Transverse Wave Motion in Physics
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Transverse Wave Motion
17
TH
SEPTEMBER 2019
1
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2
A typical representation of a wave propagating in
space
The propagating wave causing the
individual oscillators in the medium
to oscillate
Overall oscillation of the oscillators with the
same phase in the same plane forms the travelling
plane wave.
Note : each color represents a different phase of
the wave.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_wave
Concept of Plane wave
Velocities in wave motion
•
For a mechanical wave, the individual oscillators which make up the medium do
not progress through the medium with the waves.
•
The three velocities in wave motion are
1. The particle velocity
2. The wave or phase velocity
3. The group velocity
•
For a
monochromatic wave
, the group velocity and the wave velocity are
identical.
3
4
•
Propagation of a light pulse in a
dispersive medium
. Note that the phase fronts of different
frequency components propagate with different velocities, and the pulse propagates with the
group velocity
, which is lower than all the phase velocities;
•
No temporal broadening due to the propagation taking place in a
nondispersive medium
.
Example of the group velocity
https://www.rp-photonics.com/group_velocity.html
5
•
White light pulse
consists of an infinite
fine spectrum of
frequencies and moving
with a group velocity.
•
The wave velocity of
each wavelength in the
group is different.
•
The phenomenon is
known as
dispersion
.
http://slideplayer.com/slide/10965793/
(GVD = Group Velocity
Dispersion)
6
http://www.koppglass.com/blog/optical-properties-of-glass-how-light-and-glass-interact/
Example of dispersion
The transverse wave equation on a string
•
A very short section of a uniform
string has a vertical displacement.
•
The wave equation relates the vertical
displacement y to time t and position x.
•
Given that the linear density
and a
constant tension T along a slightly
extensible string, the wave equation is
given as
7
Ideal string constraints
In order for the wave equation to apply to the waves in a string, it must meet certain
constraints. For an ideal string, it is assumed that
1. The string is perfectly uniform with a constant mass per unit length, and is perfectly
elastic with no resistance to bending.
2. The string tension is presumed to be large enough so that
gravity can be neglected
.
3. Small segments of the string are presumed to move transversely in a plane
perpendicular to the string, and that the displacements and slopes of segments of the
string are small.
8
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Waves/waveq.html#c2
How to obtain the wave equation
•
By applying the Newton’s second law of motion, the horizontal force
components on the element are cancelled.
•
And, the vertical force components results in
•
According to the definition of the partial derivative, we have
9
;
c
is the wave velocity.
Solution of the wave equation :
travelling wave
•
The solution of the wave equation is a function of the variables x and t.
•
The right and left travelling (or progressive) waves can be written as
•
Note :
10
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Waves/wavsol.html#c3
•
Initially, a wave function is given as
y
=
a
sin(
t
0
–
kx
0
).
•
At a later time
t
(>
t
0
), the wave function becomes
y
=
a
sin(
t
-
kx
).
•
t
0
–
kx
0
=
t
–
kx
and this leads to
x
>
x
0
. This suggests the
right
moving waveform.
Characteristic impedance
•
Any medium through which waves propagate will present an impedance to those waves.
•
The impedance to progressive transverse waves is defined as the transverse impedance,
•
The velocity
v
here is the particle velocity
NOT
the wave velocity.
•
For a harmonic force, the ratio of force to velocity tells you how hard it is to move the
object – this depends both on how much inertia (e.g. linear density) the object has and on
how strong the restoring force (e.g. tension) is.
•
The impedance, represented a medium characteristic, can be either
real (for lossless case)
or complex (for loss case)
.
11
Characteristic impedance of a string
•
The displacement of the progressive waves
may be given as
•
At the left end of the string, x = 0, the wave
is rewritten as
•
The velocity is found to be
•
The string characteristic impedance
12
The string as a forced oscillator with a vertical
force F
0
exp(i
t) driving at one end.
•
The constant tension T in the string is balanced
by the force at the end of the string.
WHY?
Reflection and transmission of wave
on a string at a boundary
Boundary conditions at x = 0 :
1.
geometrical condition
: displacement is the same immediately to the left and right at x = 0 for
all time (a continuity of the string)
2.
dynamical condition
: a continuity of the transverse force T(
y
/x
) at x = 0, and therefore a
continuous slope.
13
Waves on a string impedance
1
c
1
reflected and transmitted at
the boundary x = 0 where the
string changes to impedance
2
c
2
Incident, reflected and transmitted waves
14
Determination of the reflection and
transmission amplitude coefficients
•
According to the boundary conditions (at x =0 for all t)
15
Reflection and transmission coefficients
•
Note : these coefficients are independent of
and hold for waves of all frequencies.
