Photosynthesis and Cycling of Matter in Living Systems
FLOW OF ENERGY
Unit 2
7.5A: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
•
The word
photosynthesis
can be broken down to its
Greek origin:
•
Synthesis
“put together to form something new” and
Photo
“light.”
•
The most important aspect of photosynthesis is that
radiant
energy (from the sun)
transforms
into
chemical
energy.
•
The chemical energy is stored in the plant as sugar, or
glucose
, and is available as food.
CHLOROPLASTS & CHLOROPHYLL
•
Chloroplasts
are the green organelles within
plant cells where photosynthesis takes
place, harnessing energy from sunlight to
make sugars.
•
Chlorophyll
is a green pigment found in all
plants and algae that allows energy from
sunlight to be transformed into chemical
energy. (located inside the discs)
PARTNER DISCUSSION:
•
Explain what changes in the oxygen supply occur from early
morning to noon on a sunny day in a pond where Anacharis
(plant) is growing.
•
Early morning oxygen levels are low since photosynthesis
does not happen at night. It is expected that oxygen levels
increase throughout the day as sunshine provides energy.
Oxygen levels peak in late afternoon and begin to decline
as night falls. Oxygen consumers, such as fish will have an
impact on oxygen levels.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION
•
A
reactant
is a substance that takes part in and undergoes a change during
a reaction.
•
A
product
is a substance produced during a chemical reaction.
•
A
chemical
reaction
is a process by which two or more chemical substances
interact and are chemically changed, producing different chemical
substances.
Reactants
Products
7.5B: CYCLING OF MATTER
•
Interactions occur between
matter
and
energy
during the carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles.
•
Soil
is a natural composting environment containing
decomposers
, such as bacteria and fungi, which
break
down
or decay biomass.
•
This process produces
thermal
energy
, releasing
gases (such as
carbon dioxide
and
nitrogen
?, and
simple molecules (such as
water
).
•
This matter is released back into the soil and
atmosphere to be
reused
by
producers
to make
food and to grow.
THE CARBON CYCLE
•
Carbon
is essential to life and
cycles in many forms within
living systems.
Carbon
dioxide
in the atmosphere enters the
leaves of plants and is used in
the process of photosynthesis
to make glucose. Some
animals
eat
plants and thus
carbon
is cycled through the
food web.
PARTNER DISCUSSION:
•
Describe how carbon is cycled through the
biosphere. Your response should begin with carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere and include the
contribution of plants, animals, and decomposers.
•
photosynthesis removing CO2 from air, -plants fixing
carbon in glucose, -animals consuming plants and
acquiring carbon, and/or eating other animals, -
respiration of animals releasing CO2, -further
breakdown by decomposers, etc…
THE NITROGEN CYCLE
•
Nitrogen
is an element
essential to life. It is
cycled
from the atmosphere to
living things and back into
the atmosphere.
Nitrogen
in
the atmosphere enters soil
and is
broken
down
by
bacteria into a usable form
that is absorbed by the roots
of plants and enters the food
web.
THE WATER CYCLE
•
Water
is a simple
molecule
that is cycled
throughout living
systems and the
atmosphere
.
PARTNER DISCUSSION
•
Describe how nitrogen is cycled throughout living systems
and the atmosphere. Your response should include the role
of decomposers, producers, and consumers.
•
Nitrogen in atmosphere enters soil and is broken down by
bacteria; this usable form of nitrogen is absorbed by plant
roots; plants use nitrogen for growth and productivity;
animals eat plants, thus ingesting nitrogen; dead animals
and animal wastes are broken down by decomposers,
allowing nitrogen to enter the soil and the atmosphere,
etc…
7.5C: ENERGY FLOW THROUGH
LIVING SYSTEMS
•
Interactions that occur between
matter
and
energy
can be
examined by using a variety of models. The flow of energy
through living systems can be modeled as
food
chains
,
food
webs
, or
energy
pyramids
.
