Subordination in Grammar
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SUBORDINATION:
DEPENDENT CLAUSES
■
If a clause in a sentence is
not independent
, it is called a
subordinate clause
(dependent clause).
■
Mainly 3 roles of dependent clauses in a sentence:
1. Adverbial
2. Adjectival
3. Nominal
1. Adverbial
■
Because a weasel is wild,
it should be approached with great
caution.
■
Yesterday the teacher called the students lazy
when they complained
about their assignments
.
■
Some of the conjunctions used for adverbial clauses:
■
after
before
until
while
■
since
as
so that
in order that
■
because
if
unless
whether
■
although
even though
where
when
Adverbial Examples
■
When
will the flowers bloom?
:
w
hen spring arrives
■
How
did he answer the question?
:
as if he knew the
subject quite well
■
Why
didn't the poor woman have money?
:
because she
had lost her job
2. Adjectival
■
Modifier of a noun (relative clause-who, whom, which, that, whose).
The man who lives upstairs
bothers
the neighbors
.
HE
bothers
THEM
(S)
(V)
(O)
h
e
a
d
w
o
r
d
adjectival
The man
who lives upstairs
who lives upstairs
bothers
the neighbors
.
HE
bothers
THEM
(S)
(V)
(O)
■
Don’t forget! An adjectival clause follows the headword of the noun
phrase in the sentence.
The neighbors
know
the man who lives upstairs
They
know
him
(S)
(
V)
(O)
h
e
a
d
w
o
r
d
adjectival
The neighbors know
the man
who lives upstairs
who lives upstairs
They
know
him
(S)
(V)
(O)
Other Adjectival
Examples
■
W
h
i
c
h
b
o
o
k
d
i
d
J
o
e
r
e
a
d
?
:
t
h
e
o
n
e
t
h
a
t
I
g
a
v
e
h
i
m
■
What kind
of politician has the support of the people?:
the
one who is trustworthy
■
Which season?:
the one when everything blooms
■
Which house?:
the one where I was born
More examples for
adjectival clauses
■
An object
that weighs five pounds on earth
would weigh
two pounds on the planet Mercury.
■
All
the
men
who
/who
m citizens of the United States have
elected as president
have been native-born.
■
Mark Twain,
whose real name was Samuel Clemens
, grew
up in Hannibal, Missouri.
■
Attention! We
USE
COMMAS
when identification of the
noun is not necessary.
■
E.g.
■
John F. Kennedy
,
who was assassinated in 1963
,
was the
first Catholic president.
(a familiar info)
■
The highest mountain in the world
,
Mount Everest
,
is
located in Asia.
(a fact)
■
If the clause answers the question ‘Which One?’, then we
DO NOT USE COMMAS.
■
E.g
■
The man
who came by yesterday
is my professor.
■
Which
man?
■
Without the relative clause, we don’t know which man.
3. Nominal
■
Noun clauses
■
Annie Dillard says
that a weasel is wild
.
something
Like a noun, a nominal clause names a person, place, thing, or
idea. A nominal clause may function in a sentence as any of the
following:
■
Nominal clauses may begin with
‘
that
’ or
interrogatives
:
■
w
h
o
w
h
o
m
w
h
a
t
w
h
i
c
h
■
w
h
o
e
v
e
r
w
h
o
m
e
v
e
r
w
h
a
t
e
v
e
r
w
h
e
n
■
w
h
e
r
e
h
o
w
w
h
y
■
Nominal Clause as
Subject
in a sentence
■
Nominal Clause as
Subject Complement
in a sentence
■
Nominal Clause as
Object of Preposition
in a sentence
■
Nominal Clause as
Direct Object
in a sentence
■
Nominal Clause as
Indirect Object
in a sentence
■
Nominal Clause beginning with
That
■
Nominal Clause beginning with
Whether
■
Nominal Clause beginning with
If
Subordination in grammar involves dependent clauses that are not independent. These subordinate clauses play three main roles in a sentence: adverbial, adjectival, and nominal. Adverbial clauses provide information on time, manner, place, condition, reason, and purpose. Adjectival clauses act as modifiers of a noun, providing additional descriptive information. Examples illustrate how these clauses function in sentences.
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Presentation Transcript
SUBORDINATION: DEPENDENT CLAUSES
If a clause in a sentence is not independent, it is called a subordinate clause (dependent clause). Mainly 3 roles of dependent clauses in a sentence: 1. Adverbial 2. Adjectival 3. Nominal
1. Adverbial Because a weasel is wild, it should be approached with great caution. Yesterday the teacher called the students lazy when they complained about their assignments. Some of the conjunctions used for adverbial clauses: after before until since as so that because if unless although even though where while in order that whether when
Adverbial Examples When will the flowers bloom?: when spring arrives
How did he answer the question?: as if he knew the subject quite well
Why didn't the poor woman have money?: because she had lost her job
2. Adjectival Modifier of a noun (relative clause-who, whom, which, that, whose). The man who lives upstairs bothers the neighbors. THEM (O) HE (S) bothers (V) headword adjectival The man who lives upstairs bothers the neighbors. THEM (O) HE (S) bothers (V) Don t forget! An adjectival clause follows the headword of the noun phrase in the sentence.
The neighbors know the man who lives upstairs They know (S) (V) him (O) headword adjectival The neighbors know the man who lives upstairs They know (S) (V) him (O)
Other Adjectival Examples Which book did Joe read?: the one that I gave him
What kind of politician has the support of the people?: the one who is trustworthy
More examples for adjectival clauses An object that weighs five pounds on earth would weigh two pounds on the planet Mercury. All the men who/whom citizens of the United States have elected as president have been native-born. Mark Twain, whose real name was Samuel Clemens, grew up in Hannibal, Missouri.
Attention! We USE COMMAS when identification of the noun is not necessary. E.g. John F. Kennedy, who was assassinated in 1963, was the first Catholic president. (a familiar info) The highest mountain in the world, Mount Everest, is located in Asia. (a fact)
If the clause answers the question Which One?, then we DO NOT USE COMMAS. E.g The man who came by yesterday is my professor. Which man? Without the relative clause, we don t know which man.
3. Nominal Noun clauses Annie Dillard says that a weasel is wild. something Like a noun, a nominal clause names a person, place, thing, or idea. A nominal clause may function in a sentence as any of the following: subject Subject complement Object of preposition Direct object Indirect object
Nominal clauses may begin with that or interrogatives: who whom what which whoever whomever whatever when where how why
