Overview of Oil Palm Cultivation: Yield, Climate, and Major Producing Countries
Oil palm cultivation involves species like Elaeis guineensis and Elaeis oleifera with a cropping period of 25-30 years. The plant is known for its high oil yield per unit area and various uses in food, non-food products, and biofuels. Major growing countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Colombia, and more, each contributing significantly to world production. The crop thrives in specific climatic and soil conditions, making it a valuable agricultural asset with commercial benefits.
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CROP DISCRIPTION Scientific Name: Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) Elaeis oleifera Economic Cropping period : 25-30 years First Harvest Yield of FFBs/ha/Yr. Sources of Oil: (i) Mesocarp (ii) Kernel :(0.4-0.6 tons CPKO/ha/annum) (American oil palm) : After 4 years : 15-30 tonnes : (4-6 tons CPO/ha/annum)
CLIMATE AND SOILS Rainfall- 150 mm per month or 2500-4000 mm per annum. Temperature- Max. 29-33OC and Min. 22-24O C Humidity- > 80% Soil- Loamy Alluvial Soils rich in organic matter. Avoid highly alkaline, highly saline, water lodged and coastal sandy soils. Irrigation- 150-200 ltr. of water per day
USES OF PALM OIL Food Products Non Food Products Bio fuel and Bio lubricants Cooking Oil, Dough fat, Vanaspati Cosmetic products/Aromatherapy Vegetable Ghee Margarine Pharmaceuticals products Toiletries, Detergents including soaps & soap Blends Salad Oil Esters Chocolate/Ice-cream/ Frying fats, Speciality fats for coatings Coca Butter substitutes Oleo chemicals, Fatty acids & Fatty Alcohols
MAJOR OIL PALM GROWING COUNTRIES (Area- Million ha, Production-Million Tonne, Yield- Metric Tonne/ha) S. No. Countries 2014-15 Share in World Production (%) Area Production Yield 1. Indonesia 7.43 126.68 17.05 46.02 2. Malaysia 4.69 96.07 20.48 34.90 3. Nigeria 3.03 7.96 2.62 2.89 4. Thailand 0.68 12.43 18.17 4.52 5. Colombia 0.27 5.53 20.75 2.01 6. Ecuador 0.27 3.47 12.75 1.26 7. Papua New Guinea 0.16 2.16 13.87 0.78 8. Brazil 0.13 1.39 11.01 0.50 9. World 18.75 275.30 14.68 100.00 Sources: FAO Statics
MAJOR PALM OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES (million MT) Countries 2012 2013 2014 Share in World (%) 29.28 50.87 Indonesia 26.01 26.90 19.67 34.17 Malaysia 18.78 19.22 0.91 1.58 Nigeria 0.94 0.88 1.85 3.21 Thailand 1.78 0.97 1.97 1.11 1.93 Colombia 1.04 0.33 0.57 Ecuador 0.32 0.32 0.50 0.87 Papua New Guinea 0.48 0.49 0.37 0.64 Brazil 0.31 0.34 57.56 100.00 World 52.87 54.65 Sources: FAO Statics
Strength: Oil palm gives highest oil yield per unit area (4-5 t oils /ha). Could reduce dependence on import of edible oil Provides regular and assured income to farmers Less vulnerable to pests and diseases Limited scope for area expansion under oilseed crops Identified Potential area of more than 1.93 million ha. Potential for several by-products. Sufficient R & D Support & network of ICAR Sufficient availability of planting materials Support available under MM II (Oil Palm) of NMOOP
