Social Protection and Disability Inclusion
SOCIAL PROTECTION AND
DISABILITY
INCLUSION
Dr. Damaris Muhika
3
rd
June 2019
1
I
L
O
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
c
O
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
(
F
o
u
r
P
i
l
l
a
r
s
)
Rights at
Work
Employment
Creation
Social
Protection
Social
Dialogue
Decent Work Agenda
D
EFINITION
Social security
is defined as the protection that a
society provides to individuals and households to
ensure access to healthcare and to guarantee
income security, particularly in cases of old age,
unemployment, sickness, invalidity, work injury,
maternity or loss of a breadwinner.
Social protection
is a broader term which
consists of social security, social assistance and
welfare programmes.
Are PWD properly cushioned agaisnt shocks?
What social protection gaps exposed by
Covid-19?
M
AJOR
ISSUES
COVERED
UNDER
SOCIAL
PROTECTION
AGENDA
a) Policies for social protection – e.g gender equality,
maternity protection
b) Protection from risks - Unemployment is one of the
risks, health risks and natural disasters
c) Safety in the workplace – e.g. the conditions under
which migrant or vulnerable workers are working
d) Health and work - promotes health and safety at work
e) Fair conditions at work –covers employment and
unemployment ratios
f) Pension systems - A system of basic universal pensions
would provide income security e.g. in case of old age,
invalidity and survivorship
R
I
S
K
S
A
N
D
V
U
L
N
E
R
A
B
I
L
I
T
I
E
S
W
H
I
C
H
A
R
E
A
D
D
R
E
S
S
E
D
B
Y
S
O
C
I
A
L
P
R
O
T
E
C
T
I
O
N
S
Y
S
T
E
M
S
Poverty
:PWDs over-represented among the poorest
in the world
Unaffordable health care, including
rehabilitation
:PWDs in rural economy more affected
Children with disabilities
: Families may restrict
participation or even hide children from the rest of
the community due to
stigma
hence reducing the
child’s access to support
Persons with disabilities of working age
: PWDs
especially women, are significantly less likely to be
employed
Older persons with disabilities
: The prevalence of
disability increases with age hence increasing chance
of old age poverty
D
I
S
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
I
N
C
L
U
S
I
V
E
S
O
C
I
A
L
P
R
O
T
E
C
T
I
O
N
Globally, over 1B people live with a disability. More
than
seven in ten
are not supported by social
protection programmes.
Access to healthcare, education and livelihoods PWD
is slower than for their non-disabled peers.
There is evidence that disability increases the risk of
individuals and families falling into poverty because
of additional costs if they are to access school or
employment
Disability benefits
can provide them with essential
support to increase their independence
For instance, an investment of
0.1% of GDP
(i.e. Kes.
2,000 for all children with a severe disability). This
would allow these children to “unleash their full
potential
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
S
O
C
I
A
L
P
R
O
T
E
C
T
I
O
N
B
E
N
E
F
I
T
S
I
N
K
E
N
Y
A
Under the Government Procurement Opportunities
((AGPO) one is entitled to
30% of Government’s tenders ringfenced for women,
youth and persons living
with disabilities
Tax exemption for the first Ksh.150,000 monthly
income. In addition, a person is allowed to deduct a
maximum of Ksh.50,000 in respect of ‘home care’ and
‘personal care’ where applicable.
Access to Government’s cash transfer program
Tax exemption for assistive devices.
The blind and those on wheel chairs who require
personal assistance receive
Ksh.15,000 monthly
facilitative allowance approved SRC
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
S
O
C
I
A
L
P
R
O
T
E
C
T
I
O
N
B
E
N
E
F
I
T
S
I
N
K
E
N
Y
A
.
.
.
.
Educational assistance from the National Council For
Persons Living with Disabilities (NCPWD) based on
severity of disability.
Free sun screen lotion and lip balms to persons with
albinism.
Provision of tools of trade for those who have received
vocational training.
Consideration for duty exemption on importation of
vehicles modified for use by persons with physical
disabilities.
Extension of retirement age to 65 years if one so
wishes.
Exemption from payment of parking fees by county
governments.
E
L
I
G
I
B
I
L
I
T
Y
F
O
R
S
P
P
R
O
G
R
A
M
S
-Households with a person with severe disability
and who needs:
Permanent care including feeding, toiletry,
protection from danger from themselves and from
other persons and the environment and thus,
require intensive support on a daily basis.
Must be poor
???
Beneficiary/household must not be enrolled in
any other Cash Transfer programme
A member of the household must not be receiving
any pension and/or regular income
L
EGAL
AND
P
OLICY
F
RAMEWORK
ON
SP
1.
