Reconstruction of Nuclear Fragments in EIC e-A Collisions
Reconstruction of Nuclear
Fragments in IP-8
JiaJun Huang, Barak Schmookler
UC Riverside, California EIC consortium
1
Introduction
-
EIC e-A collisions have the possibility of inducing fission or evaporation of the
excited pre-fragment nucleus, as well as Fermi-breakup and multi-
fragmentation
-
We use the BeAGLE event generator to model the initial scattering +
intranuclear cascade; and FLUKA and ABLA07 to then simulate the decay of
the excited pre-fragment
-
Previous studies of production and detection of nuclear fragments were
shown at the 2023 EIC UG meeting (
)
-
Focus in this presentation will be on the reconstruction of the pre-fragment
based on nuclei and escaped nucleonshere
2
One way the 2
nd
focus can be used – Nuclear fragments
Incoming GeV electron
beam and 100
GeV/nucleon heavy ion
beam
t = 0
Excited
intermediate
nucleus (i.e. pre-
fragment)
t = 10
-22
s
Hard scattering
and
intranuclear
cascade
t = 10
-20
- 10
-17
s
High-energy
fission or
evaporation
Fission or
evaporation
products
Gamma de-
excitation
t = 10
-14
s
Isotopes in
ground state and
gammas
Decay of radioactive
isotopes
Isotopes after
radioactive decay
t = ? – never
(stable)
Slide from:
Barak Schmookler
Abraded
Ablated
Detector Level
3
EIC Detectors – far-forward region
-
B0 and ZDC detect neutron and gamma ray
-
Roman Pots detect the fragment trajectory and A/Z
-
Fission Product Detector (cherenkov or scintillator) detects fragment Z
4
Slides from:
Barak Schmookler
Fission
Product
Detector
(FPD)
BeAGLE excited pre-fragment production distribution
Production of excited
pre-fragment nuclei can
have a variety of N & Z
combination from the
238
U beam
W
h
a
t
w
e
w
a
n
t
t
o
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
5
BeAGLE + FLUKA
100,000 event generation of scattering +
decay process of e+
238
U collision
60510 fission di-fragment events
33650 evaporation events
Other events includes: 6%
-
Multi-fragmentation
-
Fermi-breakup
6
Fission
Region
Evaporation
Region
Results from FLUKA
-
Kinematics of neutrons from the
BeAGLE+FLUKA simulation show a
confined region within the ZDC
acceptance that the ablated neutrons will
hit.
-
Abraded nucleons within the angular cut
will result in background noise for
reconstructing the pre-fragment
7
A
b
r
a
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.
Neutron kinematics
-
Abraded neutrons have a wide range of
angular and energy spectrum
-
Ablated neutrons are confined into smaller
theta and close to the beam energy
8
A
b
r
a
d
e
d
n
u
c
l
e
o
n
s
:
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-
f
r
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n
t
.
Fission reconstruction using only neutrons
Using neutrons
seems to be enough
for reconstructing the
pre-fragment
Reconstructing the A
of fragment 1(2) will
require the Roman
Pots and a detector
to determine Z.
9
Light charge nuclei events
-
The previous plot filtered away events with light charged particles (Deuterium,
He3, He4), which consist of ~7% of the fission events
-
But we hope to also detect and differentiate those particles, so we are expecting
the same reconstruction as before
10
Counting light
charge particle
production
events
Results from ABLA - reconstruction
-
We also use ABLA and follow the
same method to find the fragments
from fission events and reconstruct the
pre-fragment based on the neutrons
ablated from the decay model
-
The same abraded neutrons were
applied as background in FLUKA and
ABLA, since we use the pass the same
set of BeAGLE events into both de-
excitation codes.
11
Comparing ablated nucleons from FLUKA and ABLA
The pre-fragment
decay process can
produce nucleons
and light charge
particles.
FLUKA and ABLA
are in general
agreement on
production rates.
12
Impact parameter anti-correlation
Anti-correlation between impact parameter (b) vs.
ablated nucleons for possible hadronization studies
13
Impact parameter anti-correlation
Anti-correlation between impact parameter (b) vs.
ablated nucleons for possible hadronization studies
14
Increasing the number of abraded nucleons (A_beam -
A_prefragment) means a larger intranuclear cascade –
which happens more often in central collisions.
So, reconstruction of the pre-fragment can allow a
potentially more robust way to determine centrality than
using only the neutrons in the ZDC.
Photon kinematics at ZDC
Photons energy is
distinctive between
fragment de-excitation
and particle decay
FLUKA is not able to
differentiate the
photons from de-
excitation of fragments
15
Two primary group of
interest:
-
pi
0
-
fragment de-
excitation from
the fission and
evaporation
process
Photon kinematics at ZDC
16
Expected photon flux per event
Di-photon production from pion can
undergo further decay into electron
or interacting, resulting in odd
number of photons
17
Expected photon flux from non-fragments
Pion is not distinctive in
the total photon
production process
18
Expected photon flux from non-fragments
At the ZDC, pion have a
better resolution from
other background
photons
19
Thank you for your time!