OIL PALM CULTIVATION IN INDIA Weakness: High initial capital investment Demands continuous irrigation Long gestation period (4-5 Years). Short shelf life of FFBs Influence of import on FFBs price Land availability
OIL PALM CULTIVATION IN INDIA Commercial plantation at Thodupuza, Kerala in 40 Ha (1960) Systematic plantation in Kerala in 1971 and Andaman & Nicobar islands in 1973 Oil Palm India Limited (OPIL) est. 1977 OPDP started 1992-93 under TMOP Under ISOPOM from 2004-05 to 2013-14 OPAE a sub scheme of RKVY from 2011-12 to 2013-14 NMOOP since 2014-15
SUPPORT UNDER VARIOUS SCHEMES Period Programme VIII-IX Plan (1992-2003) OPDP under Technology Mission on Oilseeds & Oil Palm (TMOP) X-XI Plan (2004-2013) Integrated Scheme on Oilseeds, Pulses, (ISOPOM) Oil Palm Area Expansion (OPAE) XII Plan (2014-2017) National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP) Oil Palm & Maize 11
POTENTIAL OIL PALM STATES State Potential Area (ha) Potential area (in ha) Andhra Pradesh 469500 Karnataka 260000 West Bengal 2% Odisha 3% Kerala 0% Tamil Nadu 205000 Bihar 12% Andhra Pradesh 27% Gujarat 260250 Chhattisgarh 3% Maharastra 180000 Maharashtra 11% Chattishgarh 48000 Karnataka 15% Kerala 6500 Gujarat 15% Tamil Nadu 12% Odisha 56000 Bihar 200000 West Bengal 25000 Total 17,10,250
OTHER POTENTIAL STATES/UT NE States & Others Potential Area (ha) Potential Area(in ha) Mizoram 61000 Andaman & NI 1% Goa 1% Assam 25000 Mizoram 27% Arunachal Pradesh 25000 Nagaland 23% Tripura 7000 Assam 11% Meghalaya 23% Arunachal Pradesh 11% Meghalaya 50000 Tripura 3% Nagaland 50000 Goa 2000 Andaman & NI 3000 TOTAL 223000
STATE WISE AREA AND PRODUCTION OF FFBs AND CPO (2015-16) State Area coverage (ha) FFBs Production (in MT) CPO Production (in MT) Andhra Pradesh Telangana Karnataka Tamil Nadu Gujarat Goa Odisha Tripura Assam Kerala Maharashtra Mizoram Chhattisgarh Arunachal Pradesh Andaman & Nicobar Nagaland Total 1,50,530 16,239 41,431 29,510 5,054 11,44,092 63,508 14,740 7,810 1,93,562 11,289 2,538 1,222 523 0 953 3,217 4,569 581 618 18,484 530 570 5,769 1,474 25,741 2162 330 1,593 140 3,00,510 0 0 0 0 40,611 7,016 0 0 3,753 432 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,82,823 2,17,258
STATES AND AGENCIES Out of 20 states following 12 are implementing the programme- States: Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram and Nagaland Agencies: Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research (IIOPR), Pradesh Pedavegi, Andhra 15
STATE-WISE DISTRICTS COVERED S. No State No. of Districts 8 Name. of District 1. Andhra Pradesh East Godavari, Krishna, Nellore, Srikakulam, Vishakapatnam, Vizianagaram, West Godavari and Ananatapur Nalgonda, Bhadradri, Suryapet and Khammam Kanker, Mahasammund, Dantewada, Jagadalpur, Sukma, Durg, Balod, Raigarh, Janjgir Champa, Bilaspur and Korba 2. 3 Telangana Chattisgarh 4 11 4. 5. Goa Gujarat 2 11 North Goa, South Goa Anand, Tapi, Narmada, Bharuch, Panchmahel, Kheda, Navasari, Surat, Vadodara, Valsad and Chotha Udepur 6. Karnataka 23 Belagaum, Uttar Kannada, Davangere, Haveri, Bellary , Gadag, Koppal, Raichur, chamarajnagar, Hassan, Kodagu, Mandya, Mysore, Chikmagalur, Shimoga, Bagalkote, Bijapur, Gulbarga Trivandrum, Kollam, Alappuzha, Pathanamihitta, Kottaym, Ernakulam, Kozhikode, Malappuram and Wyanadu 7. Kerala 9 8. 