Understanding Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism in Genetic Disorders

Explore the intricate pathways of purine and pyrimidine catabolism, salvage, and degradation. Uncover the causes and symptoms of genetic disorders like Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome and Gout. Discover the importance of ribonucleotides conversion to deoxyribonucleotides in DNA synthesis. Dive into the mechanisms behind pyrimidine catabolism and the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides essential for cellular functions.

• Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
• Genetic Disorders
• Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
• Gout
• DNA Synthesis

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1. PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE CATABOLISM

2. PURINE CATABOLISM

3. PURINE DEGRADATION

4. PURINE SALVAGE PATHWAY From normal turnover of cellular nucleic acids Obtained from the diet Reutilization of adenine, hypoxanthine, and guanine Two enzymes: 1. Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase 2. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase

7. Hypoxanthine Xanthine dehydrogenase Xanthine Allopurinol http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Allopurinol_V.1.svg/150px-Allopurinol_V.1.svg.png

8. GOUT structure of organic compound: 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Case_30-bottom.jpg/120px-Case_30-bottom.jpg

9. Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome Build up of hypoxanthine and guanine Degradation of hypoxanthine and guanine results in increased uric acid Absence of Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Excess uric acid in urine often results in orange crystals in the diaper of affected children Severe mental retardation Self-mutilation Involuntary movements Gout

10. LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME File:XlinkRecessive.jpg

11. PYRIMIDINE CATABOLISM

14. RIBONUCLEOTIDES TO DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES Very Important!

15. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Rnr.jpg/400px-Rnr.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Rnr.jpg/400px-Rnr.jpg

16. DNA Base Pairing Guanine-Cytosine Adenine-Thymine

17. CHARGAFFS RULE %A = %T and %G = %C In DNA, 1:1 ratio between purines and pyrimidines Organism %A %G %C %T A/T G/C %GC %AT X174 24.0 23.3 21.5 31.2 0.77 1.08 44.8 55.2 Maize 26.8 22.8 23.2 27.2 0.99 0.98 46.1 54.0 Octopus 33.2 17.6 17.6 31.6 1.05 1.00 35.2 64.8 Chicken 28.0 22.0 21.6 28.4 0.99 1.02 43.7 56.4 Rat 28.6 21.4 20.5 28.4 1.01 1.00 42.9 57.0 Human 29.3 20.7 20.0 30.0 0.98 1.04 40.7 59.3 Grasshopper 29.3 20.5 20.7 29.3 1.00 0.99 41.2 58.6 Sea Urchin 32.8 17.7 17.3 32.1 1.02 1.02 35.0 64.9 Wheat 27.3 22.7 22.8 27.1 1.01 1.00 45.5 54.4 Yeast 31.3 18.7 17.1 32.9 0.95 1.09 35.8 64.4 E. Coli 24.7 26.0 25.7 23.6 1.05 1.01 51.7 48.3

18. SUMMARY Purines: Uric acid Reutilization of adenine, hypoxanthine and guanine End product: Urate (a.k.a.: Uric Acid ) Altered metabolism: Gout Pyrimidines: Citric acid intermediates Acetyl-CoA derived from Cytosine and Uracil degradation; Propionyl-CoA (Succinoyl-CoA) from Thymine degradation Ammonia and CO2 Ring undergoes complete degradation