•
Food chains diagram the transformation of energy is it flows
from the
sun
to
producers
(plants) to
primary
consumers
(herbivores), to
secondary
consumers
(carnivores that eat
herbivores) to
tertiary
consumers
(carnivores that eat
carnivores).
•
Food
webs
diagram the complex relationship of energy flow
in an ecosystem containing a variety of
producers
and
consumers
.
•
Energy
pyramids
diagram the
decreasing
amount of
available energy as it flows from one trophic level to the
next. Energy transfer from one trophic level to the next is not
efficient because some of the energy transforms into
heat
and is therefore
unavailable
to the next level on the
pyramid.
ENERGY PYRAMID
Producers (plants)
autotrophs
Primary Consumers (herbivores)
heterotrophs
Secondary Consumers
(carnivores that eat herbivores)
heterotrophs
Tertiary Consumers
(carnivores that eat carnivores)
heterotrophs
TEN PERCENT RULE
100%
100 / 10 = 10%
10 / 10 = 1%
1 / 10 = 0.1%
Only 10% of the energy transfers
from each Trophic level.
PARTNER DISCUSSION
•
What do you think is the value of showing the direction of
energy flow in an energy pyramid?
•
Understanding the direction of energy flow in a food web
helps us understand the interrelationships between the
different organisms in the ecosystem.
FOOD CHAINS
•
A diagram of a marine food chain
is provided. Which of the organisms
in the food chain transforms energy
from the Sun into food?
A.
Large Sharks
B.
Marlin
C.
Shrimp
D.
Phytoplankton
FOOD WEBS
•
A diagram of a prairie food web is provided.
A reduction in deer population will have the
effect in the amount of energy this ecosystem is
able to provide for which of the following
organisms?
A.
Rabbit
B.
Mountain lion
C.
Mouse
D.
Hawk
FOOD WEBS
•
A diagram of a food web is provided.
Draw the arrows to show the direction
of the flow of energy. Provide three
examples of interactions where energy
flows from one organism to another.
Answers will vary-
Deer to Mountain
Lion, Snake to Hawk, Cricket to Spider
FOOD WEBS
•
Use the following list of organisms to create a food chain diagram.
Hawk
Toad
Green plants
Snake
Be sure to include the original source of energy for all living things in
your diagram. Then label each of the following: producer, primary
consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer
Photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy, and the cycling of matter through carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles are crucial aspects of living systems. Chloroplasts and chlorophyll play key roles in photosynthesis, while the carbon cycle highlights the essential role of carbon in sustaining life. Interactions between matter and energy drive the decomposition and recycling processes in natural environments, creating a sustainable ecosystem. Partner discussions explore oxygen supply changes in ponds with growing plants like Anacharis, showcasing the interconnectedness of living organisms.
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Presentation Transcript
FLOW OF ENERGY Unit 2
7.5A: PHOTOSYNTHESIS The word photosynthesis can be broken down to its Greek origin: Synthesis put together to form something new and Photo light. The most important aspect of photosynthesis is that radiant energy (from the sun) transforms into chemical energy. The chemical energy is stored in the plant as sugar, or glucose, and is available as food.
CHLOROPLASTS & CHLOROPHYLL Chloroplasts are the green organelles within plant cells where photosynthesis takes place, harnessing energy from sunlight to make sugars. Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in all plants and algae that allows energy from sunlight to be transformed into chemical energy. (located inside the discs)
PARTNER DISCUSSION: Explain what changes in the oxygen supply occur from early morning to noon on a sunny day in a pond where Anacharis (plant) is growing. Early morning oxygen levels are low since photosynthesis does not happen at night. It is expected that oxygen levels increase throughout the day as sunshine provides energy. Oxygen levels peak in late afternoon and begin to decline as night falls. Oxygen consumers, such as fish will have an impact on oxygen levels.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION A reactant is a substance that takes part in and undergoes a change during a reaction. A product is a substance produced during a chemical reaction. A chemical reaction is a process by which two or more chemical substances interact and are chemically changed, producing different chemical substances. Reactants Products
7.5B: CYCLING OF MATTER Interactions occur between matter and energy during the carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles. Soil is a natural composting environment containing decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, which breakdown or decay biomass. This process produces thermalenergy, releasing gases (such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen?, and simple molecules (such as water). This matter is released back into the soil and atmosphere to be reused by producers to make food and to grow.