9. Mizoram Odisha 7 15 Aizwal, Kolasib, Lawngtlai, Lunglei, Mamit, Saiha and Serchhip Dhenkanal, Gajapati, Ganjam, Jajpur, Mayurbhanja, Balasore, Boudh, Cuttack, Nawrangpur, Koraput, Nayagarh, Rayagada, Sonepur, Bargarh and Bhadrak, 10. Tamil Nadu 26 Trichy, Karur, Cuddalore, Peramabalur, Thanjavur, Theni, Thiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Tirunelveli, Vellore, Villupuram, Pudukottai, Aryalur, Dindugal, Virudhnagar, Sivagangai, Kancheepuram, Triuvallur, Tiruvannamalai, Salem, Namakkal, Dharampuri, Krishnagiri, Coimbatore, Tiruppur and Erode Dimapur, Peren, Mokokchung, Wokha, Mon and Longleng Kamrup, Goalpara and Bongaigaon Lohit, Changlang, Tirap, Lower Dibang Valley, East Siang, West Siang, L/Subansri and Papum Pare & East Kameng 11. 12. 13. Nagaland Assam Arunachal Pradesh Total 6 3 8 133
STRATEGIES Augmenting availability of planting materials, establishment of new seed garden Support for maintenance during gestation period and intercropping Enhancing irrigation through Drip, Pump-set, bore well, water harvesting structure Support for Oil Palm processing units for NE /Hilly/LW states Demonstration of oil Palm in farmers fields Capacity building of field functionaries/extension workers & farmers /input dealers Support for need based for research on project basis
PROGRESS DURING XIITH FIVE YEAR PLAN Year Name of Scheme Oil Palm Area Expansion (ha) Amount (Rs. in lakh) Target Achievement Allocation Release 2012-13 ISOPOM & OPAE 49932 26300 22705.74 6412.62 2013-14 ISOPOM & OPAE 41347 23183 19776.19 11849.09 2014-15 NMOOP 28146 17143 7290.58 4112.47 2015-16 NMOOP 27337 14425 6683.80 3823.49 2016-17* NMOOP 30061 13348 8038.68 4241.57 Total 176823 94399 64494.99 30439.24 * Upto January, 2017
DOMESTIC COST OF FFBs (2010) (Rs/ha) 2nd Year 3rd Year Initial cost Ist Year Total Annuity value Juvenile period (JP): 1-3 Yrs. 103827 127352 99034 330213 12230 Infrastructure Development (ID) Bore well, motors, pumps, transformer, micro irrigation, farm shed, fencing, implements etc 359640 14652 4th Year Cost of Cultivation Yield of FFBs Cost of FFBs Stabilizing period :4-8 Yrs (adding Annuity value of JP) 127122 12.38 t/ha 10268 Stabilizing period :4-8 Yrs (adding annuity value of JP & ID) 141774 12.38 t/ha 11451 Stabilized period: 9-30 years (adding annuity value of JP) 137416 19.81 t/ha 6936 Stabilized period: 9-30 years (adding annuity value of JP & ID) Source : IIOPR - ICAR, Pedavegi 152068 19.81 t/ha 7676
FFBS PRICE FIXING MECHANISM 13.54 % of net crude palm oil (CPO) weighted average price, based upon 18 % Oil Extraction Ratio (OER), plus 75.25 % on 9 % recovery of palm kernel nuts weighted average price. This is based on estimated cost of cultivation at 75.25 percent in the total cost of production of CPO from farm level to factory level. OER would be determined as per actual oil content extracted in the past by the processing industry. Import duty should be triggered at US$ 800/MT.
