Sustainability and Organic Livestock Modeling for Global Food Security

The research presented at the 18th Organic World Congress in Istanbul delves into the Sustainability and Organic Livestock (SOL-m) modeling approach developed by FAO and FiBL. The study aims to explore the potential impacts of global conversion to organic livestock production by 2050 on food security and the environment. Key research questions address organic agriculture's capacity to meet future food demands, implications for land use, and the balance between intensification and extensification strategies for livestock farming. The modeling framework utilizes data from FAOSTAT, scientific literature, and a General Algebraic Modeling System to analyze mass flow components, herd structures, and global agriculture land use patterns.

• Sustainability
• Organic Livestock
• Global Food Security
• Livestock Production
• Environmental Impact

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1. 18 Organic World Congress, Istanbul, Turkey Pre-Conference, 12 October 2014 SUSTAINABILITY AND ORGANIC LIVESTOCK IN 2050 Nadia El-Hage Scialabba Senior Natural Resources Officer Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations AND Christian Schader and Adrian Muller, FiBL

2. INTRODUCTION

3. Introducing SOL-m SOL-m = Sustainability and Organic Livestock modeling An FAO-FiBL cooperation: 2011-2014 About global conversion of organic livestock production: impacts on food security and the environmental Study the trade-offs and synergies between the main environmental and socio-economic challenges at global level

4. Research questions and objectives Can organic agriculture meet global food demand in 2050? Would organic scenarios lead to higher land occupation? To inform the policy debate on pros and cons of livestock intensification and extensification strategies To direct to research requirements for ensuring food availability within planetary boundaries

5. Modelling approach General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) FAOSTAT: Food Balance Sheets, Tradestat, Fertistat, Aquastat Scientific literature: LCAs, Ecoinvent, Erb 2007, Seufert 2012 229 countries, 180 crops, 35 livestock activities Ceteris paribus: biofuel, aquaculture , technological progress

6. SOL-m mass flow components

7. Herd structure model Maximum entropy approach for cows, pigs and chicken Input: living animals, producing animals, production volume, normative values (ranges for production parameters) Output: shares of animal types in a herd (e.g. calves, sires, beef cows, dairy cows) Important for estimating feeding requirements and GHG

8. Agriculture land use worldwide (FAOSTAT, 2011) 0.13, 2% Permanent grassland 1.27, 24% Arable land for feedstuff (livestock) Arable land for direct human consumption Permanent crops for direct human consumption 0.39, 8% 3.4, 66%

9. SOL-m scenarios Baseline: current land use (arable crops, permanent crops, grassland), livestock numbers/herd structures, feeding rations, commodity trade, prices, utilization of commodities (food, feed, seed, waste, other), population, nutrition. Reference scenario: FAO projections 2050 on population numbers and nutritional requirements, as well as technical progress (yield potential) and intensification trends. Full conversion to organic livestock production in 2050 management of grasslands according to organic standards production of cropland for concentrates according to organic standards increased share of other organic cropland (assuming specialized concentrate- producing farms will mostly do a conversion of their entire farm) Reduction of concentrate use by 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% in 2050 Looking for the optimal combination of organic and concentrate use scenarios

10. ORGANIC SCENARIOS

11. Organic livestock scenarios 2050 (100% concentrates)

12. Organic livestock scenarios 2050 (50% concentrates)

13. Organic livestock scenario 2050 (0% concentrates)

14. SOL-m results Scenario 6: Full conversion to low-input organic livestock production in 2050 Scenario 5: Full conversion to organic livestock production in 2050 Scenario 3: Reduction of concentrate use by 50% in 2050 Scenario 4: Full conversion to low-input production in 2050 Scenario 2: Baseline scenario 2050 Scenario 1: Baseline 2005-2009 Land occupation Cropping intensity Livestock numbers Selfsufficiency food Share of livestock products in human nutrition Energy use Greenhouse gas emissions Land degradation Deforestation pressure Pesticide use N eutrophication P eutrophication Farm revenues 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - + - 0 - 0 0 - - - - 0 - -- ++ -- 0 -- 0 0 - -- -- -- + -- - - - - - 0 0 -- -- -- ++ 0 -- -- + -- - -- 0 0 -- -- -- + ++ - + + + 0 0 + + + + ++ substantial increase expected compared to Scenario 1 + moderate increase expected compared to Scenario 1 0 no or only slight changes expected compared to Scenario 1 - moderate reduction expected compared to Scenario 1 -- substantial reduction expected compared to Scenario 1

15. Trade-offs and synergies Business-as-usual: BAU is not an option, as environmental impacts will rise till 2050 and further pressure on food availability may increase Low-input livestock systems: synergies between food availability and most environmental indicators Full organic conversion: Can produce sufficient food for 9.2 billion in 2050 Positive indicators: GWP, N, P, energy, water, toxicity potential One negative impact: land, hence deforestation (+450 x 106 ha)

16. Ideal scenarios for 2050 Organic livestock scenarios fare best when combined with reduced concentrate feeds : -50% still requires additional 250 million ha cropland Zero use of concentrate feed does not require more lands Global environmental impacts can be mitigated if livestock production was based on grasslands and residue recycling These extensification strategies can produce 3028 kcal/cap/day but with consumption of livestock products reduced by 3-4 Change in livestock availability affects mainly monogastrics

17. RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS

18. Animal feed issues About 36% of world consumption of cereals goes to feed: developing countries account to 42% of world total and will increase to 56% by 2050 Grasslands and pastures reduce inefficient use of arable lands Reduced concentrate feed would yield more food for direct human consumption while providing multiple ecological services With globally supplying sufficient calorie and protein, the share of ruminants and monogastrics differs

19. Cereal feed and livestock production Alexandratos and Bruinsma, 2012

20. Food conversion efficiency Mean based on data from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Thailand, Bhutan, Mongolia (FAO, 2014)

21. Concentrate feed reduction impacts

22. Feed sources Grassfed ruminants will require a better knowledge of nutritional value of different type of grasslands for different spp. Feed supply for monogastrics will require novel technologies to produce feed from agricultural residues, agro-industrial by-products and food waste. Feed sources assessments are needed to estimate national/local: Chemical composition and nutritional value of feed ingredients Nutrient balance (identifying surplus and deficits) Optimizing use of available feeds Forecasting feed resources in time and space Generating optimum livestock-feed relationship Balancing trade-offs in biomass use Export/import of feed ingredients and prices

23. CONCLUSION

24. Organic Plus Up-scaling organic agriculture globally is technically feasible But organic standards must be strengthened on animal feed Existing standards on grassfed (USA) or pasture-fed (NZ, UK) could inform on steps towards concentrates-fee organic feed Organic YES but through a more rational use of biomass and lands

25. Thanks www.fao.org/nr/sustainability/sustainability-and-livestock