Promoting Healthy Social Norms in Group Settings
Session Two
Healthy, Positive Social Norms
Some ground rules
•
Confidentiality
•
Appropriate language
•
Attendance
•
Communicating with the facilitator
Please be aware that we will be talking about sensitive issues and issues
that might have affected you or people you care about. If you feel
uncomfortable or upset it is fine to leave the space. Facilitators will
understand and are trained to help you.
•
We will be learning and working together as a group in this programme
•
Some of the material we will be discussing will be sensitive and some of us
will have had personal experience of the things we discuss
•
We will all be be respectful of personal emotions as we learn
Unacceptable
Behaviour
(Minority)
Where we are
But from the
perspective of those
in the
minority
–
t
h
e
y
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
i
n
t
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
i
t
y
(
f
a
l
s
e
c
o
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
)
a
n
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
i
r
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
i
s
n
o
t
u
n
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
Where we need to get to
Unacceptable
behaviour
becomes SO
socially
proscribed
(clearly defined as
unacceptable)
that most people
stop doing it
Range of Behaviours
Healthy, age-appropriate, mutually respectful, safe
Mutually flirtatious, playful
Situation- or age-inappropriate or non-mutual
Harassment
Sexually abusive & violent
Adapted from Cordelia Anderson via Tabachnick, J. (2010). Making a Difference:
Your role in preventing sexual violence on campus. NSRVC.org/saam
?
How can we help to alter behaviour?
Don’t
be an
arse
Not
okay
This is making
me
uncomfortable
A student’s personal experience
“I was approached by a group of male students as
I was walking out of my halls of residence and they
were all shouting sexual things at me and then one
of them approached me, grabbed me around the
waist and then started to touch my breasts and
bottom. He was saying things like ‘you know you
want this’ and ‘you know you're up for this’.”
NUS (2011) p13
Do you empathise?
If this had happened to…
•
Your best friend
•
Your girlfriend
•
Your mother
•
Your sister
•
Your daughter
“Throughout the ordeal, I was having nightmares, was afraid to go
anywhere outside of my room, had splitting headaches and was on a
course of Beta blockers and antidepressants. This seriously affected my
relationships further into uni and screwed up my first year exams”
(Cambridge 2014 p20)
“After the attempted
rape, I thought I was fine.
I got with every boy, but
would freak if they
touched me down there.
I would get drunk every
night. I drew away from
my friends. I got addicted
to prescription drugs. I
contemplated suicide. It
took me a year and a half
to realise I needed help.”
(Cambridge 2014 p20)
“
I find it difficult to go on dates with men
without being wary of their intentions”
(NUS 2011 p28)
“
It is playing a massive part in my life. I won’t
go out alone after dark any more, which, as a
part time student, is seriously affecting my
studies and personal and social choices. It is
also affecting me financially as I will take any
possible precautions so as not to be alone in
my local area in the dark. I’m taking anti-
anxiety medication for the first time because
of it and I feel like it’s slowly destroying me”
(NUS 2011 p28)
IMPACT (of rape, attempted rape, sexual assault, sexual harassment)
A student’s personal experience
“I was approached by a group of male students as
I was walking out of my halls of residence and they
were all shouting sexual things at me and then one
of them approached me, grabbed me around the
waist and then started to touch my breasts and
bottom. He was saying things like ‘you know you
want this’ and ‘you know you're up for this’.”
NUS 2011 p13
C
a
m
b
r
i
d
g
e
s
t
u
d
y
:
C
U
S
U
(
C
a
m
b
r
i
d
g
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
'
U
n
i
o
n
)
(
2
0
1
4
)
.
C
a
m
b
r
i
d
g
e
S
p
e
a
k
s
O
u
t
.
C
a
m
b
r
i
d
g
e
:
C
U
S
U
W
o
m
e
n
'
s
C
a
m
p
a
i
g
n
.
O
n
l
i
n
e
a
t
h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
w
o
m
e
n
s
.
c
u
s
u
.
c
a
m
.
a
c
.
u
k
/
C
a
m
b
r
i
d
g
e
%
2
0
S
p
e
a
k
s
%
2
0
O
u
t
%
2
0
R
e
p
o
r
t
%
2
0
2
0
1
4
.
p
d
f
N
U
S
s
t
u
d
y
:
N
U
S
(
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
U
n
i
o
n
o
f
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
)
(
2
0
1
1
)
(
2
n
d
E
d
.
