The Economy and Ecology of Attention in the Digital Age

The text explores the concept of attention economy, emphasizing the scarcity of human attention in the information age. It delves into how attention has become a valuable commodity, driving global corporations to maximize engagement. Discussions cover distraction economics, the role of technology in compensating for attention scarcity, and the impact of media on attention distribution. Attention is depicted as the currency of the modern world, shaping the dynamics of consumerism and innovation.

• Attention Economy
• Information Age
• Scarcity
• Global Corporations
• Digital Innovation

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1. WHAT MATTERS: THE ECONOMY AND ECOLOGY OF ATTENTION JEAN-MICHEL GANTEAU EMMA ETUDES MONTPELLI RAINES DU MONDE ANGLOPHONE UNIVERSIT PAUL-VAL RY MONTPELLIER 3 S MINAIRE TRANSVERSAL EMMA S ANCE DU 4 OCTOBRE 2022

2. DISTRACTION BENJAMIN, WALTER. THE WORK OF ART IN THE AGE OF MECHANICAL REPRODUCTION. TRANS J. A. UNDERWOOD. 1935. LONDON: PENGUIN, 2008. CITTON, YVES, ED. L CONOMIE DE L ATTENTION. PARIS: LA D COUVERTE, 2014. CITTON, YVES. THE ECOLOGY OF ATTENTION. 2014. LONDON: POLITY, 2017. IN THE 1990S, WHEN GOOGLE WAS BARELY A ONE-YEAR-OLD PRIVATELY HELD COMPANY, ITS FUTURE CEO WAS ALREADY ARTICULATING THE CONTEXT IN WHICH SUCH A VENTURE WOULD FLOURISH. DR ERIC SCHMIDT DECLARED THAT THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY WOULD BE SYNONYMOUS WITH WHAT HE CALLED THE ATTENTION ECONOMY, AND THAT THE DOMINANT GLOBAL CORPORATIONS WOULD BE THOSE THAT SUCCEED IN MAXIMIZING THE NUMBER OF EYEBALLS THEY COULD CONSISTENTLY ENGAGE AND CONTROL. CRARY, JONATHAN. 24/7. LATE CAPITALISM AND THE END OF SLEEP. 2013. LONDON AND NEW YORK: VERSO, 2014.

3. DISTRACTION ECONOMICS, AS WE ALL REMEMBER FROM INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS, STUDIES THE ALLOCATION OF SCARCE RESOURCES. NORMALLY WE SHOULD THINK THAT THE PHRASE INFORMATION ECONOMY, WHICH WE HEAR EVERYWHERE NOWADAYS, MAKES SOME SENSE. [. . .] BUT INFORMATION IS NOT IN SHORT SUPPLY IN THE NEW INFORMATION ECONOMY. WE RE DROWNING IN IT. WHAT WE LACK IS THE HUMAN ATTENTION NEEDED TO MAKE SENSE OF IT ALL. [ ] ATTENTION IS THE COMMODITY IN SHORT SUPPLY. LANHAM, RICHARD A. THE ECONOMICS OF ATTENTION. STYLE AND SUBSTANCE IN THE AGE OF INFORMATION. CHICAGO: CHICAGO UP, 2007. VI. THE ECONOMY ENDEAVOURS TO OPTIMIZE THE UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES CHARACTERIZED BY THEIR SCARCITY. OUR SITUATION OF OVERABUNDANT SUPPLY IS BOUND TO OVERTURN THE MACHINERY OF REASONING AND CALCULATION DEVELOPED BY ORTHODOX ECONOMISTS. (CITTON 2017, 17) THE MEDIA BROADCAST ATTENTION THANKS TO MECHANICAL REPRODUCTION WHILE THE CONSUMERS PAY [. . .] WITH LIVE ATTENTION FRANCK, GEORG. CONOMIE DE L ATTENTION. L CONOMIE DE L ATTENTION. ED. YVES CITTON. PARIS: LA D COUVERTE, 2014. 81.