PRICES OF CPO AND FFB FOR THE OIL YEAR (NOV TO OCTOBER) FFBPrice Rs. per MT CPO Price Rs. per MT Sl. No. Month Sl. No. Month Nov.,13 to Oct., 14 Nov., 14 to Oct., 15 Nov. 15 to Oct., 16 Nov.,13 to Oct., 14 Nov., 14 to Oct., 15 Nov. 15 to Aug, 16 1 November 55565.61 44234.94 39048.37 1 November 7900.00 6598.00 5733.00 2 December 55467.65 42509.60 38407.21 2 December 7951.00 6370.00 5647.00 3 January 53926.65 45793.79 39865.27 3 January 7824.00 6803.00 5837.00 4 February 54240.23 43931.27 41509.73 4 February 7926.00 6557.00 6129.00 5 March 58105.48 44213.04 46897.42 5 March 8441.00 6595.00 6963.00 6 April 56514.67 42949.71 51682.16 6 April 8267.00 6421.00 7586.00 7 May 53994.90 43340.55 52406.80 7 May 7938.00 6473.00 7839.00 8 June 52020.27 44262.69 50392.63 8 June 7510.00 6601.00 7494.00 9 July 51984.57 42757.48 48065.52 9 July 7472.00 6240.00 7250.00 10 August 48380.47 38974.07 51259.98 10 August 7071.00 5722.00 7792.00 11 September 45191.89 36161.06 11 September 6424.00 5352.00 8434.00 12 October 45061.47 38495.04 12 October 6589.00 5731.00 8142.00
DOMESTIC & INTERNATIONAL PRICES OF CPO (Rs./MT) Year Domestic International Differences 2012 52250 51633 2898 2013 53256 48240 2715 2014 47819 49052 1462 2015 40524 38515 3013
LESSONS LEARNT FROM EXPOSURE VISIT TO MALAYSIA Indian delegation lead by Joint Secretary (Oilseeds) visited Malaysia 22-25 August, 2016. Observations include- Adoption of high density plantation; Import of high yielding genotypes (Calix, Guthini etc.); Exchange of germplasm; and Improvement of nursery depending on import. rather than
INITIATIVES TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA A proposal submitted to Ministry of Finance on 13.02.2017 for imposing a cess of 0.5% on import of crude palm oil (CPO) and refined bleached deodorized palmolein (RBDPL) for creation of Edible Oil Development Fund (EODF). A Cabinet Note on Measures to increase oil palm area and production in India submitted to the Cabinet Secretariat on 13.02.2017 for relaxation of land ceiling limit for oil palm cultivation and revision of norms of assistance under Mini Mission-II of NMOOP. A study on feasibility of oil palm cultivation in four districts of Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) of Assam undertaken by Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research (IIOPR), Pedavegi. In order to protect the farmers from distress, Govt. of India is implementing the Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) for providing financial support to the oil palm growers. A study has been assigned to Dte. of E&S for assessment of performance of indigenous and imported seedling in three major oil palm growing States viz, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. 100% FDI has also allowed for oil palm crop through automatic route. The benefits of 100% FDI in oil palm would be possible only after declaration of oil palm as a plantation crop. In this regard, a letter has been written to all Chief Ministers of the concerned states in the month of January, 2016.
PROCESSING MILLS IN DIFFERENT STATES Sl. No. Name of the Unit Sector Processing capacity (in tonnes per hr) Andhra Pradesh 1 2 APOILFED, Pedavegi-West Godavari M/s. Radhika Veg. Oil Pvt. Ltd., Garividi-Vijaya Nagaram M/s. RSIL, Ampapuram-Krishna Distt. Simhapuri Agro Products Ltd., Manubrola-Nellore A.P. Govt. Subsidiary Unit Pvt. 15 10 3 4 Pvt. Pvt. 40 Under Construction 5 M/s. Godrej Oil Palm ltd., Pothepalli-West Godavari Distt. M/s. Godrej Agrovet, Oil Palm ltd., Chintampalli Pvt. 40 6 Pvt. 30 7 8 M/s. RSIL, Peddapuram-East Godavari Distt. M/s. Nav Bharat Agro Products, Jangareddygudem- West Godavari Distt. 3F Oil Palm Agrotech Pvt. Ltd. Yernagudem Village Devarapalli Mandal West Godawari Distt. Pvt. Pvt. 30 30 9 Pvt. 30 10 M/s. Agro Co-operative Corporation, Butchiyyapeta (M), Vishakhapattnam Dist. M/s Sri Srinivasa Palm Oil Mill, Srikakulam dist. Pvt. 5 11 Pvt. 5 12 M/s Subrahmanyeswara Agro Products, Siripalli Ainavilli Mandal, East Godavari M/s Lakshmi Balaji Oils, Tekarandi (V), Vizianagram dist. Total Pvt. 5 13 Pvt. Under Construction 240
