Ecosystems: Ecological Interactions and Dependencies
undefined
Exploring Terrestrial &
Aquatic Biomes
Overview: Discovering Ecology
Ecology
is the scientific study of the
interactions between organisms and the
environment
These interactions determine distribution
of organisms and their abundance
Modern ecology includes observation and
experimentation
High Georgia Performance Standards
SB4. Students will assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of
energy and matter within their ecosystems.
a. Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and
biomes.
b. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by Arranging components of a
food chain according to energy flow. Comparing the quantity of energy in the steps of an
energy pyramid. Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients (C, O, H, N, P).
c. Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems.
d. Assess and explain human activities that influence and modify the environment such as
global warming, population growth, pesticide use, and water and power consumption.
e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful
environmental conditions.
f. Relate animal adaptations, including behaviors, to the ability to survive stressful
environmental conditions.
Middle Georgia Performance Standards
S7L4. Students will examine the dependence of organisms on one another and
their environments.
a. Demonstrate in a food web that matter is transferred from one organism to
another and can recycle between organisms and their environments.
b. Explain in a food web that sunlight is the source of energy and that this energy
moves from organism to organism.
c. Recognize that changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of
both individuals and entire species.
d. Categorize relationships between organisms that are competitive or mutually
beneficial.
e. Describe the characteristics of Earth’s major terrestrial biomes (i.e. tropical
rain forest, savannah, temperate, desert, taiga, tundra, and mountain) and
aquatic communities (i.e. freshwater, estuaries, and marine).
Figure 52.2
G
l
o
b
a
l
e
c
o
l
o
g
y
L
a
n
d
s
c
a
p
e
e
c
o
l
o
g
y
E
c
o
s
y
s
t
e
m
e
c
o
l
o
g
y
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
e
c
o
l
o
g
y
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
e
c
o
l
o
g
y
O
r
g
a
n
i
s
m
a
l
e
c
o
l
o
g
y
Global Ecology
The
biosphere
is the global
ecosystem, the sum of all the
planet’s ecosystems
Global ecology
examines the
influence of energy and materials
on organisms across the biosphere
Landscape Ecology
A
landscape
or
seascape
is a
mosaic of connected ecosystems
Landscape ecology
focuses on the
exchanges of energy, materials,
and organisms across multiple
ecosystems
Ecosystem Ecology
An
ecosystem
is the community of
organisms in an area and the
physical factors with which they
interact
Ecosystem ecology
emphasizes
energy flow and chemical cycling
among the various biotic and
abiotic components
Community Ecology
A
community
is a group of
populations of different species in
an area
Community ecology
deals with the
whole array of interacting species
in a community
Population Ecology
A
population
is a group of
individuals of the same species
living in an area
Population ecology
focuses on
factors affecting population size
over time
Organismal Ecology
Organismal ecology
studies how an
organism’s structure, physiology,
and (for animals) behavior meet
environmental challenges
Organismal ecology includes
physiological, evolutionary, and
behavioral ecology
Microclimate
Microclimate is determined by fine-scale differences in the environment
that affect light and wind patterns
Every environment is characterized by differences in
Abiotic
factors, including nonliving attributes
such as temperature, light, water, and
nutrients
Biotic
factors, including other organisms that
are part of an individual’s environment
T
r
o
p
i
c
o
f
C
a
n
c
e
r
3
0
°
N
3
0
°
S
T
r
o
p
i
c
o
f
C
a
p
r
i
c
o
r
n
E
q
u
a
t
o
r
T
r
o
p
i
c
a
l
f
o
r
e
s
t
S
a
v
a
n
n
a
D
e
s
e
r
t
C
h
a
p
a
r
r
a
l
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
e
g
r
a
s
s
l
a
n
d
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
e
b
r
o
a
d
l
e
a
f
f
o
r
e
s
t
N
o
r
t
h
e
r
n
c
o
n
i
f
e
r
o
u
s
f
o
r
e
s
t
T
u
n
d
r
a
H
i
g
h
m
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
s
P
o
l
a
r
i
c
e
Figure 52.9
General Features of Terrestrial Biomes
Terrestrial biomes are often named for major physical or climatic factors
and for vegetation
Terrestrial biomes usually grade into each other, without sharp boundaries
The area of intergradation, called an
ecotone
, may be wide or narrow
Tropical Forest
Distribution is in equatorial and subequatorial regions
In
tropical rain forests
, rainfall is relatively constant, while in
tropical dry
forests
precipitation is highly seasonal
Temperature is high year-round (25–29
C) with little seasonal variation
Tropical forests are vertically layered and competition for light is intense
Tropical forests are home to millions of animal species, including an
estimated 5–30 million still undescribed species of insects, spiders, and other
arthropods
Rapid human population growth is now destroying many tropical forests
Tropical Forrest
Has the most species
BIODIVERSITY canopy = top
understory = below canopy
Hot & wet year round;
thin, poor soil
Many plants anchor
themselves to the trees, like
this BROMELIAD
Jaguar
Parrot
Tree Frog
A
t
r
o
p
i
c
a
l
r
a
i
n
f
o
r
e
s
t
i
n
B
o
r
n
e
o
Figure 52.12a
TROPICAL DRY FOREST
wet/dry seasons, warm year round
trees are deciduous -lose leaves
What lives in a tropical dry forest?
