The Earth's Environmental Systems and Cycles

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Environment:
All the living things that surrounds us
Air, land, oceans and all living things
                                   Environment
Physical
environment
Biological
environment
 
                                             
 
                                      
                   
solid
liquid
Environment
Four spheres” compose Natural environment
 1 Lithosphere_
lithos 
(rocks)
 2 Hydrosphere_
hydro 
(water)
 3 Atmosphere_
atmos 
(vapor)
 4 Atmosphere_
bios 
 (life)
These spheres form outermost
   layer of earth
Three major points
1. four spheres make the Earth Dynamic Planet
       Lithosphere create rocks by internal heat engine
       Atmosphere weathers & degrades rocks by
chemically reactive gasses
        Hydrosphere erode rocks & transport them as
sediments        deposit in ocean basins
continuoue
2. Spheres closely interact with one another
          Gases released from litho + biosphere to atmosphere
3. Dynamic and interactive sphere evolved through time
          Earth is about 4.6 billion Y/O
          Lithosphere originated 4 billion years ago
          Atmosphere originates 3.8 billion years ago
          Biosphere originates at least 3.5 billion years
Major Aspects of Physical Environment
Earth almost covered with water
Atmosphere composed of
           N
2
 (78.1%)
           O
2
 (20.9%)
Atmosphere composed an envelope around earth
Conti…….
Separated from each other on the basis of temp.
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Troposphere
     stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Conti…..
Earth is an open system in term of Energy Flow
30% of solar energy reflected back to space
19% absorbed by water vapors
51% reaches to earth
Less then 1%          photosynthesis
Hydrologic cycle
Movement of water on earth surface constitutes the
Hydrological Cycle
        97.4% water in ocean and seas
        remaining found in form of ice caps, ground water
R
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        shifting of water over the earth
        weathering and decomposition of rocks
Biosphere interactions
Ecology
    How the organisms interacts with each other and to
their physical environment
Organisms grouped in
Populations
communities
ecosystem
communities
Biosphere
Population Dynamic
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     Group of individuals of same species living at same
place at same time
Population under go three distinct phases
1
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Conti…..
All phases affected by many of factors
How these factors interact is called 
Population Dynamics
Growth of populations
All populations have one key trait common
Grow exponentially, if left unchecked
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Population stability: Regulation of Growth
Growth limited by complex interaction of many factors
(including other species)
For example
Take microbes in a glass
Individuals will experience rapid growth (first admitted)
At a point, space and food becomes limited
 Multiplication growth enters to slower growth
Continually slow until it reach to population size stabilizes,
depends on Carrying capacity
Four basic Abundance controls
Factor external to population limits reproductive and
survival rate
Two basic categories of environment that effect population
                  1                                            2
Physical environment
Biological environment
Physical limitation
symbiosis
competition
predation
Limitations of Physical environment
1.
Water supply
2.
Space availability
3.
Soil
4.
Light
Physical environment’s constrains can determined by
habitat of population
Example
      Remaining Florida Panther population lives in a
wetland habitat including the Florida Everglades
Growth is limited by the resources in the shortest supply
(
Justus Leibig, 1840
)
Biological Environment
1
 
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  occurs when both populations require same limited
resource
      
Exploitative/ scramble competition
             both competing population have equal access to
resource
       
Interference competition
            one of the competitors prevents the other from
gaining access
Conti……
Competition determined by organism’s niche
Niche         how the organism fits into local “system”
Competition Exclusion
          Niche overlap is very great and competition is so
intense that one species eliminates the second species
from an area
Example
      
Paramecium aurelia 
 and closely related species
conti….
Ecological release
        one of the two competing species removed, remaining
may increase in number
2
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Predation
carnivores
herbivores
Carnivores
Herbivores
Conti……..
Predation leads to extinction
More commonly, predation limits abundance, do not drive
prey to extinction
Prey species have 
protective traits
a)
       camouflage
b)
       poisons
c)
       spines
d)
       large size
 if prey become scarce, predator switch to other prey
Allow the first prey to rebound in numbers
Symbiosis
Living together, include many kind of interaction,
competition and predation
M
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    benefits both species
 e.g., coral reef and algae exist in mutualistic relation,
supply shelter and food to each other
P
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One species benefits while harming other
Similar to predation
 
 
 
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Coral reef and algae
Parasites, such as leeches,
often do not kill their hosts
Commensalism
     One species benefits other neither infected nor
benefited
     
E.g
., Spanish moss hangs from trees for support,
cause trees no harm or benefit
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 one inhabit another while being uninfected itself and
accidentally harm the other
E.g
., elephant crash vegetation, while gaining few benefit
commensalism
Amensalism
Population decline
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Elimination of all individuals in a group from an area
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 The flow of all Pathways of all energy on Earth
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Take too long to form
 e.g., Fossil Fuel
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can be recycle easily
 e.g., solar  energy, tidal energy
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Explore the interconnected systems of the Earth's biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere, along with biogeochemical cycles like the hydrological cycle. Learn how these systems interact to sustain life and maintain Earth's dynamic environment over billions of years.

