Fillet weld Arrow side: Bevel groove with a reinforcing Fillet weld Other Side Arrow Side
Fillet weld on the other side Bevel groove weld on the arrow side Reinforcing fillet weld on the arrow side Joint complete according to specifications
Welding Symbol Variables Similar to a math equation, a welding symbol has variables (i.e. S is where the fillet weld size dimension would be placed.). Dimensions are plugged into these variables to convey important information about weld joint.
Groove Welds Depth of Preparation Depth of Preparation For Groove Welds: The S variable is where the engineer places the dimension for how deep the base metal needs to be prepared S S
Groove Welds Weld Size For Groove Welds: (E) is weld size, or the actual Thickness of the weld. The (E) variable will ALWAYS be in parenthesis. Weld Size (E) S (E) S
Groove Welds Root Opening Root Opening R : The separation at the joint root between the base metal R Root Opening S (E) (E) S R
Groove Weld Groove Angle AGroove Angle R S (E) A Groove angle A : The entire angle of the prepared steel (E) S R
Groove Angle Contour Contour A R S (E) A Contour:How the designer wants the surface to appear. Flush Convex Concave Contour shape over joint opening dictates if the weld reinforcement will be convex or concave. Flush (E) S Convex Concave R
Groove Weld Finish F Finish A R S (E) A Finish G- Grinding M- Machining C- Chipping R- Rolling H- Hammering Finish F : How the designer wants the contour finish to be achieved. (E) S R
Contour and Finish Examples Fillet weld on the arrow side with a convex contour using a grinding method. Bevel groove weld on the arrow side with a convex contour. No method specified Bevel groove weld on the other side with a convex contour using a machining method
Groove Weld Weld size VS Depth of Preparation Weld Size: The actual thickness of the weld Depth of preparation: The depth of the chamfered material In this example the Weld Size (E) is greater than the 5/8 V-groove depth of preparation S Hint: Welding symbols without any dimensions on the reference line means that joint will be Complete Joint Penetration (CJP)
Fillet Welds Weld Size Weld Size S Weld Size S : The weld size for a fillet weld is the distance of the shortest leg. S Leg: The distance between the root and the toe S
Fillet Welds Throat Throat S (E) Throat (E): The shortest distance between the root and weld face (E) S Weld face: Distance between toe to toe S
Hint: A fillet weld without a dimension in the L variable means the weld will run the full length of the joint Fillet Welds Length Length Length L : Length of the fillet weld S (E) L L
Fillet Welds Pitch Pitch P : Center to center spacing for intermittent welds ONLY Pitch S (E) P L L L L L P P P
Intermittent Fillet Weld L-P is an instant clue that the weld type is intermittently spaced. L is ALWAYS in front of the dash - and the P . P is ALWAYS a center to center distance. Never clear distance. S (E) L - P
Chain Intermittent Fillet Weld L- P Pitch P Length L
Staggered Intermittent Fillet Weld Length L L- P Weld Symbol: Offset fillets welds signifies staggered spacing Pitch P
Plug Welds Size/ Diameter Size/ Diameter Hint: Slot welds should have the diameter symbol in front of it. S S
Plug Welds Depth of Filling Depth of filling S X S X
Plug Welds Countersink AGroove Angle/ Countersink S X S A X
Plug Welds Contour Contour A S X S X
Plug Welds Pitch Pitch Pitch: Center to center spacing. The illustration shows a center to center distance of 3 . Note: Length or the L variable is not used because plug weld are circles which is given in the S variable for diameter or size. A S P X
Plug Welds Number Number (N) : Variable position that states the number of plug welds in a joint. The (N) variable is always placed underneath the arrowside. In the illustration the (N) variable would be 5. S P X (N) Number
Slot Welds Size and Length Size S : Represents the width of the slot. L represents the length of the slot. Length Size A S X L - P (N) L S
Plug VS Slot Plug Welds S : Represents the DIAMETER of the plug weld and needs to have in front of the dimension L : Plug welds do NOT have lengths Slot Welds S : Represents the WIDTH of the slot weld L : Plug welds have LENGTHS because of the elongated shape.
Back VS Backing Back Weld Back Welds Weld performed AFTER front side of the joint is welded. Welding Symbol Options
