The Evolution of the Universe: From Big Bang to Red Shift Analysis

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The Universe, as we know it today, started with the Big Bang around 13.5 billion years ago, leading to the expansion of galaxies and the formation of stars, planets, and moons. Edwin Hubble's discovery of galaxies moving away from each other provided key insights into the expanding universe. Astronomers use red shift analysis to study the distance of celestial objects, revealing the continuous expansion and evolution of our cosmos.

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The Universe BY JAYDA KHAN

The Big Bang Theory It seems that one of the most asked questions in the world is, how was the universe created? Many used to believe that the universe had no beginning and no end and that the galaxy was infinite. About 13.5 billion of years ago a massive explosion had occurred in space which had caused the expansion of the universe. The Big Bang Theory was first described in 1927 by a Belgian priest and Georges Lema tre who was a physicist. The Big Bang Theory is however not the only way that the universe was described to be created. With the increasing use of information and technology. Researchers are gaining more evidence that support the Big Bang Theory. During the explosion it is said that all of the matter, energy, rocks and gases were formed at that moment. Flying in every direction into space, clumps of rock had collided forming planets and moons, also creating trillions of stars spread throughout the galaxy.

Edwin Hubble and his proposal Edwin Hubble was an astronomer and was the first to discover that all galaxies in space are drifting away from each other. Between 1918 and 1929, telescopes were being made more powerful and accurate which allowed astronomers like Hubble to look deeper into space. Hubble s proposal was that the universe is becoming much larger and in traveling in all directions. He also advised that all the galaxies are taking the same amount of time to extend from their current positions from the original starting point.

Characteristics of an expanding universe The universe seems to be expanding every second of everyday. Galaxies are drifting far apart from one another. For years, astronomers struggled to answer basic questions about the size and age of the universe because it is very complex. In 1929, Edwin Hubble, made a the discovery that led to answers that helped astronomers gain more knowledge and information. Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding rapidly. With new and improved telescopes, scientists began to get a better understanding of the galaxies and why they were drifting away at a rapid pace. With more knowledge at hand, astronomers discovered that there are 3 different expanding universes, known as open, flat and closed universes. Universes that are open would expand forever. If the universe was flat it would expand but it would eventually stop after infinite time. If it was closed then the universe would no longer expand and collapse and could possibly lead to another Big Bang.

Red Shift Analysis Red Shift Analysis: Astronomers use the term redshift when describing how far away an object is. An example to describe how the redshift works you could think of a the sound of a siren driving down a street. As the sound waves from the siren move toward you it gets louder and they become higher frequency sound waves. When the siren moves away from you, its sound waves become lower frequencies.

Electromagnetic waves Electromagnetic waves also known as EM radiation is energy carried or radiated through waves. The only type of this radiation is visible light. Some other types of electromagnetic radiation include microwaves, radio waves, and X rays. All of these waves are different. A variety of objects in space radiate a number of forms of energy. Things like stars and galaxies, radiate light waves, radio waves, and X rays.

Cosmological red shift Edwin Hubble noticed that spectral lines were shifted towards the red end. The red shift changes because the wavelength from the light is becoming longer. Because of the red shift, objects in space are moving away from us. Astronomers thought that because galaxies were moving away from us that universe must be expanding. The wavelengths from the light are being radiated and are always being stretched as light is crossing the universe. This is known as the cosmological red shift.

Cosmic background radiation Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson 35 years after Georges Lema tre discussed his theory with a Belgian priest, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson who were two American astronomers made an extremely important discovery that supports the Big Bang Theory. In 1963 they were both monitoring microwave radiation when they kept experiencing noise in the radiation. They thought something may have been wrong with the antenna and other equipment so they made adjustments to see if they could fix the problem. After several times of adjusting the equipment they still received interference. They came to a conclusion and what they were picking up was cosmic background radiation. This is radiation left over from the Big Bang. They tested many of there predictions and much of the evidence had supported what they were predicting.

How astronomers use technologies to advance our understanding of the universe About 400 years ago, Galileo invented the telescope. His telescope was very accurate and he was able to map four of Jupiter's largest moons by the telescope. The telescope is the most powerful invention in the history of astronomy. For several of years, astronomers had to rely on their eyes to uncover any clues and mysteries of the Universe and Celestial bodies. The telescope helped all astronomers dramatically gain knowledge as well as gain wealth. Astronomers also found the invention of The Hubble Space Telescope to be life changing astronomy. Hubble has done more to expose better images and an understanding of space that lead to magnificent celestial sights than any other telescope in history. Hubble's ability to reach the public and get them to wonder what, how, has increased rapidly and now astronomers are able to release more reliable information with these telescopes. Another popular telescope being used is the spectroscope. It is good for producing and recording spectra for examination in labs.

The formation and characteristics of galaxies In a nebula, hydrogen is the most abundant element. Through time, the hydrogen atoms come together and become compact. As the atoms become denser, they form into denser elements and eventually form in hot inner core of a star due to the movement of the atoms. The stars gravitational pull brings objects such as asteroids into orbit.

COBE; WMAP; CERN COBE: Stands for Cosmic Background Explorer. It was launched in 1989. Its purpose is to take measurements of diffuse radiation WMAP: Stands for Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe. It was launched in 2001 and also known as Explorer 80, is a spacecraft which measured differences in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background. CERN: CERN is a particle accelerator in Switzerland.