Understanding Growth and Development in Childhood
Growth in a child refers to the increase in size, height, and weight, while development encompasses a gradual change and expansion of capacities through maturation and environmental interactions. Growth primarily involves quantitative changes in the body, while development focuses on overall changes in shape and functioning. Differences between growth and development lie in the qualitative aspects and organizational aspects of change. The process of growth stops when maturity is reached, whereas development is a continuous and broader term leading towards maturity.
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GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF Childhood NAME : DR.ZAREEN BAKSH DESIGNATION : ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ORGANISATION: ST.ALOYSIUS COLLEGE (Autonomous),Jabalpur (M.P.) Reaccredited A+ Grade by NAAC (GCPA 3.68/4.00) College with Potential for Excellence (CPE) by UGC DST-FIST Supported
MEANING OF GROWTH Growth of a child means the increase in size height, and weight of an individual. Growth may or may not bring development. It is the process of physical maturation resulting an increase in size of the body and various organs. It occurs by multiplication of cells and an increase in intracellular substances. It is quantitative changes of the body. Growth refers to an increase in physical size of the whole body or any of its parts. It is simply a quantitative change in the child s body. It can be measured in Kg, pounds, meters, inches, etc.
DEVELOPMENT Development refers to a process of growth and capacity over time as function of both maturation and interaction with the environment .Development is a continuous process. A gradual change and expansion, advancement from lower to more advanced stages of complexity, the emerging and expanding of the individuals capacities through growth, maturation and learning . According to J.E. Anderson (1950) Development is concerned with growth as well as those changes in behaviour which results from environmental situations .
Difference between Growth and Development Development Development implies overall change in shape, form or structure resulting in improved working or functioning. Changes in the quality of character rather than the quantitative aspects comes in this domain. Development is organizational. It is organization of all the parts which growth and differentiation have produced. Growth The term is used in purely physical sense. It generally refers to increase in size, length . Changes in the quantitative aspects come into the domain of Growth . Growth is cellular. It takes place due to the multiplication of cells. Growth may or may not bring development .
To be continue.. Growth It is a part of developmental process. Development in its quantitative aspect is termed as growth, Growth does not continue throughout life. It stops when maturity has been attained. The changes produced by growth are the subject of measurement. They may be quantified. Development It is a comprehensive and wider term and refers to overall changes in the individual. Development is a wider and comprehensive term and refers to overall changes in the individual. Development involves changes of an orderly, coherent type tending towards the goal of maturity.
Principles of Growth and Development Growth is an orderly process, occurring in systematic fashion. Rates and patterns of growth are specific to certain parts of the body. Wide individual differences exist in growth rates. Growth and development are influences by are influences by a multiple factors. Development proceeds from the simple to the complex and from the general to the specific. Development occurs in a cephalocaudal and a proximodistal progression. There are critical periods for growth and development. Rates in development vary. Development continues throughout the individual's life span.
FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT The process of growth and development is described by various sets of principles. These principles explain typical development as a predictable and orderly process, To understand human growth and development. We need to understand the factors affecting the growth and development.
1.HEREDITY Heredity is a biological process of transmission of certain Traits of behavior of the parents to their children, by means of the fertilized egg .Heredity traits are innate they are present at birth. EFFECTS OF HEREDITY Difference in every person Genes of parents seen in the child. The occurrence of greatly gifted child is higher when the fathers are of superior intelligence.
2.ENVIRONMENT In simple terms environment means the society, the fields of society and even the whole world. But here, the word Environment is restricted to mean the environment within mother s womb and just born, as well as the environment around the individual. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT Environment plays an important role in determining the behavior and personality development of an environment influences are those which act upon the child at the early stages of development i. e., before and also after birth. individual. The DOUGLASS AND HOLLAND SAID Environment includes all the extrinsic forces, influences, and conditions which affect the life nature, behavior, the growth and development and maturation of living Organism .
3.MEDIA The word mass media indicates media as visual with all the information all around the world . Mass media plays a role of reflection , where it shows other people around the world.
EFFECTS OF MEDIA ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Media reflects in two ways that is positive and negative through various source like T.V, radio, newspaper, and even in internet. Media can give you ideas, and can inspire you to do certain things and drive you to initiate what you see. Media can change your behavior, living style, and moral thoughts and consequences in a positive way. It gives lot of scientific and societal development. Media helps in developing life skills, intellectual capacity, introspection and personal contemplation.
