Nouns and Pronouns in Grammar

 
Introduction
 
Read 
the 
following sentences 
and 
see 
how the 
word 
fishing 
is being
used.
 
In general, 
it 
is 
important 
to read the sentence and 
determine 
how
the 
word 
is being 
used, 
even though 
some 
words are strictly thought
of as 
verbs, 
nouns, 
adjectives,
 
etc.
 
I am 
fishing 
on
 
Sunday.
 
She has a 
fishing
 
rod.
 
Fishing 
is 
my 
favorite
 
sport.
 
verb
 
a
d
j
e
c
t
ive
 
n
o
u
n
 
Nouns
 
A noun (from Latin nōmen, literally name) is a word that functions as the name
of a specific object or set of objects, such as living creatures, places, actions,
qualities, states of existence, or ideas
. 
However, noun is not a semantic
category, so it cannot be characterized in terms of its meaning. Thus, actions
and states of existence can also be expressed by verbs, qualities by adjectives,
and places by adverbs. Linguistically, a noun is a member of a large, open part
of speech whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a
clause, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition
.
 
The 
cat 
chased 
the
 
toy
.
 
Toby 
made 
macaroni 
for 
the
 
picnic
.
 
The 
leaves 
on 
the 
plant 
are
 
shriveling.
 
The 
author 
discusses 
philosophy 
in 
her 
book 
on
 
liberty
.
 
Nouns 
can 
be 
singular 
or 
plural
. 
Plural 
nouns 
usually 
end 
in 
s 
or
 
es
.
 
 
Three 
wolves
 
howled at the
 
moon
.
The 
library 
has thousands of 
books
.
The 
professor 
explained his
 
beliefs
.
 
Some 
nouns, 
called 
collective 
nouns
, are thought of 
as 
one unit. While 
it 
would
sometimes 
be possible 
to 
count 
each individual 
person or 
item, 
the collective 
noun
is considered as
 
one.
 
 
The 
committee 
meets 
on
 
Wednesdays.
Sand 
is in 
my 
bathing suit.
A 
flock 
of birds 
is
 
overhead.
 
1.
A large 
crowd
 
stood 
on
 
the
 
platform.
2.
On Thursday 
the 
army
 marched
 
six
 
miles.
3.
The 
club
 held 
a 
meeting 
at 
my
 
house.
4.
Our 
family 
owns a house in 
the
 
country.
5.
A 
herd
 of 
sheep 
grazed on
 
the
 
hillside.
6.
The 
orchestra
 
tuned up before
 
the
 
concert.
7.
Mr. 
Ferguson spoke 
to
 
our
 
class
.
8.
Gretchen is the president 
of
 
our
 
committee.
9.
The 
navy
 
sailed three ships into the
 
harbor.
10.
A large 
group
 went 
swimming 
at 
the
 
lake.
 
The 
post office 
is closed
 
on
 
Sundays.
 
(
separate words
)
 
Railroad 
crossings can 
be dangerous to 
those 
who don’t pay 
attention.
(
combined words
)
My 
sister-in-law 
married 
my 
brother 
three
 
years
 
ago.
 
(
hyphenated
 
words
)
 
1.
Large 
tomatoes 
are growing 
in 
our
 
backyard
.
2.
My 
great-grandfathe
r 
is living with
 
us.
3.
A new 
high 
school
 
was built 
last
 
year.
4.
Suddenly the 
doorknob
 began to 
turn
 
slowly.
5.
The 
racehorse
 ran 
like the
 
wind.
6.
I left angry, but I 
exercised
 
self-control.
7.
There are 
three 
lifeguards
 
at 
the beach this
 
summer.
8.
The 
stars 
lie 
many 
light-years
 
away.
9.
Two astronauts 
were 
flying in the
 
landing-craft
.
10.
My 
bedroom 
is located 
at the end of 
the
 
hall.
 
It 
is important to determine 
whether the noun is 
singular 
or plural. If a noun 
is plural,
it will take 
a plural verb 
form; if 
a noun is 
singular, it will take 
a 
singular 
verb
 
form.
 
 
The 
officer 
approaches
 
the
 
jail.
singular
 
singular
 
Many 
lions 
hunt
 
at
 
night.
plural
 
plural
 
 
 
Will 
Alberto 
and 
Maria 
go
 
to the
 
party?
plural
 
plural
 
Nouns can be broken 
into numerous
 
categories.
 
 
Proper
A proper noun is 
the 
name 
of a person, 
organization, official document, holiday,
etc. 
A proper noun 
always 
begins 
with 
a 
capital
 
letter.
 
 
Common
A 
common 
noun refers 
to 
a person, 
place, 
thing, or 
idea 
in 
general. 
A 
common
noun 
is capitalized 
only 
if it is 
the 
first 
word of 
the
 
sentence.
 
 
A noun 
will 
be 
either 
common 
or proper; 
it 
cannot be
 
both.
 
 
P
ro
p
e
r
 
Co
mm
on
 
   
Easter
 
Simon
 
Yozgat
 
Public
 
Library
 
The
 
Koran
 
YMCA
 
h
oli
d
a
y
 
man
 
library
 
holy
 
text
 
non-profit
 
organization
 
An endonym (from Greek: éndon, 'inner' + ónoma, 'name'; also known as autonym)
is a common, internal name for a geographical place, group of people, or a
language/dialect, that is used only inside that particular place, group, or linguistic
community in question; it is their self-designated name for themselves, their
homeland, or their language.
 
