Plutonium Burning Fast Reactors for Reducing PWR Stockpile
Workshop presenting the utilization of plutonium burning fast reactors to decrease PWR irradiated assemblies stockpile through the CAPRA project. The performance and impact on plutonium inventory are assessed, highlighting the potential reduction and the additional reprocessing and manufacturing requirements. Deploying CAPRA reactors can significantly lower stockpiles by 34% by 2090, but sustained deployment is essential to manage the plutonium inventory effectively.
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ON THE USE OF PLUTONIUM BURNING FAST REACTORS TO REDUCE PWR IRRADIATED ASSEMBLIES STOCKPILE 3rd Workshop on dynamic fuel cycle Timoth e Kooyman, DEN,DR,SPRC,LE2C 11TH JULY 2018 | PAGE 1 16 NOVEMBRE 2024 11th July 2018
The CAPRA project European collaboration in the nineties with the aim of providing a fast reactor design for plutonium and minor actinides reprocessing. Modification of the European Fast Reactor design to enhance plutonium consumption. Updated in 2015 starting from the new CFV core developed at CEA. CFV breeder core (3.6 GW) : breeding gain > 0 CAPRA B1 core (3.6 GW) : breeding gain -0,2 CAPRA D core (3 GW) : breeding gain -0,5 This is done by significantly modifying the core design. Two levels of modification of were considered here, with increasing Pu consumption. | PAGE 2 16 NOVEMBRE 2024 11th July 2018
Performances of the CAPRA to reduce Pu inventory We want to answer two questions using the CEA/DEN scenario code COSI and analytical tools : Can CAPRA reactor significantly reduce the PWR irradiated assemblies stockpiles at the horizon 2080 ? Could CAPRA reactor be used to limit the plutonium inventory during the transition to a closed fuel cycle ? Hypothesis : - French fleet replaced by EPR around 2040 - Deployement of two CAPRA reactors in 2064 and 2065 - Period of interest : 2065- 2090 Hypothesis : - Semi-equilibrium situation with EPR-UOX + CAPRA fleet or EPR-UOX EPR-MOX CAPRA fleet - 58 GWe of power installed - Stabilization of the plutonium inventory | PAGE 3 16 NOVEMBRE 2024 11th July 2018
Effect on the spent PWR assemblies Reference : 2 FR deployed -1000 t -1800 t 2 CAPRA cores can reduce by 34 % the stock piles of PWR MOX spent fuel by 2090. | PAGE 4 16 NOVEMBRE 2024 11th July 2018
Reprocessing and manufacturing requirements This reduction requires an increase in manufacturing and reprocessing capabilities due to shorter residence times in the CAPRA cores | PAGE 5 16 NOVEMBRE 2024 11th July 2018
Overall impact on plutonium inventory CAPRA consumes between 250 and 500 kg of Pu by year : a limited deployment can only slow down the rate of increase of Pu inventory. | PAGE 6 16 NOVEMBRE 2024 11th July 2018
Overall impact on plutonium inventory What if we try to stabilize the plutonium inventory using CAPRA reactors ? | PAGE 7 16 NOVEMBRE 2024 11th July 2018
EPRTM-UOX SFR CAPRA SYMBIOTIC FLEET Plutonium isotopic vector is characterized by its quality (ratio of 239Pu + 241Pu on total Pu), The balance equation of the fuel cycle is analytically solved. CAPRA B 0,44 0,56 0,44 CAPRA D 0,39 0,71 0,29 Equilibrium quality EPRTM(%) SFR (%) For a 58 GWe fleet EPRTM SFR 21 18 33 594 27 13 44 572 Pu inventory by SFR (t) Pu inventory in the fuel cycle (t) Between 1 and 2 CAPRA cores are required to consume the Pu production of an EPR. | PAGE 8 16 NOVEMBRE 2024 11th July 2018
EPRTM-UOX EPRTM-MOX SFR CAPRA SYMBIOTIC FLEET If the plutonium is first reprocessed through PWR with MOX fuel, the final quality of the plutonium is too low even for CAPRA cores. CAPRA B 0,45 0,38 0,22 0,40 CAPRA D 0,34 0,46 0,27 0,26 Equilibrium quality Fraction of EPRTMUOX Fraction of EPRTMMOX Fraction of SFR For a 58 GWe fleet EPR UOX EPR MOX SFR 14 8 16 34 623 18 10 12 45 643 Pu inventory by SFR (t) Pu inventory in the fuel cycle (t) | PAGE 9 16 NOVEMBRE 2024 11th July 2018