THE CARBON CYCLE Carbon is essential to life and cycles in many forms within living systems. Carbondioxide in the atmosphere enters the leaves of plants and is used in the process of photosynthesis to make glucose. Some animals eat plants and thus carbon is cycled through the food web.
PARTNER DISCUSSION: Describe how carbon is cycled through the biosphere. Your response should begin with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and include the contribution of plants, animals, and decomposers. photosynthesis removing CO2 from air, -plants fixing carbon in glucose, -animals consuming plants and acquiring carbon, and/or eating other animals, - respiration of animals releasing CO2, -further breakdown by decomposers, etc
THE NITROGEN CYCLE Nitrogen is an element essential to life. It is cycled from the atmosphere to living things and back into the atmosphere. Nitrogen in the atmosphere enters soil and is brokendown by bacteria into a usable form that is absorbed by the roots of plants and enters the food web.
THE WATER CYCLE Water is a simple molecule that is cycled throughout living systems and the atmosphere.
PARTNER DISCUSSION Describe how nitrogen is cycled throughout living systems and the atmosphere. Your response should include the role of decomposers, producers, and consumers. Nitrogen in atmosphere enters soil and is broken down by bacteria; this usable form of nitrogen is absorbed by plant roots; plants use nitrogen for growth and productivity; animals eat plants, thus ingesting nitrogen; dead animals and animal wastes are broken down by decomposers, allowing nitrogen to enter the soil and the atmosphere, etc
7.5C: ENERGY FLOW THROUGH LIVING SYSTEMS Interactions that occur between matter and energy can be examined by using a variety of models. The flow of energy through living systems can be modeled as foodchains, food webs, or energypyramids. Food chains diagram the transformation of energy is it flows from the sun to producers (plants) to primaryconsumers (herbivores), to secondaryconsumers (carnivores that eat herbivores) to tertiaryconsumers (carnivores that eat carnivores).
Foodwebs diagram the complex relationship of energy flow in an ecosystem containing a variety of producers and consumers. Energypyramids diagram the decreasing amount of available energy as it flows from one trophic level to the next. Energy transfer from one trophic level to the next is not efficient because some of the energy transforms into heat and is therefore unavailable to the next level on the pyramid.
ENERGY PYRAMID Tertiary Consumers (carnivores that eat carnivores) heterotrophs Secondary Consumers (carnivores that eat herbivores) heterotrophs Primary Consumers (herbivores) heterotrophs Producers (plants) autotrophs
TEN PERCENT RULE Only 10% of the energy transfers from each Trophic level. 1 / 10 = 0.1% 10 / 10 = 1% 100 / 10 = 10% 100%
PARTNER DISCUSSION What do you think is the value of showing the direction of energy flow in an energy pyramid? Understanding the direction of energy flow in a food web helps us understand the interrelationships between the different organisms in the ecosystem.
FOOD CHAINS A diagram of a marine food chain is provided. Which of the organisms in the food chain transforms energy from the Sun into food? A. Large Sharks B. Marlin C. Shrimp D. Phytoplankton
FOOD WEBS A diagram of a prairie food web is provided. A reduction in deer population will have the effect in the amount of energy this ecosystem is able to provide for which of the following organisms? A. Rabbit B. Mountain lion C. Mouse D. Hawk
FOOD WEBS A diagram of a food web is provided. Draw the arrows to show the direction of the flow of energy. Provide three examples of interactions where energy flows from one organism to another. Answers will vary-Deer to Mountain Lion, Snake to Hawk, Cricket to Spider
FOOD WEBS Use the following list of organisms to create a food chain diagram. Hawk Toad Green plants Snake Be sure to include the original source of energy for all living things in your diagram. Then label each of the following: producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer
