Overview of Shock Classifications and Causes
Shock is classified into different types such as Hypovolemic, Cardiogenic, Obstructive, Distributive, and Endocrine shock. Hypovolemic shock results from fluid loss, while Cardiogenic shock is due to heart failure. Obstructive shock occurs from mechanical obstructions, whereas Distributive shock is related to inadequate organ perfusion. Endocrine shock can be caused by conditions like hypo/hyperthyroidism and adrenal insufficiency.
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Presentation Transcript
Classification of shock Hypovolemic shock Cardiogenic shock Obstructive shock Distributive shock Endocrine shock
Hypovolemic shock may be due to hemorrhagic or non-hemorrhagic causes. most common form of shock, and to some degree is a component of all other forms of shock. Non-hemorrhagic causes dehydration excessive fluid loss due vomiting diarrhea thirdspacing where fluid is lost into the interstitial spaces urinary loss evaporation
Cardiogenic shock primary failure of the heart to pump blood to the tissues. myocardial infarction, cardiac dysrhythmias, valvular heart disease, blunt myocardial injury and cardiomyopathy.
Obstructive shock reduction in preload due to mechanical obstruction of cardiac filling. cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, massive pulmonary embolus or air embolus.
Distributive shock septic shock, anaphylaxis and spinal cord injury (neurogenic shock). Inadequate organ perfusion is accompanied by vascular dilatation with hypotension, low systemic vascular resistance, inadequate afterload and a resulting abnormally high cardiac output. In anaphylaxis, vasodilatation is due to histamine release high spinal cord injury there is failure of sympathetic outflow and adequate vascular tone in sepsis is less clear but is related to the release of bacterial product (endotoxin) and the activation of cellular and humoral components of the immune system.
Endocrine shock Causes of endocrine shock include hypo and hyperthyroidism and adrenal insufficiency. Hypothyroidism causes a shock state similar to that of neurogenic shock due to disordered vascular and cardiac responsiveness to circulating catecholamines. Thyrotoxicosis may cause a high output cardiac failure. Adrenal insufficiency leads to shock due to hypovolaemia and a poor response to circulating and exogenous catecholamines. Adrenal insufficiency may be due to preexisting Addison s disease or be a relative insufficiency due to a pathological disease state, such as systemic sepsis.