4. DISTRACTION [W]HAT IS FREE HERE IS THE PRICE ALREADY PAID BY MY ATTENTION. [ IF] A PRODUCT IS FREE, THEN THE REAL PRODUCT IS YOU! MORE PRECISELY, YOUR ATTENTION CITTON, YVES. THE ECOLOGY OF ATTENTION. 2014. LONDON: POLITY, 2017. 22. A PARASITIC APPARATUS DESIGNED TO CAPTURE THE VALUE PRODUCED BY COMMON INTELLIGENCE TO TRANSFORM IT INTO THE UNOFFICIAL CURRENCY OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY OF ATTENTION PASQUINELLI, MATTEO. GOOGLE PAGERANK: UNE MACHINE DE VALORISATION ET D EXPLOITATION DE L ATTENTION. L CONOMIE DE L ATTENTION. ED. YVES CITTON. PARIS: LA D COUVERTE, 2014. 171 2. HAYLES, N. KATHERINE. HOW WE BECAME POSTHUMAN. VIRTUAL BODIES IN CYBERNETICS, LITERATURE, AND INFORMATICS. CHICAGO: THE U OF CHICAGO P, 1999.

5. A CULTURE OF SAMENESS BERARDI, FRANCO. ATTENTION ET EXP RIENCE L GE DU NEUROTOTALITARISME. L CONOMIE DE L ATTENTION. ED. YVES CITTON. PARIS: LA D COUVERTE, 2014. 147 60. IT MAKES SENSE, THEN, THAT TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION WILL FOCUS ON COMPENSATING FOR THIS BOTTLENECK. AN OBVIOUS SOLUTION IS TO DESIGN INTELLIGENT MACHINES TO ATTEND TO THE CHOICES AND TASKS THAT DO NOT HAVE TO BE DONE BY HUMANS. THE PROGRAMS WORK ALONG LINES SIMILAR TO NEURAL NETS. [. . .] IF WE EXTRAPOLATED FROM THESE RELATIVELY SIMPLE PROGRAMS TO AN ENVIRONMENT THAT [. . .] SUPPLIES SYNTHETIC SENTIENCE ON DEMAND, HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS WOULD RIDE ON TOP OF A HIGHLY ARTICULATE AND COMPLEX COMPUTATIONAL ECOLOGY IN WHICH MANY DECISIONS, INVISIBLE TO HUMAN ATTENTION, WOULD BE MADE BY INTELLIGENT MACHINES. HAYLES, N. KATHERINE. HOW WE BECAME POSTHUMAN. VIRTUAL BODIES IN CYBERNETICS, LITERATURE, AND INFORMATICS. CHICAGO: THE U OF CHICAGO P, 1999. 187.

6. A CULTURE OF SAMENESS A CULTURE THAT PRIVILEGES THE PRIORITIES OF EFFICIENCY, FUNCTIONALITY, AND SPEED CRARY, JONATHAN. 24/7. LATE CAPITALISM AND THE END OF SLEEP. 2013. LONDON AND NEW YORK: VERSO, 2014. 88. AN ACT OF RESISTANCE IN A LANDSCAPE OF DISTRACTION ULIN, DAVID L. THE LOST ART OF READING. BOOKS AND RESISTANCE IN A TROUBLED TIME. 2010. SEATTLE: SASQUASH BOOKS, 2018. 148. WE MAY RE-EVALUATE THE RELATIONSHIPS THAT CONNECT US TO ONE ANOTHER AND TO OUR ENVIRONMENT, WHICH IMPLIES FIGHTING AGAINST OUR CURRENT ADDICTION TO THE FETISHES OF CONSUMER GROWTH (CITTON 2017, 145)

7. ATTENTION AS EVENT ATTENTION [. . .] IS THE TAKING POSSESSION BY THE MIND, IN CLEAR AND VIVID FORM, OF ONE OUT OF WHAT SEEM SEVERAL SIMULTANEOUSLY POSSIBLE OBJECTS OR TRAINS OF THOUGHT, LOCALIZATION, CONCENTRATION, OR CONSCIOUSNESS ARE OF ITS ESSENCE. IT IMPLIES WITHDRAWAL FROM SOME THINGS IN ORDER TO DEAL EFFECTIVELY WITH OTHERS, AND IS A CONDITION WHICH HAS A REAL OPPOSITE IN THE CONFUSED, DAZED, SCATTER BRAINED STATE WHICH IN FRENCH IS CALLED DISTRACTION. JAMES, WILLIAM. THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY VOL. 1. 1890. MINEOLA, NY: DOVER PUBLICATIONS, 1950. 403 404. RIBOT, TH ODULE. LA PSYCHOLOGIE DE L ATTENTION. 1888. PARIS: L HARMATTAN, 2007. WU, WAYNE. ATTENTION. ABINGDON AND NEW YORK: ROUTLEDGE, 2014.