Desert
Deserts
occur in bands near 30
C north and south of the Equator, and in the
interior of continents
Precipitation is low and highly variable, generally less than 30 cm per year
Deserts may be hot or cold
Desert plants are adapted for heat and desiccation tolerance, water storage,
and reduced leaf surface area
Common desert animals include many kinds of snakes and lizards, scorpions,
ants, beetles, migratory and resident birds, and seed-eating rodents; many
are nocturnal
Urbanization and irrigated have reduced the natural biodiversity of some
deserts
A
d
e
s
e
r
t
i
n
t
h
e
s
o
u
t
h
w
e
s
t
e
r
n
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
Figure 52.12b
DESERT
dry (less than 25 cm rainfall/year)
extreme temperature changes (hot/cold)
cacti/succulent plants
organisms able to tolerate extreme conditions
Desert Mammals
Can you name these two?
Savanna
Equatorial and subequatorial regions
Savanna
precipitation is seasonal
Temperature is warm year-round (24–29
C) but more seasonally variable than
the tropics
Grasses and forbs make up most of the ground cover
The dominant plant species are fire-adapted and tolerant of seasonal drought
Common inhabitants include insects and mammals such as wildebeests,
zebras, lions, and hyenas
Fires set by humans may help maintain this biome
A
s
a
v
a
n
n
a
i
n
K
e
n
y
a
Figure 52.12c
TROPICAL SAVANNA
large animal herds & frequent fires
grassland area, with a few trees
Lions
Zebra
Wildebeest
Gazelles
Elephants
Giraffes
The Lion King
was set in a
savanna.
Temperate Grassland
Temperate grasslands
are found on many continents
Precipitation is highly seasonal
Winters are cold (often below –10
C) and dry, while summers are hot (often
near 30
C) and wet
The dominant plants, grasses and forbs, are adapted to droughts and fire
Native mammals include large grazers such as bison and wild horses and small
burrowers such as prairie dogs
Most grasslands have been converted to farmland
G
r
a
s
s
l
a
n
d
s
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
a
r
k
,
S
a
s
k
a
t
c
h
e
w
a
n
Figure 52.12e
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
plains & prairies; Midwest
very fertile soil
4 seasons - seasonal precipitation, less rain than
temperate forest
Animals of the grasslands
Prairie Dogs
Hawks / Eagles
Snakes
Sometimes deer
Foxes / Coyotes
Bison / Buffalo
Coniferous Forest
The
northern coniferous forest
, or taiga, spans northern North America and
Eurasia and is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth
Precipitation varies; some have periodic droughts and others, especially near
coasts, are wet
Winters are cold and long while summers may be hot (e.g., Siberia ranges
from –50
C to 20
C)
Conifers such as pine, spruce, fir, and hemlock dominate
The conical shape of conifers prevents too much snow from accumulating and
breaking their branches
Animals include migratory and resident birds, and large mammals such as
moose, brown bears, and Siberian tigers
Taiga
Evergreen forests
Bitterly long winters &
short, mild summers
Moose, black bear,
wolves
A
f
o
r
e
s
t
i
n
N
o
r
w
a
y
Figure 52.12f
Tundra
Tundra
covers expansive areas of the Arctic; alpine tundra exists on high
mountaintops at all latitudes
Precipitation is low in arctic tundra, and higher in alpine tundra
Winters are long and cold (below –30
C) while summers are relatively cool
(less than 10
C)
D
e
n
a
l
i
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
a
r
k
,
A
l
a
s
k
a
,
i
n
a
u
t
u
m
n
Figure 52.12h
TUNDRA
Permafrost = layer of permanently frozen subsoil
Strong winds -no trees, small plants
