The Scientific Revolution: From Medieval Roots to Modern Discoveries
Developments in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance laid the foundation for the seventeenth-century Scientific Revolution. This transformation was influenced by advancements in ancient knowledge, close observation of nature, mathematical reasoning, and technological innovations. Figures like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton challenged the geocentric model, introducing a new vision of the universe that differed significantly from the Ptolemaic conception.
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Ch. 16 Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science FQ: What developments during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance contributed to the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century?
A nineteenth-century painting of Galileo before the Holy Office in the Vatican in 1633
Background to the Scientific Revolution Ancient Authors and Renaissance Artists Limitations in the perspectives of medieval scientists
The Renaissance and ancient knowledge Contradictions of medieval authorities Close observation of nature Perspective and anatomical proportions
Technological Innovations and Mathematics Mathematics regarded as key to understanding Mathematical reasoning was viewed as promoting a degree of certainty that was otherwise impossible.
Renaissance Magic Hermetic magic and alchemical thought
FQ: What did Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton contribute to a new vision of the universe, and how did it differ from the Ptolemaic conception of the universe?
Question #1 What is geocentric conception? Who challenged this idea in the late 16thcentury?
Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy Medieval Cosmological Views Based on Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Christian theology Geocentric conception Concentric spheres with fixed earth at center
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 1543) On The Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres Observation and heliocentric conception The conservatism of Copernicus Creates doubt about the Ptolemaic system
Medieval Conception of the Universe As this sixteenth-century illustration shows, the medieval cosmological view placed the earth at the center of the universe, surrounded by a series of concentric spheres. p474
The Copernican System As shown in this illustration from the first edition of the book, Copernicus maintained that the sun was the center of the universe and that the planets, including the earth, revolved around it. p475
Question #2 Who was given a small island by Frederick the Great to study astronomy? Who was his assistant?
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Danish nobleman granted possession of an island near Copenhagen by King Frederick II. Observed data at the Uraniborg Castle that led to his rejection of the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system. Kepler was his assistant in Prague at the end of the 16th century.
Question #3 What is Kepler most well known for?
Johannes Kepler (1571 1630) Hermetic thought and mathematical magic Laws of planetary motion (1609) Discrediting the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system Eliminating the idea of uniform circular motion
Question #4 Which book led to Galileo being called to the Inquisition in 1633? What was his argument?
Galileo Galilei (1564 1642) The telescope and The Starry Messenger Galileo and the Inquisition (1633) Problem of motion; principle of inertia
Question #5 What is Isaac Newton most-well known for? List three things.
Isaac Newton (1642 1727) Early Achievements Invention of calculus Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, or Principia (1684 1686) Culmination of the theories of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo. Representative of the Hermetic tradition
Universal Law of Gravitation A new cosmology (origin and evolution of the universe) Three laws of motion Consequences: world seen in mechanistic terms God and Newton s world-machine