8. ATTENTION AS EVENT ARVIDSON, P. SVEN. THE SPHERE OF ATTENTION: CONTEXT AND MARGIN. DORDRECHT: SPRINGER, 2006. ATTENTION FIRST PRESUPPOSES A TRANSFORMATION. [. . .] HERE IT IS LITERALLY A QUESTION OF CREATION (MERLEAU-PONTY 31 32) BERGSON, HENRI. MATTER AND MEMORY. 1896. TRANS. NANCY MARGARET PAUL AND SCOTT PALMER. NEW YORK: ZONE BOOKS, 1990. AN INTEREST IN HUMAN [AND OTHER] ENVIRONMENTS AS THEY ARE STRUCTURED BY THE PRESENTIAL ATTENTION OF OTHERS (CITTON 2017, 121)

9. ATTENTION AND ETHICS THE INTENTIONAL OPENNESS THAT PROVIDES AN ESSENTIAL IMPULSION TO BOTH THE PERCEPTIVE AND [. . .] PROTO-ETHICAL DYNAMICS OF ATTENTION DEPRAZ, NATHALIE. ATTENTION ET VIGILANCE. A LA CROIS E DE LA PH NOM NOLOGIE ET DES SCIENCES COGNITIVES. PARIS: PUF, 2018. 11. PROCESS OF INTENSIFICATION, INCREASE AND STRENGTHENING [. . .] PROPER TO OUR BECOMING ATTENTIVE (DEPRAZ 258) AN INTERNAL HOLLOWING OUT AMONG WHOSE VIRTUES FEATURES THAT OF A PROTO-ETHICAL LIBERATION (DEPRAZ 64) ORECTIC, I.E.: DRIVEN BY NEEDS AND DESIRE, HENCE NECESSARILY OPEN AND CHARACTERISED BY ONTOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY. IN OTHER TERMS, ATTENTION WOULD BOTH FAVOUR AND SHOWCASE THE NEEDY AND NON-SELF-SUFFICIENT ELEMENTS OF OUR CONDITION NUSSBAUM, MARTHA. THE FRAGILITY OF GOODNESS. LUCK AND ETHICS IN GREEK TRAGEDY AND PHILOSOPHY. 1986. CAMBRIDGE: CUP, 2001. 357. AS SOON AS WE ARE CONSCIOUS OF BEING NOT SO MUCH INDIVIDUALS AS A CERTAIN RELATION TO A CERTAIN (PHYSICO-BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL) ENVIRONMENT, THEN THE QUALITY OF OUR EXISTENCE DEPENDS ON OUR CONSIDERATION OF THE QUALITY OF THE RELATIONS THAT SIMULTANEOUSLY WEAVE OUR ENVIRONMENT AND OUR BEING. (CITTON 2017, 152)

10. ATTENTION AND THE ORDINARY LE BLANC, GUILLAUME. VIES ORDINAIRES, VIES PR CAIRES. PARIS: SEUIL, 2007.. LE BLANC, GUILLAUME. L INVISIBILIT SOCIALE. PARIS: PUF, 2009. PELLUCHON, CORINE. THIQUE DE LA CONSID RATION. PARIS: SEUIL, 2018. HABITS, TURNS OF SPEECH, TURNS OF THOUGHT, STYLES OF PHRASE AS MORALLY EXPRESSIVE OF AN INDIVIDUAL OR OF A PEOPLE. THE INTELLIGENT DESCRIPTION OF SUCH THINGS IS PART OF THE INTELLIGENT, THE SHARP-EYED, DESCRIPTION OF LIFE, OF WHAT MATTERS, MAKES DIFFERENCES, IN HUMAN LIVES. MARTHA NUSSBAUM S ARISTOTELIAN SPECIFICATION OF ETHICS LEAVES ROOM (OR IS INTENDED TO LEAVE ROOM) FOR ATTENTION TO THESE THINGS; AN ACCOUNT OF ETHICS, OR OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY, WHICH TAKES ACTION AS DEFINITIVE [. . .] DOES NOT. DIAMOND, CORA. THE REALISTIC SPIRIT: WITTGENSTEIN, PHILOSOPHY, AND THE MIND. 1995. CAMBRIDGE AND LONDON: MIT PRESS, 1996. 375. CRAVING FOR GENERALITY WITTGENSTEIN, LUDWIG. PRELIMINARY STUDIES FOR THE PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATION : THE BLUE AND BROWN BOOKS. NEW YORK HARPER AND ROW, 1965.

