Overview of Middle Eastern & North African Performing Arts
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Middle Eastern and North
African Performing Arts
An Overview
Major Performing Arts of the
Middle East and North Africa
•
Music
•
Dance
Middle Eastern Music
•
Major Characteristics
–
According to Islam, music was once considered
“malahi”
–
Islamic philosophers like al-Kindi worried about its
influence on behavior
–
Religiously acceptable uses of music include:
•
Calling Muslims to pray
•
Chanting verses from the Qu’ran
•
Hymns for special occasions and holy days
•
Dhikr
Middle Eastern Music
(continued)
•
Major Characteristics (continued)
–
The music is generally highly improvised, with
a single melody played by all instruments
simultaneously
–
Vocal and instrumental music is generally
highly ornamented, featuring trills, glissandos,
or short secondary notes
–
Vocal music predominates
Middle Eastern Music
(continued)
•
Major Characteristics
–
The primary instrument is the oud
–
The most common musical form is the suite, a
grouping of individual pieces
–
The best music is thought to inspire a
trancelike, higher experience of life
–
Maqam (or a system of scales) are used as the
basis of all melodic creation
Middle Eastern Music
(continued)
•
Major Characteristics
–
There is a strict hierarchy observed between
types of music and performers, with talented
amateur musicians usually coming from a
higher social class; professional or popular
musicians are typically looked down on
Middle Eastern Music
(continued)
•
Major Instruments
–
Tar – 6-stringed long-necked, fetted lute
–
Santour – trapezoid-shaped hammered dulcimer
–
Darbucca/Dombak/Zarb – single-headed drum made
from fired clay
–
Setar – 3- or 4-stringed small, long-necked, fretted lute
–
Kamancheh – 3- or 4-stringed spiked fiddle
–
Oud –8-stringed lute with no frets
–
Zornah – wind instrument
Middle Eastern Music
(continued)
•
Genres
–
Khandan – the highest form of Middle Eastern
music, used primarily in chanting the texts of
the Qu’ran
–
Musiqi – classical and folk forms of music that
have less prestige than the religious Khandan
Middle Eastern Music
(continued)
•
Genres (continued)
–
Maqam – generic term for mode, or system of
composing melody, in Arabic classical music
(aka Dastgah and Gusheh in Persian and
mugam in Azerbaijan
–
Dastgah – the mode or scale of a piece in
Persian music
Middle Eastern Music
(continued)
•
Genres (continued)
–
Radif – in Persian classical music, the body of
music, consisting of 25-300 short pieces,
memorized by students, and then used as the
basis or point of departure from improvised
performance
–
Gusheh – subdivision of a dastgah, and smallest
constituent part of the radif, in Persian classical
music
Middle Eastern Music
(continued)
•
Genres (continued)
•
Rai – modern popular music developed in Algeria and
Morocco that combines traditional singing styles and
Arabic modes with Western-style synthesized
accompaniments
Middle Eastern Theater
•
Arab theater did not fully develop until the
19
th
century CE
•
Arab Theater Genres
–
Khayal al-zill – shadow puppet theater that
originated in the 10
th
century CE
–
Oral Storytelling
Middle Eastern Theater
(continued)
•
Arab Theater Genres (continued)
–
Ta’ziyah - a passion play in Shi'a communities
during the month of Muharram to
commemorate the death of the Prophet
Muhammad's grandson, Hussain, at the battle
of Karbala in AD 680.
Middle Eastern Theater
(continued)
•
Persian Theater Genres
–
Naqqāli - one of the oldest forms of the
traditional theater, the performer recounts
stories in prose often accompanied by music,
dance and decorative, painted scrolls.
–
Ta'zieh - traditional religious theater in which
the drama is conveyed through music,
narration, prose and singing.
Middle Eastern Theater
(continued)
•
Persian Theater Genres (continued)
–
Kheimeh-shab-bazi - traditional puppet theater.
–
Siah-Bazi - Iranian folk comedic theater that
features a blackface, mischievous and forthright
harlequin that does improvisations to stir
laughter.
Middle Eastern Dance
•
Genres
–
Raqs sharqi - it is more commonly performed
by female dancers but is also sometimes danced
by men. It is a solo improvisational dance,
although students often perform choreographed
dances in a group.
Middle Eastern Dance
(continued)
•
Genres (continued)
–
Raqs baladi - many different folkloric dance
styles, danced socially by men and women of
all ages in some Middle Eastern countries,
usually at festive occasions such as weddings.
–
Ghawazi - traditional performative dance of
the Egyptian Dom people
–
Çiftetelli - Turkish folk dance found in the core
territories of the former Ottoman Empire.
Middle Eastern Dance
(continued)
•
Genres (continued)
–
Persian dance
•
Chain or line dances
•
Solo dance
•
War or combat dances
•
Ritual or spiritual dances
–
Assyrian folk dance
•
Khigga - a form of line dancing where individuals
hold hands with the line following around the dance
floor.
