The Evolution of Literary Criticism in the Digital Age
Objective
•
To show
, through the re-reading of some canonical formalist and New
Critical criticism, that if literary studies wants to highlight literature´s
unique, literary handling of reality and culture, it is necessary to start
paying much more attention to the text, to the concept of literariness,
and less to various ideological temptations.
•
To analyse the role of literature at the present time is not easy, since
many would say that the “present time” is not a literary one.
•
Indeed, the early 21
st
century is the era of media and technologies
rather than words and ideas, of visual images rather than meaningful
letters.
•
Traditional reading of literary works has to compete with
•
films,
•
videos,
•
internet applications,
•
and many other “distractors”
•
which are fast, colourful and simple, not requiring any unusual
thinking effort from the “customers”.
•
general debilitating effect of mass media machinery
•
encounter with literary works
important
•
discussions and analyses
•
The twentieth century saw many approaches to literature
•
But
“the major clash in the practice of literary criticism (
was
) that
between so-called formalist and so-called nonformalist (especially
"political"~ modes of reading (Frank Lentricchia;Andrew DuBois. Close
Reading: The Reader (Kindle Locations 15-16)
•
In many
theoretical approaches literary scholars as if wanted to
substitute its object of study, literature, for something else
•
not only philosophy, psychology, sociology, political sciences, as
closest disciplines from social and human sciences, but in extreme
cases even the disciplines from natural sciences.
•
literature with psychology
•
Marxist approach
•
cultural studies
•
diaspora criticism
•
gender and transgender criticism
•
chaos theory
•
e
cocriticism
•
digital humanities
•
As if literary scholars
need
ed
other sciences and methodologies to
discuss literary works
•
This is what makes literary studies unique
•
since the willing giving up of its own methodology of research in fact
undermines its own right to exist
•
at least to exist as an independent, self-conscious scholarly discipline.
•
the
sole
source of
literature´s
artistic effect
is verbal nature of
literature
•
it
has to be analysed, researched, through methods applicable first of
all to the way how words create meaning, and only secondarily to
how this meaning relates to the realm outside verbal confines.
•
René Wellek
•
New Critics
René Wellek (1903-1995)
“literary scholarship has its own valid methods which are
not always those of the natural sciences but are
nevertheless intellectual methods. Only a very narrow
conception of truth can exclude the achievements of the
humanities from the realm of knowledge.” (
Theory of
Literature
,
5).
•
A work of art “imposes an order, an organization, a unity on its
materials”, and art in general, “imposes some kind of framework
which takes the statement of the work out of the world of reality”
(Wellek, René. Theory of Literature).
•
Wellek
´s
last
articles, with the names themselves showing
the author´s opinion about new trends, e.g.
The Attack on
Literature and Other Essays
(1982)
.
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„
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)
This book has been conceived on the assumption that if poetry is worth
teaching at all it is worth teaching as poetry. The temptation to make a
substitute for the poem as the object of study is usually overpowering. The
substitutes are various, but the most common ones are:
Paraphrase of logical and narrative content;
1.
Study of biographical and historical materials;
2.
Inspirational and didactic interpretation.
Of course, paraphrase may be necessary as a preliminary step in the
reading of a poem, and a study of the biographical and historical
background may do much to clarify interpretation; but these things should
be considered as means and not as ends. And though one may consider a
poem as an instance of historical or ethical documentation, the poem in
itself, if literature is to be studied as literature, remains finally the object
for study. Moreover, even if the interest is in the poem as a historical or
ethical document, there is a prior consideration: one must grasp the poem
as a literary construct before it can offer any real illumination as a
document.
Another basic work
by New Critics
- example of „close
reading“
New Critics
•
John Crowe Ransom (1888 – 1974)
•
Allen Tate (1899 – 1979)
•
Cleanth Brooks (1906-1994)
•
W. K. Wimsatt (1907-1975)
Summary
•
New Critics and René Wellek show us that the essence of literature, its
study, lies in the text, therefore it is necessary to return to it through
reading it closely.
•
„close reading“ is ,in fact, one of the valuable contributions of New Critics
•
Although “reading and responding to what one reads is an ancient practice,
of which there exists a library of examples ecclesiastical ecstatic, pedantic,
dogmatic, incidental, and so on” (Lentricchia;Andrew DuBois, Kindle
Location 27), as a term
close reading
“is associated in critical history with
the New Criticism, a mode of Anglo-American scholarship that began
between the World Wars
•
If literary scholars do not return to their main object of research, the
text, they risk becoming „
the laughingstock on [
the
]
local campus
these days
“
(Andrew Debanco, quoted in “Theory is Dead – Like a
Zombie”).
•
Or they will simply „ruin the humanities“ (Leo Siegel).