  • Environment
  • Earth Systems
  • Biogeochemical Cycles
  • Ecosystems
  • Natural Sciences

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  1. THE BIOSPHERE: POPULATIONS, COMMUNITIES, ECOSYSTEM AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT Lecture no. 1 Lecturer: Dr. Saffora Riaz M.Sc. II (evening) 2018-2020 Lahore College for women University Lahore

  2. Environment: All the living things that surrounds us Air, land, oceans and all living things Environment Biological environment Physical environment solid Include all the living things liquid gas

  3. Environment Four spheres compose Natural environment 1 Lithosphere_lithos (rocks) 2 Hydrosphere_hydro (water) 3 Atmosphere_atmos (vapor) 4 Atmosphere_bios (life) These spheres form outermost layer of earth

  4. Three major points 1. four spheres make the Earth Dynamic Planet Lithosphere create rocks by internal heat engine Atmosphere weathers & degrades rocks by chemically reactive gasses Hydrosphere erode rocks & transport them as sediments deposit in ocean basins

  5. continuoue 2. Spheres closely interact with one another Gases released from litho + biosphere to atmosphere 3. Dynamic and interactive sphere evolved through time Earth is about 4.6 billion Y/O Lithosphere originated 4 billion years ago Atmosphere originates 3.8 billion years ago Biosphere originates at least 3.5 billion years

  6. Major Aspects of Physical Environment Earth almost covered with water Atmosphere composed of N2 (78.1%) O2 (20.9%) Atmosphere composed an envelope around earth

  7. Conti. Atmospheric Envelope Troposphere stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Separated from each other on the basis of temp.

  8. Conti.. Earth is an open system in term of Energy Flow 30% of solar energy reflected back to space 19% absorbed by water vapors 51% reaches to earth Less then 1% photosynthesis

  9. Hydrologic cycle Movement of water on earth surface constitutes the Hydrological Cycle 97.4% water in ocean and seas remaining found in form of ice caps, ground water Role shifting of water over the earth weathering and decomposition of rocks

  10. Biosphere interactions Ecology How the organisms interacts with each other and to their physical environment Organisms grouped in Populations communities ecosystem communities Biosphere

  11. Population Dynamic Population Group of individuals of same species living at same place at same time Population under go three distinct phases 1) Growth available resources exceed number individuals able to exploit them 2) Stability environment becomes saturated with the population 3) Decline inevitable decrease in number of individuals that leads to extinction

  12. Conti.. All phases affected by many of factors How these factors interact is called Population Dynamics

  13. Growth of populations All populations have one key trait common Grow exponentially, if left unchecked Intrinsic rate of increase (r) potential for increase of a give population varies among populations by several factors (death and birth rate) Intrinsic rate of increase = Birth rate Death rate

  14. Population stability: Regulation of Growth Growth limited by complex interaction of many factors (including other species) For example Take microbes in a glass Individuals will experience rapid growth (first admitted) At a point, space and food becomes limited Multiplication growth enters to slower growth Continually slow until it reach to population size stabilizes, depends on Carrying capacity

  15. Four basic Abundance controls Factor external to population limits reproductive and survival rate Two basic categories of environment that effect population 1 2 Physical environment Biological environment Physical limitation symbiosis predation competition

  16. Limitations of Physical environment 1. Water supply 2. Space availability 3. Soil 4. Light Physical environment s constrains can determined by habitat of population Example Remaining Florida Panther population lives in a wetland habitat including the Florida Everglades Growth is limited by the resources in the shortest supply (Justus Leibig, 1840)

  17. Biological Environment 1 Competition occurs when both populations require same limited resource Exploitative/ scramble competition both competing population have equal access to resource Interference competition one of the competitors prevents the other from gaining access

  18. Conti Competition determined by organism s niche Niche how the organism fits into local system Competition Exclusion Niche overlap is very great and competition is so intense that one species eliminates the second species from an area Example Paramecium aurelia and closely related species

  19. conti. Ecological release one of the two competing species removed, remaining may increase in number 2. Predation one organism consume other living organisms Predation carnivores herbivores prey on animalsprey on plants

  20. Carnivores Herbivores

  21. Conti.. Predation leads to extinction More commonly, predation limits abundance, do not drive prey to extinction Prey species have protective traits a) camouflage b) poisons c) spines d) large size if prey become scarce, predator switch to other prey Allow the first prey to rebound in numbers

  22. Symbiosis Living together, include many kind of interaction, competition and predation Mutualism benefits both species e.g., coral reef and algae exist in mutualistic relation, supply shelter and food to each other Parasitism One species benefits while harming other Similar to predation

  23. Mutualism Parasitism Parasites, such as leeches, often do not kill their hosts Coral reef and algae .

  24. Commensalism One species benefits other neither infected nor benefited E.g., Spanish moss hangs from trees for support, cause trees no harm or benefit Amensalism one inhabit another while being uninfected itself and accidentally harm the other E.g., elephant crash vegetation, while gaining few benefit

  25. commensalism Amensalism

  26. Population decline Extinction Elimination of all individuals in a group from an area Earth s energy budget The flow of all Pathways of all energy on Earth Nonrenewable resources Take too long to form e.g., Fossil Fuel Renewable resources can be recycle easily e.g., solar energy, tidal energy

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