20
Gen4 2
nd
Roman Pots simulation
21
Fragment separation in X is larger than Y,
due to configuration of magnets
Magnet effects accounted for fragment
separation
Fragment kinematics
22
Investigating nuclear fragment production in EIC e-A collisions through modeling scattering and decay processes using event generators like BeAGLE and FLUKA. Focus is on reconstructing pre-fragments based on nuclei and escaped nucleons, with detectors in far-forward regions aiding in trajectory and Z detection. Results show a confined region of ablated neutrons within the ZDC acceptance.
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Presentation Transcript
Reconstruction of Nuclear Fragments in IP-8 JiaJun Huang, Barak Schmookler UC Riverside, California EIC consortium 1
Introduction - EIC e-A collisions have the possibility of inducing fission or evaporation of the excited pre-fragment nucleus, as well as Fermi-breakup and multi- fragmentation We use the BeAGLE event generator to model the initial scattering + intranuclear cascade; and FLUKA and ABLA07 to then simulate the decay of the excited pre-fragment Previous studies of production and detection of nuclear fragments were shown at the 2023 EIC UG meeting (here) Focus in this presentation will be on the reconstruction of the pre-fragment based on nuclei and escaped nucleons - - - 2
One way the 2ndfocus can be used Nuclear fragments Hard scattering and intranuclear cascade High-energy fission or evaporation Decay of radioactive isotopes Gamma de- excitation Incoming GeV electron beam and 100 GeV/nucleon heavy ion beam Excited intermediate nucleus (i.e. pre- fragment) Fission or evaporation products Isotopes in ground state and gammas Detector Level Isotopes after radioactive decay Abraded Ablated t = ? never (stable) t = 10-22s t = 10-20- 10-17 s t = 10-14s t = 0 3 Slide from: Barak Schmookler
EIC Detectors far-forward region - - - B0 and ZDC detect neutron and gamma ray Roman Pots detect the fragment trajectory and A/Z Fission Product Detector (cherenkov or scintillator) detects fragment Z 4 Slides from: Barak Schmookler
BeAGLE excited pre-fragment production distribution Production of excited pre-fragment nuclei can have a variety of N & Z combination from the 238U beam What we want to measure 5
BeAGLE + FLUKA 100,000 event generation of scattering + decay process of e+238U collision 60510 fission di-fragment events Evaporation Region Fission Region 33650 evaporation events Other events includes: 6% - - Multi-fragmentation Fermi-breakup 6
Results from FLUKA - Kinematics of neutrons from the BeAGLE+FLUKA simulation show a confined region within the ZDC acceptance that the ablated neutrons will hit. Abraded nucleons within the angular cut will result in background noise for reconstructing the pre-fragment - Abraded nucleons: produced in the hard scattering or intranuclear cascade. Ablated nucleons: produced during the de-excitation of the excited pre-fragment. 7
Neutron kinematics - Abraded neutrons have a wide range of angular and energy spectrum Ablated neutrons are confined into smaller theta and close to the beam energy - Abraded nucleons: produced in the hard scattering or intranuclear cascade. Ablated nucleons: produced during the de-excitation of the excited pre-fragment. 8
Fission reconstruction using only neutrons Using neutrons seems to be enough for reconstructing the pre-fragment Reconstructing the A of fragment 1(2) will require the Roman Pots and a detector to determine Z. 9
Light charge nuclei events - The previous plot filtered away events with light charged particles (Deuterium, He3, He4), which consist of ~7% of the fission events But we hope to also detect and differentiate those particles, so we are expecting the same reconstruction as before - Counting light charge particle production events 10
Results from ABLA - reconstruction - We also use ABLA and follow the same method to find the fragments from fission events and reconstruct the pre-fragment based on the neutrons ablated from the decay model The same abraded neutrons were applied as background in FLUKA and ABLA, since we use the pass the same set of BeAGLE events into both de- excitation codes. - 11
Comparing ablated nucleons from FLUKA and ABLA The pre-fragment decay process can produce nucleons and light charge particles. FLUKA and ABLA are in general agreement on production rates. 12
Impact parameter anti-correlation Anti-correlation between impact parameter (b) vs. ablated nucleons for possible hadronization studies 13
Increasing the number of abraded nucleons (A_beam - A_prefragment) means a larger intranuclear cascade Impact parameter anti-correlation which happens more often in central collisions. Anti-correlation between impact parameter (b) vs. ablated nucleons for possible hadronization studies potentially more robust way to determine centrality than using only the neutrons in the ZDC. So, reconstruction of the pre-fragment can allow a 14
Photon kinematics at ZDC Two primary group of interest: Photons energy is distinctive between fragment de-excitation and particle decay - - pi0 fragment de- excitation from the fission and evaporation process FLUKA is not able to differentiate the photons from de- excitation of fragments 15
Expected photon flux per event Di-photon production from pion can undergo further decay into electron or interacting, resulting in odd number of photons 17
Expected photon flux from non-fragments Pion is not distinctive in the total photon production process 18
Expected photon flux from non-fragments At the ZDC, pion have a better resolution from other background photons 19
Gen4 2nd Roman Pots simulation Fragment separation in X is larger than Y, due to configuration of magnets Magnet effects accounted for fragment separation 21