•
What does it mean if Z
2
=
?
•
What does it mean if Z
2
= 0?
16
Reflections of string at fixed end (Z =
)
and at free end (Z = 0)
17
https://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/demos/reflect/reflect.html
At a fixed (hard) boundary, the
displacement remains zero and the
reflected wave changes its polarity
(undergoes a 180
o
phase change)
At a free (soft) boundary, the restoring
force is zero and the reflected wave has
the same polarity (no phase change) as
the incident wave
18
Anything wrong with this animation!
https://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/reflect/reflect.html
19
Example 1
A triangular shaped pulse of length
l
is reflected at the fixed end of the string on which
it travels (Z
2
=
). Sketch the shape of the pulse after a length (a)
l
/4 (b)
l
/2
(c) 3
l
/4 and (d)
l
of the pulse has been reflected.
20
Solution
Reflection and transmission of energy
•
Now, let’s consider what happens to the energy flow in a wave when it meets a boundary
between two media of different impedance values.
•
Generally,
the energy flow or the rate at which energy is being carried
along a unit length,
mass
, of the string as a simple harmonic oscillator of maximum amplitude A with travelling
wave velocity of c is
•
This can be shown that the energy arriving at the boundary x = 0 is equal to the energy
leaving the boundary. In other words, the energy is conserved.
21
Energy flow or rate of energy
•
Due to the total energy of a unit length :
22
The conservation of energy
•
All energy arriving at the boundary in the incident wave leaves the boundary in the reflected
and transmitted waves.
•
Note : The proof requires the transformation of
B
1
and
A
2
to be in terms of
A
1
.
23
The reflected and transmitted intensity
coefficients
•
Note : if Z
1
= Z
2
no energy is reflected and the impedances are said to be
matched.
24
Example 2
A transverse harmonic force of peak value 0.3 N and frequency 5 Hz initiates
waves of amplitude 0.1 m at one end of a very long string of linear density 0.01
kg/m. Determine the rate of energy transfer along the string and the wave
velocity. (ans : 3
/20 W and 30/
m/s
)
25
solution
26
The matching of impedances
•
Impedance matching represents a
very important practical problem in
the transfer of energy.
•
The concept of impedance matching
is to have the impedance change
slowly.
•
An appropriate length and
impedance of another string
between two mismatched strings
will eliminate energy reflection and
match the impedance.
27
The analysis of the matching impedances
•
To comply with the condition of matching impedances, the following ratio has to be
unity
,
•
To derive the impedance and the length of the inserted piece of the string, the boundary conditions
are that y and T(
y/
x
) are continuous across the junctions x = 0 and x =
l
.
•
This gives
•
Two impedances to be matched when and the thickness of the coupling medium is
28
Standing waves on a string of a fixed length
•
The displacement on the string at any point is given by
•
With the boundary condition that y = 0 at x = 0 and x =
l
at all times, thus
•
The complete expression for the displacement of the
n
th harmonic
is given by
•
This may be expressed as
•
Where the amplitude of nth mode is given by
29
homework
Problems : 4.12, 4.13, 5.9
30
Explore the concepts of transverse wave motion, velocities in wave motion, group velocity, dispersion, and the transverse wave equation on a string. Visual examples and explanations enhance the understanding of these fundamental principles in physics.