)
.
H
i
d
d
e
n
M
a
r
k
s
.
L
o
n
d
o
n
:
N
U
S
.
O
n
l
i
n
e
a
t
h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
n
u
s
.
o
r
g
.
u
k
/
G
l
o
b
a
l
/
N
U
S
_
h
i
d
d
e
n
_
m
a
r
k
s
_
r
e
p
o
r
t
_
2
n
d
_
e
d
i
t
i
o
n
_
w
e
b
.
p
d
f
•
A
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
n
o
t
a
n
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
)
•
A
l
l
s
h
o
u
t
i
n
g
s
e
x
u
a
l
t
h
i
n
g
s
a
t
m
e
•
O
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
t
a
k
e
s
i
t
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
“Lad Culture”?
Aberystwyth University men's
cricket club (AUMCC) social
last year
. The team were
banned from playing and had
their funding withdrawn.
A rugby club at
Oxford University has
been banned from
competing and had
its leadership
dismissed after
organising a "free
pussy" event, which
instructed students
to spike their dates'
drinks.
Huffpo, 5/11/13
On Friday night at
Syndicate a young
female fresher
passed out about
1am. Nobody
moved to help her
get up but four
boys crowded
around taking
upskirt photos.
Freshers’ week at Bristol
University September
2013 via Facebook
“Lad Culture”
Aberystwyth
University men's
cricket club
(AUMCC) social last
year
‘I found photos of me in pyjamas
in my bed on some boys’
WhatsApp group,’ student Rosie
Wilcox says. ‘They did the same
to one of my friends and she
wasn’t wearing anything… They
thought it was really funny but
she was devastated’.
The Guardian: “Campus
Nightmare”, 11/10/2014
Edinburgh rugby
players chant rape
jokes at female
students
B
o
o
z
e
d
-
u
p
r
u
g
b
y
p
l
a
y
e
r
s
y
e
l
l
e
d
j
o
k
e
s
a
b
o
u
t
“
g
a
n
g
r
a
p
e
”
a
t
f
e
m
a
l
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
q
u
e
u
e
o
u
t
s
i
d
e
E
d
i
n
b
u
r
g
h
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
U
n
i
o
n
o
n
S
a
t
u
r
d
a
y
n
i
g
h
t
.
The Tab, 25/09/2014
G
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
o
r
d
e
r
s
i
n
q
u
i
r
y
o
v
e
r
v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
w
o
m
e
n
a
t
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
e
s
T
h
e
G
u
a
r
d
i
a
n
6
/
9
/
1
5
Being a “lad”
•
Not all men
•
Not “all the time”
•
Not “all bad”
•
There is pressure to conform
•
From Oxford Good Lads Project
•
http://youtu.be/PrnC9qr_gjY
Unacceptable
Behaviour
(Minority)
“We are Man”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYhaodU
PqSU
“But what’s the problem with a
bit of harmless banter? It’s only
a joke”
•
http://bobnational.net/record/220105/medi
a_id/221303
Blurred Lines: The New Battle of the Sexes
[television programme, online] 21:30
8/5/2014, BBC TWO, 60mins. http://bobnational.net/record/220105/media_id/221303
Sexual
assault
Ideas incorporated from ccasayourworld.com; McMahon & Banyard, 2012 DOI: 10.1177/1524838011426015
See handout
DISCRIMINATION
Being a Man?
“You have to show how masculine you
are; you can’t show sensitivity – it is
difficult to be different – you need to
look and act a certain way”
(young man, Year 11: EVAW: A Different World is Possible, p.6)
EVAW (End Violence Against Women Coalition) (2011). A Different World Is Possible. London: EVAW.
ISBN: 978-0-9558609-3-5 Downloaded from
http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/data/files/resources/19/a_different_world_is_possible_report_e
mail_version.pdf
Being a Man?
+ risk of substance abuse
+ high-risk behaviours (proving toughness; not seeking medical help)
+ criminality
+ suicide
+ experiencing violence
+ exclusion from school & underachieving at school
+ being incarcerated in prison
(Pease, 2003, Thompson, 1995,1997)
Credit: Dr Finn Mackay
Illness; eating
& exercise
disorders
Social norm misperceptions among women
Research shows:
“Men … report that they do not personally
believe in many societal myths about masculinity
but believe that other men do”
(Fabiano et al., 2003)
Men often
underestimate
the extent to which
other men are uncomfortable with stereotypical
(negative) masculine behaviour
(studies cited in Berkowitz, 2013)
Fabiano, P. M., Perkins, H. W., Berkowitz, A., Linkenbach, J., & Stark, C. (2003). Engaging men as social justice allies in ending
violence against women: Evidence for a social norms approach.