Exploring the shifting landscape of literary studies in the 21st century, this analysis delves into the challenges traditional literature faces in a world dominated by media and technology. Emphasizing the importance of refocusing on the text itself and the concept of literariness, the discussion highlights the impact of ideological distractions and the clash between formalist and nonformalist approaches. Addressing the struggle to maintain the relevance of literary works amid the rise of visual media, the study urges a reevaluation of the role and significance of literature in contemporary society.
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Presentation Transcript
Return to Text Anton Pokriv k University of Trnava https://antonpokrivcak.academia.edu/
Objective To show, through the re-reading of some canonical formalist and New Critical criticism, that if literary studies wants to highlight literature s unique, literary handling of reality and culture, it is necessary to start paying much more attention to the text, to the concept of literariness, and less to various ideological temptations.
To analyse the role of literature at the present time is not easy, since many would say that the present time is not a literary one. Indeed, the early 21stcentury is the era of media and technologies rather than words and ideas, of visual images rather than meaningful letters.
Traditional reading of literary works has to compete with films, videos, internet applications, and many other distractors which are fast, colourful and simple, not requiring any unusual thinking effort from the customers .
general debilitating effect of mass media machinery encounter with literary works important discussions and analyses
The twentieth century saw many approaches to literature But the major clash in the practice of literary criticism (was) that between so-called formalist and so-called nonformalist (especially "political"~ modes of reading (Frank Lentricchia;Andrew DuBois. Close Reading: The Reader (Kindle Locations 15-16)
In many theoretical approaches literary scholars as if wanted to substitute its object of study, literature, for something else not only philosophy, psychology, sociology, political sciences, as closest disciplines from social and human sciences, but in extreme cases even the disciplines from natural sciences.
literature with psychology Marxist approach cultural studies diaspora criticism gender and transgender criticism chaos theory ecocriticism digital humanities
As if literary scholars needed other sciences and methodologies to discuss literary works This is what makes literary studies unique since the willing giving up of its own methodology of research in fact undermines its own right to exist at least to exist as an independent, self-conscious scholarly discipline.
the sole source of literatures artistic effect is verbal nature of literature it has to be analysed, researched, through methods applicable first of all to the way how words create meaning, and only secondarily to how this meaning relates to the realm outside verbal confines.
Ren Wellek New Critics
Ren Wellek (1903-1995) literary scholarship has its own valid methods which are not always those of the natural sciences but are nevertheless intellectual methods. Only a very narrow conception of truth can exclude the achievements of the humanities from the realm of knowledge. (Theory of Literature, 5).
A work of art imposes an order, an organization, a unity on its materials , and art in general, imposes some kind of framework which takes the statement of the work out of the world of reality (Wellek, Ren . Theory of Literature).
Welleks last articles, with the names themselves showing the author s opinion about new trends, e.g. The Attack on Literature and Other Essays (1982).
New Criticism New Criticism explanation of the origin of their explanation of the origin of their manifesto work manifesto work Understanding Poetry (Brooks Understanding Poetry (Brooks and Warren) and Warren) This book has been conceived on the assumption that if poetry is worth teaching at all it is worth teaching as poetry. The temptation to make a substitute for the poem as the object of study is usually overpowering. The substitutes are various, but the most common ones are: Paraphrase of logical and narrative content; 1. Study of biographical and historical materials; 2. Inspirational and didactic interpretation. Of course, paraphrase may be necessary as a preliminary step in the reading of a poem, and a study of the biographical and historical background may do much to clarify interpretation; but these things should be considered as means and not as ends. And though one may consider a poem as an instance of historical or ethical documentation, the poem in itself, if literature is to be studied as literature, remains finally the object for study. Moreover, even if the interest is in the poem as a historical or ethical document, there is a prior consideration: one must grasp the poem as a literary construct before it can offer any real illumination as a document.
Another basic work by New Critics - example of close reading
New Critics John Crowe Ransom (1888 1974) Allen Tate (1899 1979) Cleanth Brooks (1906-1994) W. K. Wimsatt (1907-1975)
Summary New Critics and Ren Wellek show us that the essence of literature, its study, lies in the text, therefore it is necessary to return to it through reading it closely. close reading is ,in fact, one of the valuable contributions of New Critics Although reading and responding to what one reads is an ancient practice, of which there exists a library of examples ecclesiastical ecstatic, pedantic, dogmatic, incidental, and so on (Lentricchia;Andrew DuBois, Kindle Location 27), as a term close reading is associated in critical history with the New Criticism, a mode of Anglo-American scholarship that began between the World Wars
If literary scholars do not return to their main object of research, the text, they risk becoming the laughingstock on [the] local campus these days (Andrew Debanco, quoted in Theory is Dead Like a Zombie ). Or they will simply ruin the humanities (Leo Siegel).