Comparison with current French scenarios The goal of Palier C is to stabilize the plutonium inventory in the fuel cycle. The use of CAPRA reactors appears to lead to a significant reduction in the number of SFR required to achieve an equilibrium situation and a small reduction of Pu inventory. EPRTM UOX only EPRTM UOX+ EPRTM MOX Palier C (2014) EPR 100 % MOX CAPRA B1 CAPRA D CAPRA B1 CAPRA D Fraction of EPRTM UOX 0,56 0,71 0,38 0,46 0 0.5 0,6 (3 @ 100 % MOX) 0,4 600 0.25 (100 % MOX) 0.25 > 645 Fraction of EPRTM 30 % MOX 0 0 0,22 0,27 Fraction of SFR Pu inventory (t) 0,44 594 0,29 572 0,4 623 0,26 643 | PAGE 10 16 NOVEMBRE 2024 11th July 2018
Comparison with current French scenarios The goal of Palier C is to stabilize the plutonium inventory in the fuel cycle. The use of CAPRA reactors appears to lead to a significant reduction in the number of SFR required to achieve an equilibrium situation. EPRTM UOX only EPRTM UOX+ EPRTM MOX Palier C (2014) EPR 100 % MOX CAPRA B1 CAPRA D CAPRA B1 CAPRA D Fraction of EPRTM UOX 0,56 0,71 0,38 0,46 0 0.5 0,6 (3 @ 100 % MOX) 0.25 (100 % MOX) Fraction of EPRTM 30 % MOX 0 0 0,22 0,27 Fraction of SFR (Number of SFRs) 0.25 (12) 0,44 (18) 0,29 (14) 0,4 (16) 0,26 (13) 0,4 (16) | PAGE 11 16 NOVEMBRE 2024 11th July 2018
Conclusions CAPRA cores are designed to maximize their plutonium consumption. They can lead to a significant decrease in the stockpile of spent PWR MOX fuel assemblies. However, their performances during a transition towards of a closed fuel cycle are comparable to that of standard fast reactors. Further detailled analysis is required to try to find the optimal solution (reprocessing capabilities, fluxes of waste, ect) Further questions if CAPRA deployement is considered ? Is it possible to transition from CAPRA to breeder if necessary ? How to generate enough plutonium to achieve closure of the fuel cycle with only SFRs ? What about the minor actinides production in the CAPRA cores ? What is the best option ? Can burner cores be used for other purposes (phase-out ?) | PAGE 12 16 NOVEMBRE 2024 11th July 2018
Thanks for your attention | PAGE 13 DEN DER SPRC Commissariat l nergie atomique et aux nergies alternatives Centre de Cadarache | 13108 Saint Paul lez Durance Cedex T. +33 (0)4 42 25 23 96 11th July 2018 Etablissement public caract re industriel et commercial | R.C.S Paris B 775 685 019 16 NOVEMBRE 2024
Closing the fuel cycle after CAPRA deployment Plutonium mass in the fuel cycle (t) Full SFR fleet : closed fuel cycle 1200 t 1. Stabilisation of the inventory by deployment of CAPRA 600 Pu equilibrium with CAPRA 16 SFR CAPRA B 1450 MWe + 8 EPR MOX + 14 EPR UOX Time | PAGE 14 16 NOVEMBRE 2024 11th July 2018
Closing the fuel cycle after CAPRA deployment Plutonium mass in the fuel cycle (t) Full SFR fleet : closed fuel cycle 1200 t 2. Tuning the SFRs design to achieve stabilization at a given level 1. Stabilisation of the inventory by deployment of CAPRA 600 Pu equilibrium with CAPRA 16 SFR CAPRA B 1450 MWe + 8 EPR MOX + 14 EPR UOX Time | PAGE 15 16 NOVEMBRE 2024 11th July 2018
Closing the fuel cycle after CAPRA deployment Plutonium mass in the fuel cycle (t) Full SFR fleet : closed fuel cycle 1200 t 2. Tuning the SFRs design to achieve stabilization at a given level 1. Stabilisation of the inventory by deployment of CAPRA 3. Turning the SFRs into breeders to generate plutonium to transition to a closed fuel cycle 600 Pu equilibrium with CAPRA 16 SFR CAPRA B 1450 MWe + 8 EPR MOX + 14 EPR UOX Time | PAGE 16 16 NOVEMBRE 2024 11th July 2018