11. ATTENTION AND THE ORDINARY ORDINARY LANGUAGE IS NOT TO BE ENVISIONED ONLY AS HAVING A DESCRIPTIVE, OR EVEN AGENTIVE FUNCTION, BUT AS A PERCEPTUAL INSTRUMENT THAT ALLOWS FOR SUBTLETY AND ADJUSTMENT IN PERCEPTIONS AND ACTIONS LAUGIER, SANDRA. THE ETHICS OF CARE AS A POLITICS OF THE ORDINARY. MODERN LANGUAGE NOTES 46.2 (SPRING 2015): 217. THUS OLP IS FROM THE OUTSET ORIENTED TOWARDS SOCIAL MATTERS AND ATTENTION TO THE UNSEEN, TO NEGLECTED REALITY. ITS PRIMARY METHODOLOGICAL AMBITION IS A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS THAT WOULD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO RECOGNIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTEXT IN THE PRACTICE OF LANGUAGE, THOUGHT AND PERCEPTION (LAUGIER 228).

12. ATTENTION AND THE ORDINARY MY ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF THE OTHER IS NOT SOMETHING THAT I CAN DO ONCE AND THEN BE DONE WITH IT. THE SUSPICION OF THE ORDINARY SEEMS TO ME TO BE ROOTED IN THE FACT THAT RELATIONSHIPS REQUIRE A REPEATED ATTENTION TO THE MOST ORDINARY OF OBJECTS AND EVENTS, BUT OUR THEORETICAL IMPULSE IS OFTEN TO THINK OF AGENCY IN TERMS OF ESCAPING THE ORDINARY RATHER THAN A DESCENT INTO IT. DAS, VEENA. LIFE AND WORDS. VIOLENCE AND THE DESCENT INTO THE ORDINARY. BERKELEY AND LONDON: U. OF CALIFORNIA P, 2007. 6 7. IN THE HUMANITIES, OUR LOVE FOR THE PARTICULAR CASE-THE SPECIFIC POEM, NOVEL, OR FILM, THE SPECIFIC ARTIST, PAINTING, OR COMPOSITION-FUELS OUR WORK MOI, TORIL. THINKING THROUGH EXAMPLES: WHAT ORDINARY LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHY CAN DO TO FEMINIST THEORY. MODERN LANGUAGE NOTES 46.2 (SPRING 2015): 202

13. ATTENTION AND THE ORDINARY THE ORDINARY IS THE SEARCH FOR A NEW LAND TO DISCOVER AND EXPLORE, THEN TO DESCRIBE. THE THOUGHT OF THE ORDINARY IS EXPERIENTIAL, IMPROVISIONAL, DEMANDS NEW FORMS OF ATTENTION TO THE HUMAN FORM OF LIFE (LAUGIER 1041) LAUGIER, SANDRA. THE ORDINARY, ROMANTICISM, AND DEMOCRACY. MODERN LANGUAGE NOTES. COMPARATIVE LITERATURE ISSUE: PRACTICES OF THE ORDINARY 130.5 (DECEMBER 2015B): 1044. MORAL CAPACITY LIES IN AN ATTENTION TO WHAT MATTERS (DIAMOND 375) CARE AS SENSITIVITY TO THE DETAILS THAT MATTER IN LIVED SITUATIONS LAUGIER, SANDRA. CARE, ENVIRONNEMENT ET THIQUE GLOBALE. CAHIERS DU GENRE 59.2 (2015C): 70. INDEED, THE VIRTUE OF CARE IN ITS ETHICAL DIMENSION, IS THAT IT ASSURES A FLUID CONTINUITY BETWEEN THE REGISTERS OF SENSITIVITY (ATTENTION, PREOCCUPATION), MOTIVATION (CONCERN, COMPASSION), AND PRACTICAL ACTION (THE WORK OF CONSIDERATION). [ ] AS WITH COMPASSION, CARE ASSURES THE PASSAGE FROM ATTENTIVE SENSITIVITY TO ATTENTIVE ACTION. (CITTON 2017, 153)