PROCESSING MILLS IN DIFFERENT STATES (CONTD) Telangana 14 A.P. Oilfed (Khammam District) A.P. Govt. Subsidiary Unit 10 Total 10 Karnataka 15 M/s. Bhadravathi Balaji Oil Palm Ltd. (BBOP Ltd.), Shimoga Govt. Oil Palm Processing mill, Kabini, Mysore. Leased to M/s Ruchi Soya industries Ltd. Joint Venture of State & M/s. B.B.O.P.Ltd. State Government (leased to M/s. Ruchi Soya industries Ltd.) 10 16 1 17 M/s. Simhapuri Agri Tech Company Pvt. Ltd., Davangere M/s. 3F Oil Palm Agrotech., Koppal Pvt. 5 18 Pvt. 5 Total 21 Tamil Nadu 19 M/s. Godrej Agro Ltd., Varanasi, Ariyalur dist. Pvt. 2.5 Total 2.5 Kerala 20 OPIL, Yerror Estate, Kallam Public Sector 20 Total 20
PROCESSING MILLS IN DIFFERENT STATES (CONTD) Andaman & Nicobar 21 Andaman & Nicobar Islands State Government 4 Total 4 Gujarat 22 Shri Kalyan Agri. Crops Sales & Processing Coop. Society Ltd., Navasari Total Cooperative Sector 2.5* 2.5 Goa 23 M/s. Godrej Agrovet Ltd., Ponda, Goa Total Odisha 24 M/s Lakshmi Balaji Oil Mills (P) Ltd. Attada, Rayagada Total Mizoram 25 M/s Godrej Agrovet Ltd. Kolasib Dist. 26 M/s Ruchi Soya Industry Ltd., 27 M/s 3F Oil palm Agrotech. Total Grand Total * expending up to 5 tones Pvt. 2.5* 2.5 Pvt. 5 5 Pvt. Pvt. Pvt. 5 To be established To be established 5 312.50
OIL PALM SEED GARDENS Location of the seed garden Year Sprout production (in Lakh) Present level (2013-14) Potential Scope for enhancement of planting Seed Garden 1. Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi (A.P.) 2. Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research- Research Centre, Palode, (Kerala) 3. M/s. Navabharath Private Ltd., Lakshmipuram (A.P.) 4. Department of Horticulture, Rajahmundry (A.P.) 5. Oil Palm India Limited, Thodupuzha (Kerala) 2000 6.0 3.1 2.9 1982 8.0 3.1 4.9 1990 6.0 3.8 2.2 1992 10.0 4.7 5.3 1994 11.0 6.0 5.0 6. Department of Horticulture, Taraka, (Karnataka) 1994 8.0 3.7 4.3 Total 1. 49.0 5.0* 24.4 New 24.6 - Morumpudi, Department of Horticulture, Rajahmundry (A.P.) 2. Gopannapalem, Department of Horticulture, Rajahmundry (A.P.) 3. Taraka (Taraka-II), Department of Horticulture, Taraka, Karnataka 4. Kabini, Department of Horticulture, Taraka, Karnataka Total * Expected year of initiation of seed production-2020 ** Expected year of initiation of seed production-2020 2012 2014 5.0** New - 2012 5.0* New - 2012 8.0* New - 23.0
AVAILABILITY OF IMPORTED/DOMESTIC SPROUTS AND AREA COVERAGE Types of Sprouts Number of sprouts (lakh) and area coverage (ha) 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Total Imported 26.00 34.00 70.50 40.20 170.70 Domestic 8.46 16.22 20.32 24.40 57.24 Area Covered 17,925 28,388 26,300 22,948 95,561
FOCUS ON NORTH-EASTERN STATES An area of 2.23 lakh ha has been identified potential for Oil Palm cultivation by Dr. Rethinam Committee in NE states. All NE States are covered under NMOOP for Oil Palm cultivation. Presently, four states namely Mizoram, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland are implementing the programme. In the state of Mizoram, more than 27,000 ha area has been achieved under Oil Palm cultivation. One Oil Palm processing mill has been established by M/s Godrej Agrovet Ltd. and now in operation. Special provisions have been made for NE/Hilly states for construction of roads from Oil Palm fields to nearest FFBs collection/processing centers and establishment of Oil Palm processing mills. Interventions of MM-II are being shared in the ratio of 90:10 between Central and State Government.