Journal of American College Health
,
52
(3), 105-112.
Berkowitz, A. (2013). A Grassroots’ Guide to Fostering Healthy Norms to Reduce Violence in our
Communities:Social Norms Toolkit. USA: CDC. Online at
http://www.alanberkowitz.com/Social_Norms_Violence_Prevention_Toolkit.pdf
***
!!!
***
This program aims to foster healthy and positive social norms by discussing sensitive issues in a respectful manner. Ground rules like confidentiality and appropriate communication are set to ensure a safe space. Through understanding and addressing unacceptable behaviors, the goal is to create a culture where most people engage in positive behavior. Strategies for altering behavior and responses to inappropriate conduct are discussed. Real-life experiences highlight the importance of promoting mutual respect and ensuring safe environments.
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Presentation Transcript
Session Two Healthy, Positive Social Norms
We will be learning and working together as a group in this programme Some of the material we will be discussing will be sensitive and some of us will have had personal experience of the things we discuss We will all be be respectful of personal emotions as we learn Some ground rules Confidentiality Appropriate language Attendance Communicating with the facilitator Please be aware that we will be talking about sensitive issues and issues that might have affected you or people you care about. If you feel uncomfortable or upset it is fine to leave the space. Facilitators will understand and are trained to help you.
Where we are Healthy & Positive Behaviour (Majority) Unacceptable Behaviour (Minority) Problematic Behaviour
But from the perspective of those in the minority they believe they are in the majority (false consensus) and that their behaviour is not unacceptable Acceptable/ majority behaviour
Where we need to get to Unacceptable behaviour becomes SO socially proscribed (clearly defined as unacceptable) that most people stop doing it Healthy & positive majority behaviour
Range of Behaviours Healthy, age-appropriate, mutually respectful, safe Mutually flirtatious, playful Situation- or age-inappropriate or non-mutual Harassment Sexually abusive & violent
Not okay Not cool You re better that that This is making me uncomfortable Don t be an arse
A students personal experience I was approached by a group of male students as I was walking out of my halls of residence and they were all shouting sexual things at me and then one of them approached me, grabbed me around the waist and then started to touch my breasts and bottom. He was saying things like you know you want this and you know you're up for this . NUS (2011) p13
Do you empathise? If this had happened to Your best friend Your girlfriend Your mother Your sister Your daughter
IMPACT (of rape, attempted rape, sexual assault, sexual harassment) Throughout the ordeal, I was having nightmares, was afraid to go anywhere outside of my room, had splitting headaches and was on a course of Beta blockers and antidepressants. This seriously affected my relationships further into uni and screwed up my first year exams (Cambridge 2014 p20) I find it difficult to go on dates with men without being wary of their intentions (NUS 2011 p28) After the attempted rape, I thought I was fine. I got with every boy, but would freak if they touched me down there. I would get drunk every night. I drew away from my friends. I got addicted to prescription drugs. I contemplated suicide. It took me a year and a half to realise I needed help. (Cambridge 2014 p20) It is playing a massive part in my life. I won t go out alone after dark any more, which, as a part time student, is seriously affecting my studies and personal and social choices. It is also affecting me financially as I will take any possible precautions so as not to be alone in my local area in the dark. I m taking anti- anxiety medication for the first time because of it and I feel like it s slowly destroying me (NUS 2011 p28)
A students personal experience I was approached by a group of male students as I was walking out of my halls of residence and they were all shouting sexual things at me and then one of them approached me, grabbed me around the waist and then started to touch my breasts and bottom. He was saying things like you know you want this and you know you're up for this . NUS 2011 p13 Cambridge study: CUSU (Cambridge University Students' Union) (2014). Cambridge Speaks Out. Cambridge: CUSU Women's Campaign. Online at http://www.womens.cusu.cam.ac.uk/Cambridge%20Speaks%20Out%20Report%202014.pdf NUS study: NUS (National Union of Students) (2011) (2nd Ed.). Hidden Marks. London: NUS. Online at http://www.nus.org.uk/Global/NUS_hidden_marks_report_2nd_edition_web.pdf
A group of students (not an individual) All shouting sexual things at me One of them takes it further
Lad Culture? On Friday night at Syndicate a young female fresher passed out about 1am. Nobody moved to help her get up but four boys crowded around taking upskirt photos. Freshers week at Bristol University September 2013 via Facebook A rugby club at Oxford University has been banned from competing and had its leadership dismissed after organising a "free pussy" event, which instructed students to spike their dates' drinks. Huffpo, 5/11/13 Aberystwyth University men's cricket club (AUMCC) social last year. The team were banned from playing and had their funding withdrawn.
