Overview of Energy Resources: Renewable and Non-Renewable
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3.3
Energy
Resources
Human population, carrying capacity and
resource use
Types of energy resources
0
Renewable and non-renewable
0
Energy mix –
combination of renewable
and non-renewable resources
Types of energy resources –
examples of non-renewable
0
Oil
0
Natural gas
0
Coal
0
Nuclear energy
Domination of Non-renewable
resources
0
Fossil fuels are by far the largest energy source
human use: these make up 85% of the worlds
energy use;
0
34-37% as Oil
0
25% as Coal
0
20-23% as Natural Gas
0
6% Uranium (Nuclear Energy) – also a non-
renewable.
Utilization of energy resources
Oil
0
Contributes 27.7% (Asia Pacific)
0
Main source of energy in North, South &
Central America, Europe & Eurasia,
Middle East & Africa.
0
Middle east accounts – 51%
Coal
0
Fossilized plants mined by
open cast mining or long tunnels
.
Burnt to provide heat, or to
create electricity
by turning
turbines in power stations
0
Advantages:
Plentiful supply (should last another 250 years
more). Easy to transport as a solid. No processing required.
Relatively cheap to mine and convert to energy.
0
Disadvantages:
Cannot be replaced once used (non-renewable).
Burning releases
carbon dioxide
which is a
greenhouse gas
.
0
contain
10% sulphur
which can form
sulphur dioxide and acid
rain
.
0
Particles of soot from burning coal can cause
SMOG
(pollution in
cities) and lung disease. Coal mines lead to degraded (damage)
land and pollution.
0
Lower heat of combustion
than other fossil fuels (less energy
released per mass)
NATURAL GAS
0
Methane gas and other hydrocarbons trapped in the rock.
Extracted by drilling. Often found with crude oil. Used
directly in homes for heating and cooking.
0
Advantages: Highest heat of consumption. Lots of energy
gained from it. Ready made fuel, no processing required.
Relatively cheap form of energy. Cleaner than coal or oil.
0
Disadvantages: Only a limited supply of gas with an
estimated 70 years remaining. Also gives of carbon dioxide
but only half of the produced by coal
Nuclear Energy
0
Forms smallest contribution in Asia,
Pacific, Africa and South & Central
America.
0
Important in Europe, Eurasia and North
America.
Renewable energy
0
Hydro electricity
0
Wind energy
0
Bio-fuels
0
Solar power
0
Geothermal energy
0
Tidal energy
0
Fuel Wood
0
15% comes from renewable energy sources
Renewable Energy – Hydroelectricity
0
Big four HEP
nations
0
China, Canada, Brazil and USA
0
Forms 50% of the global consumption
0
HEP locations – large scale development
0
Small scale HEP plants in developing
countries – to supply local communities
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
0
Energy harnessed from the movement water through
rivers, lakes and dams to power turbines to generate
electricity.
0
High-quality energy output compared to low-quality
energy output. Creates water reserves as well as energy
supplies. Reservoirs can also be used for recreation. Safety
record is good.
0
Costly to build. Can cause the flooding of surrounding
communities and landscapes. Dams have a major impact on
local Hydrology. Downstream lack of water. Risk of flooding
if dam bursts
WIND
0
Wind turbines turn wind energy into electricity.
Usually found as many together in ´wind farms`.
0
Clean supply of energy once turbines are made.
Little maintenance required.
0
Need the wind to blow. Often windy sites are not
near populated areas. Manufacture of wind farms
can be costly. Noise pollution. Some local people
complain that it spoils the countryside. Maybe
some birds are killed by turbines.
WIND
0
World wide capacity of wind energy – 200
000 MW
0
Global wind report – 2010 estimates reports
doubling in 3-4 yrs.
0
Dominated only in small no. of countries
0
China – 22.7% of global capacity
0
Repowering play important role for
longevity
0
New developments
SOLAR
0
Conversion of solar radiation into electrical energy
via chemical energy.
0
Potentially infinite energy supply. Single dwellings
can have their own electricity supply. Safe to use.
Low quality energy converted to high.
0
Manufacture and implementation of solar panels
can be costly. Need sunshine, do not work in the
dark.
Geothermal Energy
0
Natural heat found in the Earth’s crust in the
form of steam, hot water and hot rock.
0
Heat due to GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT : rate
at which temperature rises as depth below
the surface increases.
0
Avg. rise in temperature ~30
0
C per km, the
gradient can reach ~80
0
C near plate
boundaries
Tidal Power
0
Acts like underwater wind mills,
transforming sea currents into electrical
current.
0
More predictable than solar or wind.
0
Infrastructure is less obstructive, but start
up costs are high.
0
240 MV rance facility in North-West
France
0
Ex: Canada’s Bay or Fundy in Nova Scotia
Fuel Wood
0
~ 2.5 billion people rely on Fuel wood,
Charcoal and animal dung for cooking.
0
Fuel wood and charcoal are collectively
called fuel wood.
0
Fuel wood used much in Sub-Saharan
Africa, Asia.
Factors affecting –
Non renewable resources -
OIL
0
Rapidly rising Oil cost – fluctuation
0
Concentrated in Middle East, political instability
for import
0
Reserves: Production ratio different in
countries having reserves.
0
Natural disasters – hurricanes in US, Gulf of
Mexico
0
Peak oil production (2013-2037) followed by
3% fall every year.