Plants =
mosses, lichens, grasses
Animals = arctic fox, caribou
Other land areas include:
Mountain ranges
Polar ice caps (
Arctic)
Aquatic Biomes
Major aquatic biomes can be characterized by their physical environment, chemical environment,
geological features, photosynthetic organisms, and heterotrophs
Lakes
Size varies from small ponds to very large lakes
Temperature lakes may have a seasonal thermocline;
tropical lowland lakes have a year-round thermocline
Oligotrophic lakes
are nutrient-poor and generally
oxygen-rich
Eutrophic lakes
are nutrient-rich and often depleted of
oxygen if ice covered in winter
A
n
o
l
i
g
o
t
r
o
p
h
i
c
l
a
k
e
i
n
G
r
a
n
d
T
e
t
o
n
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
a
r
k
,
W
y
o
m
i
n
g
A
e
u
t
r
o
p
h
i
c
l
a
k
e
i
n
t
h
e
O
k
a
v
a
n
g
o
D
e
l
t
a
,
B
o
t
s
w
a
n
a
Figure 52.16a
Eutrophic lakes have more surface area relative to depth than oligotrophic
lakes
Rooted and floating aquatic plants live in the shallow and well-lighted
littoral zone
close to shore
Water is too deep in the
limnetic zone
to support rooted aquatic plants;
small drifting animals called zooplankton graze on the phytoplankton
Zooplankton are drifting heterotrophs that graze on the phytoplankton
Invertebrates live in the benthic zone
Fishes live in all zones with sufficient oxygen
Human induced nutrient enrichment can lead to algal blooms, oxygen
depletion, and fish kills
Freshwater Ecosystems
A. Flowing-water ecosystem, rivers, streams, creeks,
B. Standing- water ecosystem, lakes & ponds
Trout, herons, eagles, bass, bluegill, crayfish, water snakes,
turtles
Figure 52.16c
A
h
e
a
d
w
a
t
e
r
s
t
r
e
a
m
i
n
t
h
e
G
r
e
a
t
S
m
o
k
y
M
o
u
n
t
a
i
n
s
T
h
e
L
o
i
r
e
r
i
v
e
r
(
i
n
F
r
a
n
c
e
)
f
a
r
f
r
o
m
i
t
s
h
e
a
d
w
a
t
e
r
s
Freshwater Ecosystems
A. Flowing-water ecosystem, rivers, streams, creeks,
B. Standing- water ecosystem, lakes & ponds
Trout, herons, eagles, bass, bluegill, crayfish, water snakes,
turtles
Wetlands
A
wetland
is a habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time
and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil
Wetlands have high organic production and decomposition and have low
dissolved oxygen
Wetlands can develop in shallow basins, along flooded river banks, or on the
coasts of large lakes and seas
Wetlands
Wetlands are among the most productive biomes on Earth
Plants include lilies, cattails, sedges, tamarack, and black spruce
Wetlands are home to diverse invertebrates and birds, as well as otters, frogs,
and alligators
Humans have destroyed up to 90% of wetlands; wetlands purify water and
reduce flooding
Figure 52.16b
A
b
a
s
i
n
w
e
t
l
a
n
d
i
n
t
h
e
U
n
i
t
e
d
K
i
n
g
d
o
m
Estuary = area where freshwater meets sea
Wetlands = water covers soil
Marine Ecosystem
A. Photic zone - area sunlight reaches
B. Aphotic zone- permanently dark
*Plankton - microscopic organisms found in water
Sharks, whales, dolphins, fish, anemones,
squid, sea gulls, pelicans, crabs, shrimp
Estuaries
An
estuary
is a transition area between river and sea
Salinity varies with the rise and fall of the tides
Estuaries are nutrient rich and highly productive
Estuaries include a complex network of tidal channels, islands, natural
levees, and mudflats
Saltmarsh grasses and algae are the major producers
An abundant supply of food attracts marine invertebrates, fish, waterfowl,
and marine mammals
Humans consume oysters, crabs, and fish
Human interference upstream has disrupted estuaries worldwide
Match the description or organism to its biome.