The ILO Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
2.
Social Security (Minimum Standards) ILO Convention 102
(1952)
3.
Transition from informal to formal economy ILO
Recommendation 204 (2015)
4.
Rights of domestic workers -ILO Convention 189 (2011)
5.
Social Protection floors Recommendation 202 (2012)
6.
Constitution of Kenya (2010)
7.
Retirement Benefit Act (1997)
8.
National Social Protection Policy (2011)
9.
Social Assistance Act (2013)
10.
National Social Security Fund Act (2013)
11.
National Health Insurance Fund Act (2013)
N
A
T
I
O
N
A
L
C
O
U
N
C
I
L
F
O
R
P
E
R
S
O
N
S
W
I
T
H
D
I
S
A
B
I
L
I
T
I
E
S
The mandate of NCPWD is coordinate government’s disability
services, benefits, and grants e.g:
Provision of Assistive Devices e.g. wheelchairs, crutches, hearing
aids and prosthetic arms or legs (supported through APDK)
Economic empowerment e.g. grants to Community and Self Help
Groups for Economic Empowerment
Education assistance e.g. Education grants to increase
enrolment and retention in education/training institutions
Infrastructure and Equipment Grants e.g. establishment of
special schools
Cash Transfer e.g. persons with severe disabilities receive Kes.
2000 p/m (47,200 households)
Job PlacementPWD can register with the Job Placement Portal
(http://placement.ncpwd.go.ke/public/) to access vacant job
opportunities
S
TATUS
OF
S
OCIAL
P
ROTECTION
IN
K
ENYA
Description of Kenya’s Workforce:
i.
Workforce-19M
ii.
Formal Workers-2.6M
iii.
Informal Workers-16.4 .3M (84%)
Dependency ratio
(81%) i.e 81/19
Pension scheme=5million; NSSF coverage-4
million (1.5 m active (4.5% IE, 20% Formal);
General insurance @3%, NHIF coverage-7 million
Social assistance/cash transfer coverage-250,000
households (PLWSD, OVC,70+W)
S
TATUS
OF
S
OCIAL
P
ROTECTION
….
CONT
.
Latest census report showed that Kenya has a working population of
age
20 – 64
out
of which
27,154,135 adults.
Old age dependency in Kenya at
81%
Old age poverty rate stands at
55 %
80%
of Kenya’s workforce is not covered by social security
The uncovered workforce are in the informal economy.
S
OCIAL
P
ROTECTION
F
LOORS
Social protection floors are nationally-defined sets of
basic social security guarantees which secure
protection aimed at preventing or alleviating poverty,
vulnerability and social exclusion
International standards that describe social protection
floors;
i) Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No.
202)
ii) Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952
(No. 102)
S
OCIAL
P
ROTECTION
F
LOORS
C
OMPONENTS
/
PILLARS
OF
S
OCIAL
P
ROTECTION
IN
K
ENYA
a)
Social Security
b)
Social Assistance
c)
Health Insurance
1.
S
OCIAL
A
SSISTANCE
Social Assistance in Kenya is one key element of the
Social Protection mix.
It is governed under the Social Assistance Act of 2013
Implemented together with other group specific
legislation and policies including;
i.
the Children’s Act,
ii.
Persons with Disabilities Act,
iii.
National Children’s Policy (2010),
iv.
National Policy on Older Persons and Aging,
v.
National Policy on Youth,
vi.
National Policy for the Sustainable Development of
Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (2007).
G
OVERNMENT
I
NITIATED
S
OCIAL
A
SSISTANCE
P
ROGRAMS
2.
H
EALTH
I
NSURANCE
Only about 20% of Kenya’s population is covered by
some form of health insurance
From that figure about 85% are covered by the
National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) making it
the principle insurance scheme for Kenyans
The NHIF mainly targets formal sector workers
The remaining percentage is divided into 9% by
private health schemes and 6 % by Community Based
Health Financing schemes.
NB: Universal Health Coverage (BIG 4 Agenda)
3. S
OCIAL
S
ECURITY
SOCIAL
SECURITY
/
RETIREMENT
BENEFITS
Mainly provided through the National Social
Security Fund (Mandatory contribution) under
NSSF Act 2013
Also provided by occupational and individual
pension schemes
The aim of NSSF is to provide
basic social security
for its
members and their dependants for various contingencies
The fund is open to all employees and self employed
persons and provides benefits for themselves and their
dependants.
Benefits include retirement pension, age benefit,
withdrawal benefit, invalidity pension, survivors benefit,
funeral grant and emigration benefit.