0
Geopolitics, Strategic petroleum reserves (SPR)
0
Revolts
Factors affecting choice of energy resources
0
Choice of energy changed over time due to:
a)
Technological developments to use other
forms of energy
b)
Increasing national wealth
c)
Changes in demand
d)
Changes in price – fluctuation & instability
e)
Environmental factors/public opinion
f)
Physical, Economic, technical, political and
cultural reasons
Energy resources are classified into renewable and non-renewable types, with a mix of both used worldwide. Non-renewable resources dominate global energy consumption, with fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy being major sources. While non-renewable sources still dominate, efforts are being made to transition towards renewable energy options like hydro, solar, and wind power to create a sustainable energy future.
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Presentation Transcript
Types of energy resources 0 Renewable and non-renewable 0Energy mix combination of renewable and non-renewable resources
Types of energy resources examples of non-renewable 0 Oil 0Natural gas 0Coal 0Nuclear energy
Domination of Non-renewable resources 0Fossil fuels are by far the largest energy source human use: these make up 85% of the worlds energy use; 0 34-37% as Oil 0 25% as Coal 0 20-23% as Natural Gas 0 6% Uranium (Nuclear Energy) also a non- renewable.
Oil 0 Contributes 27.7% (Asia Pacific) 0 Main source of energy in North, South & Central America, Europe & Eurasia, Middle East & Africa. 0 Middle east accounts 51%
Coal 0 Fossilized plants mined by open cast mining or long tunnels. Burnt to provide heat, or to create electricity by turning turbines in power stations 0 Advantages: Plentiful supply (should last another 250 years more). Easy to transport as a solid. No processing required. Relatively cheap to mine and convert to energy. 0 Disadvantages: Cannot be replaced once used (non-renewable). Burning releases carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas. 0 contain 10% sulphur which can form sulphur dioxide and acid rain. 0 Particles of soot from burning coal can cause SMOG (pollution in cities) and lung disease. Coal mines lead to degraded (damage) land and pollution. 0 Lower heat of combustion than other fossil fuels (less energy released per mass)
NATURAL GAS 0Methane gas and other hydrocarbons trapped in the rock. Extracted by drilling. Often found with crude oil. Used directly in homes for heating and cooking. 0Advantages: Highest heat of consumption. Lots of energy gained from it. Ready made fuel, no processing required. Relatively cheap form of energy. Cleaner than coal or oil. 0Disadvantages: Only a limited supply of gas with an estimated 70 years remaining. Also gives of carbon dioxide but only half of the produced by coal
Nuclear Energy 0 Forms smallest contribution in Asia, Pacific, Africa and South & Central America. 0 Important in Europe, Eurasia and North America.
Renewable energy 0 Hydro electricity 0Wind energy 0Bio-fuels 0Solar power 0Geothermal energy 0Tidal energy 0Fuel Wood 0 15% comes from renewable energy sources
Renewable Energy Hydroelectricity 0 Big four HEP nations 0 China, Canada, Brazil and USA 0 Forms 50% of the global consumption 0HEP locations large scale development 0Small scale HEP plants in developing countries to supply local communities
HYDROELECTRIC POWER 0 Energy harnessed from the movement water through rivers, lakes and dams to power turbines to generate electricity. 0 High-quality energy output compared to low-quality energy output. Creates water reserves as well as energy supplies. Reservoirs can also be used for recreation. Safety record is good. 0 Costly to build. Can cause the flooding of surrounding communities and landscapes. Dams have a major impact on local Hydrology. Downstream lack of water. Risk of flooding if dam bursts
WIND 0Wind turbines turn wind energy into electricity. Usually found as many together in wind farms`. 0Clean supply of energy once turbines are made. Little maintenance required. 0Need the wind to blow. Often windy sites are not near populated areas. Manufacture of wind farms can be costly. Noise pollution. Some local people complain that it spoils the countryside. Maybe some birds are killed by turbines.
WIND 0World wide capacity of wind energy 200 000 MW 0Global wind report 2010 estimates reports doubling in 3-4 yrs. 0Dominated only in small no. of countries 0China 22.7% of global capacity 0Repowering play important role for longevity 0New developments
SOLAR 0Conversion of solar radiation into electrical energy via chemical energy. 0Potentially infinite energy supply. Single dwellings can have their own electricity supply. Safe to use. Low quality energy converted to high. 0Manufacture and implementation of solar panels can be costly. Need sunshine, do not work in the dark.
Geothermal Energy 0 Natural heat found in the Earth s crust in the form of steam, hot water and hot rock. 0 Heat due to GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT : rate at which temperature rises as depth below the surface increases. 0Avg. rise in temperature ~300C per km, the gradient can reach ~800C near plate boundaries
Tidal Power 0 Acts like underwater wind mills, transforming sea currents into electrical current. 0 More predictable than solar or wind. 0Infrastructure is less obstructive, but start up costs are high. 0240 MV rance facility in North-West France 0 Ex: Canada s Bay or Fundy in Nova Scotia
Fuel Wood 0 ~ 2.5 billion people rely on Fuel wood, Charcoal and animal dung for cooking. 0Fuel wood and charcoal are collectively called fuel wood. 0 Fuel wood used much in Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia.
Factors affecting Non renewable resources - OIL 0 Rapidly rising Oil cost fluctuation 0Concentrated in Middle East, political instability for import 0Reserves: Production ratio different in countries having reserves. 0Natural disasters hurricanes in US, Gulf of Mexico 0Peak oil production (2013-2037) followed by 3% fall every year. 0Geopolitics, Strategic petroleum reserves (SPR) 0Revolts
Factors affecting choice of energy resources 0 Choice of energy changed over time due to: a) Technological developments to use other forms of energy b) Increasing national wealth c) Changes in demand d) Changes in price fluctuation & instability e) Environmental factors/public opinion f) Physical, Economic, technical, political and cultural reasons