1. Monkeys & bromeliads
2. Caribou
3. Penguins
4. Low amount of rainfall (less than 25 cm),
extreme temperatures
5. Also called a prairie
6. Has aphotic and photic layer
7. Maples, oaks, and red buds
8. Wildfires in California
9. Permafrost
10. Lions, zebras, giraffes
11. Cactus and succulent plants
12. Swamps and bogs and flooded areas
13. Canopy & Understory
14. Trout, Bass, Snapping Turtles
15. Pine trees, moose and wolves
Match the description or organism to its biome.
1. Monkeys & bromeliads -
Tropical Rainforest
2. Caribou -
Taiga (Coniferous Forest)
3. Penguins -
Polar
4. Low amount of rainfall, extreme temperatures -
Desert
5. Also called a prairie -
Temperate Grassland
6. Has aphotic and photic layer -
Ocean
7. Maples, oaks, and red buds -
Temperate Deciduous Forest
8. Wildfires in California -
Chaparral
9. Permafrost -
Tundra
10. Lions, zebras, giraffes -
Savanna
11. Cactus and succulent plants -
Desert
12. Swamps and bogs and flooded areas -
Wetlands
13. Canopy & Understory -
Tropical Rainforest
14. Trout, Bass, Snapping Turtles -
Freshwater (Lake, River)
15. Pine trees, moose and wolves -
Taiga (coniferous)
1. Rainforests receive more [ light / rain / wind ] than other biomes.
2. Areas where
the river meets the ocean: _________________
3. Freshwater ecosystems are classified as
a. salt or fresh b. flowing or standing
c. deep or shallow d. tropical or temperate
4. Natural disturbances, such as fire, can result in
[ succession / commensalism ]
5. Maple trees, oak trees and red buds are found in what biome? ___
6. The prairie and the savanna are both types of ______
7. When two organisms live in close association, it is called
[ succession / symbiosis / competitive exclusion
8. Where is plankton found? ________________
9. Temperate zones have [ extreme / mild ] temperatures.
10. The first species to enter a new ecosystem is called a
[opportunist / pioneer / successor ]
11. Two microscopic organisms are placed in a container with a
limited amount of resources. One species (X) lives in the bottom
of the container near the soil and sand and feeds from the scraps
that fall to the bottom. The other species (Y) spends its time
swimming in the open water and feeds from the food at the
surface. Each species therefore has a separate:
a. habitat b. ecosystem
c. community d. niche
12. In the container above, a third species is added (Z). This
organism also lives in the soil at the bottom and feeds from the
same things as Species X. After a period of time, scientists noted
that species X had disappeared from the container. This
illustrates:
a. competitive exclusion
b. symbiosis
c. parasitism
d. mutualism
13.
Which of the following are areas of study focuses on the exchange of energy,
organisms, and materials between ecosystems?
a.
Population ecology
b.
Organismal ecology
c.
Landscape ecology
d.
Ecosystem ecology
e.
Community ecology
14.
Which of the following biomes is correctly paired with the description of its climate?
a.
Savanna-low temperature, precipitation uniform during the year
b.
Tundra-long summers, mild winters
c.
Coniferous Forrest- relatively short growing season, mild winters
d.
Tropical forests-nearly constant day length and temperature
e.
Grasslands- relatively warm winters, most rainfall in the summer
Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with their environment, influencing their distribution and abundance. This exploration covers terrestrial and aquatic biomes, energy flow, environmental impacts, adaptations, and global ecosystems, emphasizing the interconnectedness of all living organisms. Students will delve into Georgia's performance standards focusing on the dependence of organisms on each other, energy flow, and environmental changes. The overview includes the study of landscape ecology, ecosystem ecology, community ecology, population ecology, and organismal ecology on a global scale.
Download Presentation
Please find below an Image/Link to download the presentation.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author. Download presentation by click this link. If you encounter any issues during the download, it is possible that the publisher has removed the file from their server.