Human-centred agenda for the
future of work
•
A call for guaranteed
universal social protection
from birth to
old age
•
A call for more
investment in the institutions
, policies and
strategies including
strengthened SP institutions
•
A
call for a transformative and measurable agenda for
gender
equality
•
A call for a Universal Labour Guarantee including
fundamental workers’ rights
, an “adequate living wage”,
limits on hours of work and ensuring safe and healthy
workplaces
Social protection encompasses various programs such as social security, social assistance, and welfare to ensure individuals have access to healthcare and income security. Disability-inclusive social protection addresses risks and vulnerabilities faced by Persons with Disabilities (PWDs), including poverty, lack of affordable healthcare, restricted participation of children with disabilities, and lower employment rates among PWDs. COVID-19 has exposed gaps in social protection systems, highlighting the importance of policies promoting equality, safety at work, and fair conditions.
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Presentation Transcript
SOCIAL PROTECTION AND DISABILITY INCLUSION Dr. Damaris Muhika 3rd June 2019 1
Decent Work Agenda ILO Strategic Objectives (Four Pillars) Rights at Work Employment Creation Social Protection Social Dialogue
DEFINITION Social security is defined as the protection that a society provides to individuals and households to ensure access to healthcare and to guarantee income security, particularly in cases of old age, unemployment, sickness, invalidity, work injury, maternity or loss of a breadwinner. Social protection is a broader term which consists of social security, social assistance and welfare programmes.
Are PWD properly cushioned agaisnt shocks? What social protection gaps exposed by Covid-19?
MAJORISSUESCOVEREDUNDERSOCIALPROTECTION AGENDA a) Policies for social protection e.g gender equality, maternity protection b) Protection from risks - Unemployment is one of the risks, health risks and natural disasters c) Safety in the workplace e.g. the conditions under which migrant or vulnerable workers are working d) Health and work - promotes health and safety at work e) Fair conditions at work covers employment and unemployment ratios f) Pension systems - A system of basic universal pensions would provide income security e.g. in case of old age, invalidity and survivorship
RISKSANDVULNERABILITIESWHICHAREADDRESSEDBYSOCIAL PROTECTIONSYSTEMS Poverty:PWDs over-represented among the poorest in the world Unaffordable health care, including rehabilitation:PWDs in rural economy more affected Children with disabilities: Families may restrict participation or even hide children from the rest of the community due to stigma hence reducing the child s access to support Persons with disabilities of working age: PWDs especially women, are significantly less likely to be employed Older persons with disabilities: The prevalence of disability increases with age hence increasing chance of old age poverty
DISABILITY INCLUSIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION Globally, over 1B people live with a disability. More than seven in ten are not supported by social protection programmes. Access to healthcare, education and livelihoods PWD is slower than for their non-disabled peers. There is evidence that disability increases the risk of individuals and families falling into poverty because of additional costs if they are to access school or employment Disability benefits can provide them with essential support to increase their independence For instance, an investment of 0.1% of GDP (i.e. Kes. 2,000 for all children with a severe disability). This would allow these children to unleash their full potential
CURRENT SOCIAL PROTECTIONBENEFITSIN KENYA Under the Government Procurement Opportunities ((AGPO) one is entitled to 30% of Government s tenders ringfenced for women, youth and persons living with disabilities Tax exemption for the first Ksh.150,000 monthly income. In addition, a person is allowed to deduct a maximum of Ksh.50,000 in respect of home care and personal care where applicable. Access to Government s cash transfer program Tax exemption for assistive devices. The blind and those on wheel chairs who require personal assistance receive Ksh.15,000 monthly facilitative allowance approved SRC
CURRENT SOCIAL PROTECTIONBENEFITSIN KENYA .... Educational assistance from the National Council For Persons Living with Disabilities (NCPWD) based on severity of disability. Free sun screen lotion and lip balms to persons with albinism. Provision of tools of trade for those who have received vocational training. Consideration for duty exemption on importation of vehicles modified for use by persons with physical disabilities. Extension of retirement age to 65 years if one so wishes. Exemption from payment of parking fees by county governments.