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Presentation Transcript
Transverse Wave Motion 17THSEPTEMBER 2019 1
Concept of Plane wave A typical representation of a wave propagating in space The propagating wave causing the individual oscillators in the medium to oscillate Overall oscillation of the oscillators with the same phase in the same plane forms the travelling plane wave. Note : each color represents a different phase of the wave. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_wave 2
Velocities in wave motion For a mechanical wave, the individual oscillators which make up the medium do not progress through the medium with the waves. The three velocities in wave motion are 1. The particle velocity 2. The wave or phase velocity 3. The group velocity For a monochromatic wave, the group velocity and the wave velocity are identical. 3
Example of the group velocity Propagation of a light pulse in a dispersive medium. Note that the phase fronts of different frequency components propagate with different velocities, and the pulse propagates with the group velocity, which is lower than all the phase velocities; No temporal broadening due to the propagation taking place in a nondispersive medium. https://www.rp-photonics.com/group_velocity.html 4
White light pulse consists of an infinite fine spectrum of frequencies and moving with a group velocity. The wave velocity of each wavelength in the group is different. The phenomenon is known as dispersion. (GVD = Group Velocity Dispersion) http://slideplayer.com/slide/10965793/ 5
Example of dispersion http://www.koppglass.com/blog/optical-properties-of-glass-how-light-and-glass-interact/ 6
The transverse wave equation on a string A very short section of a uniform string has a vertical displacement. The wave equation relates the vertical displacement y to time t and position x. Given that the linear density and a constant tension T along a slightly extensible string, the wave equation is given as 2 2 2 1 c y x y t y t = = 2 2 2 2 T 7
Ideal string constraints In order for the wave equation to apply to the waves in a string, it must meet certain constraints. For an ideal string, it is assumed that 1. The string is perfectly uniform with a constant mass per unit length, and is perfectly elastic with no resistance to bending. 2. The string tension is presumed to be large enough so that gravity can be neglected. 3. Small segments of the string are presumed to move transversely in a plane perpendicular to the string, and that the displacements and slopes of segments of the string are small. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Waves/waveq.html#c2 8
How to obtain the wave equation By applying the Newton s second law of motion, the horizontal force components on the element are cancelled. And, the vertical force components results in 2 y x y x y t = T dx 2 x dx + x According to the definition of the partial derivative, we have 2 2 2 1 c y x y t y t = = ; c is the wave velocity. 2 2 2 2 T 9
Solution of the wave equation : travelling wave The solution of the wave equation is a function of the variables x and t. The right and left travelling (or progressive) waves can be written as ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , sin ; moving to the left: -x direction y x t a t kx = + = , sin ; moving to the right: +x direction y x t a t kx Note : Initially, a wave function is given as y = asin( t0 kx0). At a later time t (>t0), the wave function becomes y = asin( t - kx). t0 kx0 = t kx and this leads to x > x0 . This suggests the right moving waveform. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Waves/wavsol.html#c3 10
Characteristic impedance Any medium through which waves propagate will present an impedance to those waves. The impedance to progressive transverse waves is defined as the transverse impedance, transverse force transverse velocity F v = = Z The velocity v here is the particle velocity NOT the wave velocity. For a harmonic force, the ratio of force to velocity tells you how hard it is to move the object this depends both on how much inertia (e.g. linear density) the object has and on how strong the restoring force (e.g. tension) is. The impedance, represented a medium characteristic, can be either real (for lossless case) or complex (for loss case). 11
Characteristic impedance of a string The displacement of the progressive waves may be given as At the left end of the string, x = 0, the wave is rewritten as y = The string as a forced oscillator with a vertical force F0exp(i t) driving at one end. ( ) t kx i = y Ae F c i ( ) i t 0 e T The velocity is found to be c T ( ) i t = = v y F e 0 y x i t = = sin tan ; small F e T T T 0 The string characteristic impedance T c The constant tension T in the string is balanced by the force at the end of the string. = = Z c WHY? 12
Reflection and transmission of wave on a string at a boundary Waves on a string impedance 1c1 reflected and transmitted at the boundary x = 0 where the string changes to impedance 2c2 2c2 1c1 Boundary conditions at x = 0 : 1. geometrical condition : displacement is the same immediately to the left and right at x = 0 for all time (a continuity of the string) 2. dynamical condition : a continuity of the transverse force T( y /x) at x = 0, and therefore a continuous slope. 13
Incident, reflected and transmitted waves ( ( ( ) ) + ( ) , exp A t k x = Incident wave : , y x t 1 1 i ( ) , exp B t k x = Reflected wave : y x t 1 1 r ) ( ) exp A t k x = Transmittedwave: y x t 2 2 t 14