E N D
Presentation Transcript
Exploring Terrestrial & Aquatic Biomes
Overview: Discovering Ecology Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment These interactions determine distribution of organisms and their abundance Modern ecology includes observation and experimentation
High Georgia Performance Standards SB4. Students will assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. a. Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes. b. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by Arranging components of a food chain according to energy flow. Comparing the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid. Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients (C, O, H, N, P). c. Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems. d. Assess and explain human activities that influence and modify the environment such as global warming, population growth, pesticide use, and water and power consumption. e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions. f. Relate animal adaptations, including behaviors, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.
Middle Georgia Performance Standards S7L4. Students will examine the dependence of organisms on one another and their environments. a. Demonstrate in a food web that matter is transferred from one organism to another and can recycle between organisms and their environments. b. Explain in a food web that sunlight is the source of energy and that this energy moves from organism to organism. c. Recognize that changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of both individuals and entire species. d. Categorize relationships between organisms that are competitive or mutually beneficial. e. Describe the characteristics of Earth s major terrestrial biomes (i.e. tropical rain forest, savannah, temperate, desert, taiga, tundra, and mountain) and aquatic communities (i.e. freshwater, estuaries, and marine).
Figure 52.2 Global ecology Landscape ecology Ecosystem ecology Community ecology Population ecology Organismal ecology
Global Ecology The biosphere is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet s ecosystems Global ecology examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere
Landscape Ecology A landscape or seascape is a mosaic of connected ecosystems Landscape ecology focuses on the exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems
Ecosystem Ecology An ecosystem is the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components
Community Ecology A community is a group of populations of different species in an area Community ecology deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community
Population Ecology A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in an area Population ecology focuses on factors affecting population size over time
Organismal Ecology Organismal ecology studies how an organism s structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet environmental challenges Organismal ecology includes physiological, evolutionary, and behavioral ecology
Microclimate Microclimate is determined by fine-scale differences in the environment that affect light and wind patterns Every environment is characterized by differences in Abiotic factors, including nonliving attributes such as temperature, light, water, and nutrients Biotic factors, including other organisms that are part of an individual s environment
Figure 52.9 30 N Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30 S Tropical forest Savanna Desert Chaparral Temperate grassland Temperate broadleaf forest Northern coniferous forest Tundra High mountains Polar ice
General Features of Terrestrial Biomes Terrestrial biomes are often named for major physical or climatic factors and for vegetation Terrestrial biomes usually grade into each other, without sharp boundaries The area of intergradation, called an ecotone, may be wide or narrow
Tropical Forest Distribution is in equatorial and subequatorial regions In tropical rain forests, rainfall is relatively constant, while in tropical dry forests precipitation is highly seasonal Temperature is high year-round (25 29 C) with little seasonal variation Tropical forests are vertically layered and competition for light is intense Tropical forests are home to millions of animal species, including an estimated 5 30 million still undescribed species of insects, spiders, and other arthropods Rapid human population growth is now destroying many tropical forests
Tropical Forrest Has the most species BIODIVERSITY canopy = top understory = below canopy Hot & wet year round; thin, poor soil
Many plants anchor themselves to the trees, like this BROMELIAD
Jaguar Parrot Tree Frog
Figure 52.12a A tropical rain forest in Borneo
TROPICAL DRY FOREST wet/dry seasons, warm year round trees are deciduous -lose leaves
Desert Deserts occur in bands near 30 C north and south of the Equator, and in the interior of continents Precipitation is low and highly variable, generally less than 30 cm per year Deserts may be hot or cold Desert plants are adapted for heat and desiccation tolerance, water storage, and reduced leaf surface area Common desert animals include many kinds of snakes and lizards, scorpions, ants, beetles, migratory and resident birds, and seed-eating rodents; many are nocturnal Urbanization and irrigated have reduced the natural biodiversity of some deserts
Figure 52.12b A desert in the southwestern United States
DESERT dry (less than 25 cm rainfall/year) extreme temperature changes (hot/cold) cacti/succulent plants organisms able to tolerate extreme conditions
Desert Mammals Can you name these two?
Savanna Equatorial and subequatorial regions Savanna precipitation is seasonal Temperature is warm year-round (24 29 C) but more seasonally variable than the tropics Grasses and forbs make up most of the ground cover The dominant plant species are fire-adapted and tolerant of seasonal drought Common inhabitants include insects and mammals such as wildebeests, zebras, lions, and hyenas Fires set by humans may help maintain this biome
Figure 52.12c A savanna in Kenya
TROPICAL SAVANNA large animal herds & frequent fires grassland area, with a few trees Lions Zebra Wildebeest Gazelles Elephants Giraffes
The Lion King was set in a savanna.