ELIGIBILITY FOR SP PROGRAMS -Households with a person with severe disability and who needs: Permanent care including feeding, toiletry, protection from danger from themselves and from other persons and the environment and thus, require intensive support on a daily basis. Must be poor??? Beneficiary/household must not be enrolled in any other Cash Transfer programme A member of the household must not be receiving any pension and/or regular income
LEGALAND POLICY FRAMEWORKON SP 1. The ILO Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 2. Social Security (Minimum Standards) ILO Convention 102 (1952) 3. Transition from informal to formal economy ILO Recommendation 204 (2015) 4. Rights of domestic workers -ILO Convention 189 (2011) 5. Social Protection floors Recommendation 202 (2012) 6. Constitution of Kenya (2010) 7. Retirement Benefit Act (1997) 8. National Social Protection Policy (2011) 9. Social Assistance Act (2013) 10. National Social Security Fund Act (2013) 11. National Health Insurance Fund Act (2013)
NATIONAL COUNCILFOR PERSONSWITH DISABILITIES The mandate of NCPWD is coordinate government s disability services, benefits, and grants e.g: Provision of Assistive Devices e.g. wheelchairs, crutches, hearing aids and prosthetic arms or legs (supported through APDK) Economic empowerment e.g. grants to Community and Self Help Groups for Economic Empowerment Education assistance e.g. Education grants to increase enrolment and retention in education/training institutions Infrastructure and Equipment Grants e.g. establishment of special schools Cash Transfer e.g. persons with severe disabilities receive Kes. 2000 p/m (47,200 households) Job PlacementPWD can register with the Job Placement Portal (http://placement.ncpwd.go.ke/public/) to access vacant job opportunities
STATUSOF SOCIAL PROTECTIONIN KENYA Description of Kenya s Workforce: Workforce-19M Formal Workers-2.6M Informal Workers-16.4 .3M (84%) Dependency ratio (81%) i.e 81/19 Pension scheme=5million; NSSF coverage-4 million (1.5 m active (4.5% IE, 20% Formal); General insurance @3%, NHIF coverage-7 million Social assistance/cash transfer coverage-250,000 households (PLWSD, OVC,70+W) i. ii. iii.
STATUSOF SOCIAL PROTECTION.CONT. Latest census report showed that Kenya has a working population of age 20 64 outof which 27,154,135 adults. Old age dependency in Kenya at 81% Old age poverty rate stands at 55 % 80% of Kenya s workforce is not covered by social security The uncovered workforce are in the informal economy.
SOCIAL PROTECTION FLOORS Social protection floors are nationally-defined sets of basic social security guarantees which secure protection aimed at preventing or alleviating poverty, vulnerability and social exclusion International standards that describe social protection floors; i) Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202) ii) Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102)
COMPONENTS/PILLARSOF SOCIAL PROTECTION IN KENYA Social Security Social Assistance Health Insurance a) b) c)
1. SOCIAL ASSISTANCE Social Assistance in Kenya is one key element of the Social Protection mix. It is governed under the Social Assistance Act of 2013 Implemented together with other group specific legislation and policies including; the Children s Act, Persons with Disabilities Act, National Children s Policy (2010), National Policy on Older Persons and Aging, National Policy on Youth, National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (2007). i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.
GOVERNMENT INITIATED SOCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS Program Target Coverage Older persons Cash Transfer Program elderly people (over 65 yrs) Beneficiaries receive Kes 2000 per month. 203, 011 Orphans and Vulnerable children cash transfer program: OVC OVC 412, 470 Hunger safety net program most vulnerable communities e.g northern Kenya 289,480 Disability grants Severely disabled person 4,200 HIV/AIDS nutrition feeding program HIV clients on ART & OVC in affected households 72,068 Kazi kwa Vijana/Kazi Mtaani unemployed youth 297,861 National Accelerated Agricultural Inputs Access Program Small scale farmers 120,750 Regular School Meals Program Primary school children 803,669 Urban Food Subsidy Poor urban households 5,150 Secondary School Bursary Fund Vulnerablle secondary school students 66,570 General Food Distribution Program Poor household and disaster victims 2,180,658
2. HEALTH INSURANCE Only about 20% of Kenya s population is covered by some form of health insurance From that figure about 85% are covered by the National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) making it the principle insurance scheme for Kenyans The NHIF mainly targets formal sector workers The remaining percentage is divided into 9% by private health schemes and 6 % by Community Based Health Financing schemes. NB: Universal Health Coverage (BIG 4 Agenda)
SOCIALSECURITY/RETIREMENTBENEFITS Mainly provided through the National Social Security Fund (Mandatory contribution) under NSSF Act 2013 Also provided by occupational and individual pension schemes The aim of NSSF is to provide basic social security for its members and their dependants for various contingencies The fund is open to all employees and self employed persons and provides benefits for themselves and their dependants. Benefits include retirement pension, age benefit, withdrawal benefit, invalidity pension, survivors benefit, funeral grant and emigration benefit.
Human-centred agenda for the future of work A call for guaranteed universal social protection from birth to old age A call for more investment in the institutions, policies and strategies including strengthened SP institutions A call for a transformative and measurable agenda for gender equality A call for a Universal Labour Guarantee including fundamental workers rights, an adequate living wage , limits on hours of work and ensuring safe and healthy workplaces
