Paper Electrophoresis in Biochemistry Research

Paper electrophoresis is a powerful technique used in biochemistry to separate charged particles like proteins based on their migration along a filter paper strip. This method, conducted by Dr. Nisha Sharma, an Associate Professor at C.S.J.M. University in Kanpur, involves applying samples to the paper strip and allowing ions to migrate towards oppositely charged electrodes. The technique is mainly utilized for separating proteins, serum proteins, hemoglobin, lipoproteins, and isozymes by taking advantage of their NH2 and COOH groups. The process occurs over 12-14 hours and is classified into horizontal and vertical types. Apparatus like a power pack and electrophoretic cell are essential for conducting paper electrophoresis effectively.

• Paper Electrophoresis
• Biochemistry Research
• Charged Particles
• Protein Separation
• Dr. Nisha Sharma

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1. Electrophoresis Paper electrophoresis Dr. NISHA SHARMA, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, C.S.J.M. UNIVERSITY, KANPUR 1

2. Migration of charged particles on supporting media Migration of charged particles in solution. No supporting media TYPES OF ELECTROPHORESIS Zone Moving Boundary Electrophoresis Electrophoresis Isoelectric Cellulose Acetate E Iso tacho- phoresis Capillary E Paper E Gel E Immuno E Focussing 2

3. PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS Migration or separation of particles takes place along a filter paper Sample is applied in the paper strip as circular spot / point Whatman filter paper no. 1 and 3mm, 3 or 5 cm wide or cellulose acetate paper moistened with buffer The end of paper is submerged in separate reservoir containing buffer & in this electrodes are fitted , current is passed, results in migration of ions towards oppositely charged electrodes Separation- 12-14 hrs Mainly used for separation of proteins Serum proteins, Hb, Lipoproteins, Isozymes Proteins are charged with NH2 & COOH groups At pH > pI proteins -ve charge anode Two types: Horizontal & vertical 3

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6. PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS 6

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8. Paper Electrophoresis The charge carried by a molecule depends on the pH of the medium. Electrophoresis at low voltage is not usually to separate low molecular weight compounds because of diffusion, but it is easier to demonstrate the relationship b/w charge and pH with amino acids than with proteins or other macromolecules 8

9. Apparatus Power pack DC 0-500 V or 0-150mA Electrophoretic cell- electrodes, buffer reservoirs, transparent insulating cover etc. Sample applications: spot/streak Electrophoretic run: sample equillibrated with buffer Over heating avoided by cold room Paper dried @ 110 C Detection : by comparing standards Fluorescence , UV-absorption, staining 9

10. Paper Electrophoresis Apparatus: Consists of Power Pack and an Electrophoretic Cell. Power pack provides stabilized DC & controls V & I out put, which have an out put of 0-500V and 0- 150mA The Electrophoretic cell has electrodes, buffer reservoirs, support for paper, supporting transparent insulating cover. The electrodes- made of platinum. Filter paper: Paper of good quality, contain at least 95% - cellulose, with very slight adsorption capacity. 10

11. Paper Electrophoresis Application of sample- as spot 0.5cm dia As a narrow uniform streak. Sample- applied before the paper equilibration with buffer or after. After sample application, equillibration of paper with buffer. Current switched on. 11

12. Buffers used Separation Buffer pH Ionic str. 0.05 Composition Proteins Barbital 8.6 10.3 g Na-barbiturate 1.84g barbital 0.6g NaH2PO4H2O 2.2G Na2HPO4 3.51g NaCl 3.28g Na-acetate pH-4.5 with HCl 28.46g Na-citrate 20.6g citric acid 20.4gKH2PO4 9.8g sodium barbiturate Phosphate 7.4 -- Nucleoprotei ns Acetate 4.5 0.1 Citrate 4.5 0.13 Amino Acids Phosphate 4.6 8.6 0.15 0.1 Michaelis 12

13. Detection: Unknown electrogram compared with std. Individual components identified by physical properties Fluorescence Staining with Ethinium bromide, visualization under U.V. light DNA, RNA Flurescamine or Dansyl chloride staining- for amino-acids, peptides, proteins 13

14. Detection: U.V. Absorption: proteins, peptides, nucleic acids- absorbs- 260-280nm, Quantitative determination Applications: Serum analysis for diagnostic purpose is routinely carried about by paper electrophoresis. Muscle proteins, egg white proteins, milk proteins & snake, insect venom analysis done by this technique. 14

15. Advantages: Economical, easy Disadvantages: Time taking 14-16 hrs Some compounds- proteins, hydrophillic molecules, can t be resolved- adsorptive, ionogenic prop. of paper- tailing, distortion of component bands 15

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17. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis Modified version of paper electrophoresis Bacteriological acetate membrane filters are taken in place of regular chromatography paper Advantages of cellulose acetate strips over paper Chemically pure & free of lignin & hemicelluloses low content of glucose, suitable for polysaccaharide electrophoresis Not hydrophilic, so holds very little buffer so better resolution in short time Applications: clinical investigation such as separation of glycoproteins, lipoproteins & haemoglobin from blood 17