Middle Eastern Dance
(continued)
•
Genres (continued)
–
Turkish Dance
•
Bar
•
Halay
•
Horon
•
Zeybek
Middle Eastern Dance
(continued)
•
Genres (continued)
–
Al-Ayyala – a popular dance in Oman and the
United Arab Emirates performed during
religious and national festivals and weddings. It
involves chanted poetry, drum music and
dance, and simulates a battle scene.
Middle Eastern and North African performing arts encompass a rich tapestry of music and dance traditions that hold cultural significance. In these regions, music plays a vital role in religious practices, with characteristics such as improvisation, ornamentation, and a focus on vocal music prevailing. Instruments like the oud and various drums are key to creating the unique sounds of Middle Eastern music. The hierarchy observed among musicians based on social class adds another layer to the cultural context of these art forms.
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Presentation Transcript
Middle Eastern and North African Performing Arts An Overview
Major Performing Arts of the Middle East and North Africa Music Dance
Middle Eastern Music Major Characteristics According to Islam, music was once considered malahi Islamic philosophers like al-Kindi worried about its influence on behavior Religiously acceptable uses of music include: Calling Muslims to pray Chanting verses from the Qu ran Hymns for special occasions and holy days Dhikr
Middle Eastern Music (continued) Major Characteristics (continued) The music is generally highly improvised, with a single melody played by all instruments simultaneously Vocal and instrumental music is generally highly ornamented, featuring trills, glissandos, or short secondary notes Vocal music predominates
Middle Eastern Music (continued) Major Characteristics The primary instrument is the oud The most common musical form is the suite, a grouping of individual pieces The best music is thought to inspire a trancelike, higher experience of life Maqam (or a system of scales) are used as the basis of all melodic creation
Middle Eastern Music (continued) Major Characteristics There is a strict hierarchy observed between types of music and performers, with talented amateur musicians usually coming from a higher social class; professional or popular musicians are typically looked down on
Middle Eastern Music (continued) Major Instruments Tar 6-stringed long-necked, fetted lute Santour trapezoid-shaped hammered dulcimer Darbucca/Dombak/Zarb single-headed drum made from fired clay Setar 3- or 4-stringed small, long-necked, fretted lute Kamancheh 3- or 4-stringed spiked fiddle Oud 8-stringed lute with no frets Zornah wind instrument
Middle Eastern Music (continued) Genres Khandan the highest form of Middle Eastern music, used primarily in chanting the texts of the Qu ran Musiqi classical and folk forms of music that have less prestige than the religious Khandan
Middle Eastern Music (continued) Genres (continued) Maqam generic term for mode, or system of composing melody, in Arabic classical music (aka Dastgah and Gusheh in Persian and mugam in Azerbaijan Dastgah the mode or scale of a piece in Persian music
Middle Eastern Music (continued) Genres (continued) Radif in Persian classical music, the body of music, consisting of 25-300 short pieces, memorized by students, and then used as the basis or point of departure from improvised performance Gusheh subdivision of a dastgah, and smallest constituent part of the radif, in Persian classical music
Middle Eastern Music (continued) Genres (continued) Rai modern popular music developed in Algeria and Morocco that combines traditional singing styles and Arabic modes with Western-style synthesized accompaniments
Middle Eastern Theater Arab theater did not fully develop until the 19thcentury CE Arab Theater Genres Khayal al-zill shadow puppet theater that originated in the 10thcentury CE Oral Storytelling
Middle Eastern Theater (continued) Arab Theater Genres (continued) Ta ziyah - a passion play in Shi'a communities during the month of Muharram to commemorate the death of the Prophet Muhammad's grandson, Hussain, at the battle of Karbala in AD 680.
Middle Eastern Theater (continued) Persian Theater Genres Naqq li - one of the oldest forms of the traditional theater, the performer recounts stories in prose often accompanied by music, dance and decorative, painted scrolls. Ta'zieh - traditional religious theater in which the drama is conveyed through music, narration, prose and singing.
Middle Eastern Theater (continued) Persian Theater Genres (continued) Kheimeh-shab-bazi - traditional puppet theater. Siah-Bazi - Iranian folk comedic theater that features a blackface, mischievous and forthright harlequin that does improvisations to stir laughter.
Middle Eastern Dance Genres Raqs sharqi - it is more commonly performed by female dancers but is also sometimes danced by men. It is a solo improvisational dance, although students often perform choreographed dances in a group.
Middle Eastern Dance (continued) Genres (continued) Raqs baladi - many different folkloric dance styles, danced socially by men and women of all ages in some Middle Eastern countries, usually at festive occasions such as weddings. Ghawazi - traditional performative dance of the Egyptian Dom people iftetelli - Turkish folk dance found in the core territories of the former Ottoman Empire.
Middle Eastern Dance (continued) Genres (continued) Persian dance Chain or line dances Solo dance War or combat dances Ritual or spiritual dances Assyrian folk dance Khigga - a form of line dancing where individuals hold hands with the line following around the dance floor.
Middle Eastern Dance (continued) Genres (continued) Turkish Dance Bar Halay Horon Zeybek
Middle Eastern Dance (continued) Genres (continued) Al-Ayyala a popular dance in Oman and the United Arab Emirates performed during religious and national festivals and weddings. It involves chanted poetry, drum music and dance, and simulates a battle scene.