Determination of the reflection and transmission amplitude coefficients According to the boundary conditions (at x =0 for all t) + = BC 1 : y y y i r t + ( ) ( ) ( ) t k x t k x + t k x i i i = Ae B e A e 1 1 2 1 1 2 ( ) + = BC 2 : T y y T y i r t x x T c T c T c + = - - A B A 1 1 2 1 1 2 15
Reflection and transmission coefficients + B A Z Z Z Z 1 1 2 = Reflection coefficient of amplitude, 1 1 2 Z + 2 A A 2 1 Z = transmission coefficient of amplitude, Z 1 1 2 Note : these coefficients are independent of and hold for waves of all frequencies. What does it mean if Z2 = ? What does it mean if Z2 = 0? 16
Reflections of string at fixed end (Z = ) and at free end (Z = 0) At a fixed (hard) boundary, the displacement remains zero and the reflected wave changes its polarity (undergoes a 180ophase change) At a free (soft) boundary, the restoring force is zero and the reflected wave has the same polarity (no phase change) as the incident wave https://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/demos/reflect/reflect.html 17
https://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/reflect/reflect.html An incident wave travelling from a low density (high wave speed) region towards a high density (low wave speed) region. How do the polarities of the reflected and transmitted waves compare to the polarity of the incident wave? An incident wave travelling from a high density (low wave speed) region towards a low density (high wave speed) region. How do the polarities of the reflected and transmitted waves compare to the polarity of the incident wave? Anything wrong with this animation! 18
Example 1 A triangular shaped pulse of length l is reflected at the fixed end of the string on which it travels (Z2 = ). Sketch the shape of the pulse after a length (a) l/4 (b) l/2 (c) 3l/4 and (d) l of the pulse has been reflected. 19
Solution 20
Reflection and transmission of energy Now, let s consider what happens to the energy flow in a wave when it meets a boundary between two media of different impedance values. Generally, the energy flow or the rate at which energy is being carried along a unit length, mass , of the string as a simple harmonic oscillator of maximum amplitude A with travelling wave velocity of c is ( ) energy velocity 1 2 2 2 = A c This can be shown that the energy arriving at the boundary x = 0 is equal to the energy leaving the boundary. In other words, the energy is conserved. 21
Energy flow or rate of energy Due to the total energy of a unit length : E E E = + 1 2 1 2 2 2 = + my sy K U ( ) = = sin y A t kx ( ) cos y A t kx 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 = = = ; Energy per unit lenght E mA A s m 1 2 1 2 2 2 E x = ; For a lenght of the total energy becomes x A x 1 ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 2 = = ; rate of energy flow or power = 2 A x t A c c x t 22
The conservation of energy All energy arriving at the boundary in the incident wave leaves the boundary in the reflected and transmitted waves. energy arriving = energy leaving 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 = + 1 1 c A 1 1 c B 2 2 c A 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 = + Z A Z B Z A 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 = Z A Z A 1 1 Note : The proof requires the transformation of B1 and A2 to be in terms of A1. 23
The reflected and transmitted intensity coefficients 2 2 2 + Reflected Energy= Incident Energy 1 1 Z B Z A B A Z Z Z Z 1 1 2 = = 2 1 1 2 1 1 Z A Z A 2 4 Transmitted Energy= Incident Energy 1 2 Z Z Z + 2 2 = ( ) 2 2 Z 1 1 1 2 Note : if Z1 = Z2 no energy is reflected and the impedances are said to be matched. 24
Example 2 A transverse harmonic force of peak value 0.3 N and frequency 5 Hz initiates waves of amplitude 0.1 m at one end of a very long string of linear density 0.01 kg/m. Determine the rate of energy transfer along the string and the wave velocity. (ans : 3 /20 W and 30/ m/s) 25
1 2 2 rate of energy transfer = 2 c A solution F v = impedance Z = c ( ) = = sin Suppose y A t kx ( ) = cos v y A t kx . 0 3 . 0 3 5 0 1 N m F = = = = s z c ( ) . 2 A . 1 2 1 0 3 2 ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 2 = 0 1 5 . 0 1 . rate of energy transfer = 2 c A 3 20 0 3 = W . 1 . 30 = = = and m s c Z 0 01 26
The matching of impedances Impedance matching represents a very important practical problem in the transfer of energy. The concept of impedance matching is to have the impedance change slowly. An appropriate length and impedance of another string between two mismatched strings will eliminate energy reflection and match the impedance. 27
The analysis of the matching impedances To comply with the condition of matching impedances, the following ratio has to be unity, 2 3 3 Z A Z A Transmitted Energy= Incident E = 1 2 ne gy r 1 1 To derive the impedance and the length of the inserted piece of the string, the boundary conditions are that y and T( y/ x) are continuous across the junctions x = 0 and x = l. This gives 2 2 3 2 1 4 3 3 Z A Z A A A 13 r + Transmitted Energy Incident Energy 1 = = = ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 13 r 2 2 + + 1 cos sin 13 r k l 12 r 23 r k l 1 1 2 2 Two impedances to be matched when and the thickness of the coupling medium is 2 1 3 Z Z Z = 24 28
Standing waves on a string of a fixed length ( ) ( ) t kx t kx + i i = + y ae be The displacement on the string at any point is given by With the boundary condition that y = 0 at x = 0 and x = l at all times, thus ( 2 y = ( ) ) i t sin i ae kx The complete expression for the displacement of the nth harmonic is given by x ( )( i ) n c ) = + 2 cos sin sin y a t i t n n n x ( n c = + cos sin sin y A t B t This may be expressed as n n n n n ( )1 2 + = 2 A B a Where the amplitude of nth mode is given by n n 29
homework Problems : 4.12, 4.13, 5.9 30