Temperate Grassland Temperate grasslands are found on many continents Precipitation is highly seasonal Winters are cold (often below 10 C) and dry, while summers are hot (often near 30 C) and wet The dominant plants, grasses and forbs, are adapted to droughts and fire Native mammals include large grazers such as bison and wild horses and small burrowers such as prairie dogs Most grasslands have been converted to farmland
Figure 52.12e Grasslands National Park, Saskatchewan
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND plains & prairies; Midwest very fertile soil 4 seasons - seasonal precipitation, less rain than temperate forest
Animals of the grasslands Prairie Dogs Hawks / Eagles Snakes Sometimes deer Foxes / Coyotes Bison / Buffalo
Coniferous Forest The northern coniferous forest, or taiga, spans northern North America and Eurasia and is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth Precipitation varies; some have periodic droughts and others, especially near coasts, are wet Winters are cold and long while summers may be hot (e.g., Siberia ranges from 50 C to 20 C) Conifers such as pine, spruce, fir, and hemlock dominate The conical shape of conifers prevents too much snow from accumulating and breaking their branches Animals include migratory and resident birds, and large mammals such as moose, brown bears, and Siberian tigers
Taiga Evergreen forests Bitterly long winters & short, mild summers Moose, black bear, wolves
Figure 52.12f A forest in Norway
Tundra Tundra covers expansive areas of the Arctic; alpine tundra exists on high mountaintops at all latitudes Precipitation is low in arctic tundra, and higher in alpine tundra Winters are long and cold (below 30 C) while summers are relatively cool (less than 10 C)
Figure 52.12h Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn
TUNDRA Permafrost = layer of permanently frozen subsoil Strong winds -no trees, small plants Plants = mosses, lichens, grasses Animals = arctic fox, caribou
Other land areas include: Mountain ranges Polar ice caps (Arctic)
Aquatic Biomes Major aquatic biomes can be characterized by their physical environment, chemical environment, geological features, photosynthetic organisms, and heterotrophs Lakes Size varies from small ponds to very large lakes Temperature lakes may have a seasonal thermocline; tropical lowland lakes have a year-round thermocline Oligotrophic lakes are nutrient-poor and generally oxygen-rich Eutrophic lakes are nutrient-rich and often depleted of oxygen if ice covered in winter
Figure 52.16a An oligotrophic lake in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming A eutrophic lake in the Okavango Delta, Botswana
Eutrophic lakes have more surface area relative to depth than oligotrophic lakes Rooted and floating aquatic plants live in the shallow and well-lighted littoral zone close to shore Water is too deep in the limnetic zone to support rooted aquatic plants; small drifting animals called zooplankton graze on the phytoplankton Zooplankton are drifting heterotrophs that graze on the phytoplankton Invertebrates live in the benthic zone Fishes live in all zones with sufficient oxygen Human induced nutrient enrichment can lead to algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and fish kills
Freshwater Ecosystems A. Flowing-water ecosystem, rivers, streams, creeks, B. Standing- water ecosystem, lakes & ponds Trout, herons, eagles, bass, bluegill, crayfish, water snakes, turtles
Figure 52.16c A headwater stream in the Great Smoky Mountains The Loire river (in France) far from its headwaters
Freshwater Ecosystems A. Flowing-water ecosystem, rivers, streams, creeks, B. Standing- water ecosystem, lakes & ponds Trout, herons, eagles, bass, bluegill, crayfish, water snakes, turtles
Wetlands A wetland is a habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil Wetlands have high organic production and decomposition and have low dissolved oxygen Wetlands can develop in shallow basins, along flooded river banks, or on the coasts of large lakes and seas
Wetlands Wetlands are among the most productive biomes on Earth Plants include lilies, cattails, sedges, tamarack, and black spruce Wetlands are home to diverse invertebrates and birds, as well as otters, frogs, and alligators Humans have destroyed up to 90% of wetlands; wetlands purify water and reduce flooding
Figure 52.16b A basin wetland in the United Kingdom
Estuary = area where freshwater meets sea Wetlands = water covers soil