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MEDIA In this globalised world we are dependent on this media. Youngsters are misusing the media. Media does not produce the real happening of a world rather creates a new world. Media can misinterprets the facts and causes mess.
NUTRITION The attainment of good nutrition depends on and encompasses the entire food supply . Without proper nutrition one cannot grow properly. And thus development of the mend is also stopped.
NUTRITION AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH The maternal diet during pregnancy are very important for the growth and development of the child. Nutrition also prevents diseases related to reproductive organs. The baby gets all the nutrition taken by the mother when he is the womb. Thus the mother should take care during pregnancy to have proper growth and development of the child.
CHILD REARING PRACTICES Child rearing practices are the practices which enable a new born to adopt the culture and traditions of the existing society. The parents play an important role in this.
TYPES OF CHILD REARING PRACTICES Authoritative Authoritarian Favors strict discipline Have to many rules for the children. Children raised by these parents are moody and anxious but well behaved. Balance of love and also set limitations. Children raised by these parents are happy, Kind ,self motivated.
Permissive Uninvolved Low on being responsive to a child s need. Aren t involved in child s life. Children raised by these parents are needy And lonely. Displays a lot of love and behaves Like friends to the child. Children raised by these parents are Demanding and whiny.
EFFECTS OF CHILD REARING PRACTICES Child s behavior changes according to the type of practice used. Children become aware from there culture and society They learn about the environment. SIBLINGS Siblings are brothers and sisters of a child. Siblings are considered as an important component of family systems and as an important context for learning and development.
EFFECTS OF SIBLING ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT CHILDHOOD The child gets jealous from his siblings and tries to overtake him/her. ADOLESCENCE The children at this stage become very competitive and takes this positively or negatively.
PEER PRESSURE Peer pressure or even social pressure is the influence of others on a child. They get encouraged to follow others by changing their attitude, behavior, etc.
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF PEER PRESSURE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF PEER PRESSURE Demand more Addict to drugs Forget family values Change their attitude Learn to argue Leave bad habits. Unity Confidence Learn values Sharing
Impact of nature and nurture on child Development Nature refers to all of the genes and hereditary factors that influence who we are from our physical appearance to our personality characteristics. Nurture refers to all the environmental variables that impact who we are, including our early childhood experiences, how we were raised, our social relationships, and our surrounding culture. A few examples of biologically determined characteristics (nature) include certain genetic diseases, eye color, hair color, and skin color. Other things like life expectancy and height have a strong biological component, but they are also influenced by environmental factors and lifestyle.
Impact of nature heredity on human development Heredity: Heredity and genes certainly play an important role in the transmission of physical and social characteristics from parents to off-springs. Different characteristics of growth and development like intelligence, aptitudes, body structure, height, weight, color of hair and eyes are highly influenced by heredity. Sex: Sex is a very important factor which influences human growth and development. There is lot of difference in growth and development between girls and boys. Physical growth of girls in teens is faster than boys. Overall the body structure and growth of girls are different from boys. Socioeconomic: Socioeconomic factors definitely have some affect. It has been seen that the children from different socioeconomic levels vary in average body size at all ages. The upper level families being always more advanced. The most important reasons behind this are better nutrition, better facilities, regular meals, sleep, and exercise. Family size also influences growth rate as in big families with limited income sometimes have children that do not get the proper nutrition and hence the growth is affected.
Identical twins Identical twins have the same DNA; however, they may not look exactly identical to one another because of environmental factors such as womb position and life experiences after being born. Our family joke about one of our twin s stitches for a lacerated upper lip was that he wanted to distinguish himself from his identical twin brother! In addition to life s bumps, bruises, and differing hairstyles, a child s DNA is constantly adapting to that child s experiences. Different stretches of one s DNA can turn on or off in response to environmental surroundings therefore, over time, a pair of identical twins DNA becomes more and more distinctive. All twins, whether fraternal or identical, are truly 2 separate, unique individuals.
Fraternal twins All pregnancies start when a sperm fertilises an egg. This fertilised egg is called a zygote. Sometimes a woman s ovaries release two eggs, and two separate sperm fertilise each egg. This forms twins. These twins are called fraternal twins, dizygotic twins (meaning two zygotes) or non-identical twins. During pregnancy, the developing babies get oxygen and food from their mother through the placenta and umbilical cord. Fraternal twins have separate placentas and umbilical cords. The technical name for this is dichorionic. Fraternal twins can be the same or opposite sex and their genes are as different as any other brother and sister. Often, same-sex fraternal twins look different for example, they might have different hair or eye colour. Occasionally they look quite similar
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