The Independent, 6/10/2014 Lad Culture Government orders inquiry over violence against women at universities The Guardian 6/9/15 Edinburgh rugby Edinburgh rugby players chant rape players chant rape jokes at female jokes at female students students Boozed-up rugby players yelled jokes about gang rape at female students in the queue outside Edinburgh Students Union on Saturday night. The Tab, 25/09/2014 The Tab, 25/09/2014 The Times Higher Education Supplement, 8/3/2013 I found photos of me in pyjamas in my bed on some boys WhatsApp group, student Rosie Wilcox says. They did the same to one of my friends and she wasn t wearing anything They thought it was really funny but she was devastated . Aberystwyth University men's cricket club (AUMCC) social last year The Guardian: Campus Nightmare , 11/10/2014 The Independent, 15/11/2013
Being a lad Not all men Not all the time Not all bad There is pressure to conform From Oxford Good Lads Project http://youtu.be/PrnC9qr_gjY
Healthy & Positive Behaviour (Majority) Problematic Behaviour Unacceptable Behaviour (Minority)
We are Man http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYhaodU PqSU
But whats the problem with a bit of harmless banter? It s only a joke http://bobnational.net/record/220105/medi a_id/221303 Blurred Lines: The New Battle of the Sexes [television programme, online] 21:30 8/5/2014, BBC TWO, 60mins. http://bobnational.net/record/220105/media_id/221303
Sexual assault Verbal harassment Bonding as a group
HOMICIDE SUICIDE PHYSICAL EXPRESSION: PHYSICAL/SEXUAL ASSAULT See handout VERBAL EXPRESSION: SEXUAL HARASSMENT MAKING SEXUAL JOKES CULTURAL MICROAGGRESSIONS (SUBTLE, INTENTIONAL OR UNINTENTIONAL): CULTURAL INVISIBILITY, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, MISPREPRESENTATION, VIOLENT PORN ATTITUDES & BELIEFS: RACISM SEXISM HOMOPHOBIA TRANSPHOBIA DISABLISM AGEISM Ideas incorporated from ccasayourworld.com; McMahon & Banyard, 2012 DOI: 10.1177/1524838011426015
Being a Man? You have to show how masculine you are; you can t show sensitivity it is difficult to be different you need to look and act a certain way (young man, Year 11: EVAW: A Different World is Possible, p.6) EVAW (End Violence Against Women Coalition) (2011). A Different World Is Possible. London: EVAW. ISBN: 978-0-9558609-3-5 Downloaded from http://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/data/files/resources/19/a_different_world_is_possible_report_e mail_version.pdf
Being a Man? + risk of substance abuse + high-risk behaviours (proving toughness; not seeking medical help) + criminality + suicide + experiencing violence + exclusion from school & underachieving at school + being incarcerated in prison (Pease, 2003, Thompson, 1995,1997) Credit: Dr Finn Mackay
Social norm misperceptions among women Illness; eating & exercise disorders Healthy eating & exercise behaviours Unhealthy eating / dieting / exercise
Research shows: Men report that they do not personally believe in many societal myths about masculinity but believe that other men do (Fabiano et al., 2003) Men often underestimate the extent to which other men are uncomfortable with stereotypical (negative) masculine behaviour (studies cited in Berkowitz, 2013) Fabiano, P. M., Perkins, H. W., Berkowitz, A., Linkenbach, J., & Stark, C. (2003). Engaging men as social justice allies in ending violence against women: Evidence for a social norms approach. Journal of American College Health, 52(3), 105-112. Berkowitz, A. (2013). A Grassroots Guide to Fostering Healthy Norms to Reduce Violence in our Communities:Social Norms Toolkit. USA: CDC. Online at http://www.alanberkowitz.com/Social_Norms_Violence_Prevention_Toolkit.pdf
*** !!! *** I m uncomfortable but I m the only one Don t say stuff like that.