 
An exonym (from Greek: éxō, 'outer'; also known as xenonym) is a common,
external name for a geographical place, group of people, individual person, or a
language/dialect, that is used only outside that particular place, group, or linguistic
community. Exonyms exist not only for historico-geographical reasons, but also in
consideration of difficulties when pronouncing foreign words.
 
For example, India, China, Egypt, and Germany are the English-language exonyms
corresponding to the endonyms Bhārat (
भारत), 
Zhōngguó (
中国
), 
Masr (
مَصر‎), 
and
Deutschland, respectively.
 
A substantial proportion of English-language exonyms for places in continental
Europe are borrowed (or adapted) from French; for example:
 
Belgrade (Serbian: 
Београд, 
romanized: Beograd);
Cologne (German: Köln);
Florence (Italian: Firenze);
Munich (German: München);
Naples (Italian: Napoli);
Navarre (Spanish: Navarra/Nafarroa);
Prague (Czech: Praha); and
Rome (Italian: Roma).
 
Exonyms develop for places of significance for speakers of the language of the
exonym. Consequently, many European capitals have English exonyms, for example:
 
Athens (Greek: 
Αθήνα, 
romanized: Athína);
Belgrade (Serbian: 
Београд, 
romanized: Beograd);
Bucharest (Romanian: București);
Brussels (French: Bruxelles, Dutch: Brussel);
Copenhagen (Danish: København);
Lisbon (Portuguese: Lisboa);
Moscow (Russian: 
Москва, 
romanized: Moskva);
Prague (Czech: Praha);
Rome (Italian: Roma);
Vienna (Austrian German: Wien); and
Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa).
 
1.
I’ve 
just 
read a 
play
 
by
 
Shakespeare.
2.
The 
Drama Club 
elected 
a new
 
president
.
3.
Soon our 
family
 
plans to 
visit 
Miami
.
4.
A new 
house
 
is being 
built on 
Elm
 
Street
.
5.
My 
father
 
has been transferred to
 
Colorado
.
6.
She 
named 
her 
new 
dog
 
Max
.
7.
Have you 
ever seen the 
Statue 
of
 
Liberty
?
8.
My favorite
 holiday
 
is
 
Thanksgiving.
9.
My 
brother
 went 
climbing in the 
Rocky
 
Mountains.
10.
I have 
pictures
 
of 
Niagara
 
Falls
.
 
Concrete
A concrete noun 
names 
a person or 
thing 
that 
you 
can perceive 
with 
one of
your 
senses 
(touch, 
smell, 
hearing, 
taste,
 
sight).
The 
puppy 
chewed 
my
 
shoes
.
Every 
time 
Maria 
cooks, 
the 
kitchen 
smells 
like
 
garlic
.
 
Abstract
An 
abstract 
noun 
is the 
opposite of a concrete noun—it cannot be observed by
your
 senses.
As 
quickly 
as the 
thought 
entered 
her 
mind, it
 
vanished.
Depression 
affects 
millions 
of
 
Americans.
 
A noun 
will either 
be 
concrete 
or 
abstract; it 
cannot be
 
both.
 
Nouns can be 
possessive. 
A noun 
takes 
an 
apostrophe + s 
to 
show 
that it 
owns
something. 
The 
apostrophe 
means 
of the 
or 
belongs to. 
In 
these examples, 
only 
the
possessive 
nouns are
 
italicized.
 
Shannon’s 
car wouldn’t 
start 
this 
morning.
the 
car belongs to
 
Shannon
 
 
The 
play will 
be 
held 
on Tuesday at the 
children’s
 
party.
the 
party belonging 
to the
 
children
 
 
The 
mayor’s 
speech 
was 
full 
of
 
lies.
the speech 
of 
the
 
mayor
 
Nouns
 
Exercise
Look at the 
underlined 
noun 
in 
each 
sentence 
and 
decide which 
groups 
it 
belongs 
to.
In 
the first 
blank, 
mark 
a 
C for 
common 
or P for 
proper
; 
in the 
second blank, 
mark
an 
A 
for 
abstract 
or a C for concrete
; 
in 
the 
third 
blank, 
mark 
an 
S for 
singular 
or a  P
for plural
.
 
1.
The workers poured wet
 
cement
.
 
2.
 
Collette
 
worked on the project 
all
 night.
 
3.
I had a
 
notion
 
that she was telling the
 
truth.
 
1.
It 
is difficult to explain 
my
 
desires
.
 
2.
Carlos 
sent her
 
flowers
 
for her
 
birthday.
 
Senator
 
Clark
 
is running for
 
re-election.
 
Nail 
polish
 
is 
on 
sale this 
week at 
the
 
pharmacy.
 
Get a broom from the 
closet
,
 
please.
 
People all 
over 
the world 
want
 
peace
.
 
Her 
family
 
takes vacations in
 
Hawaii.
 
Nouns Exercise
 
(cont.)
 
Nominalization
 
Nominalization is a process whereby a word that belongs to another part of
speech comes to be used as a noun. In French and Spanish, for example,
adjectives frequently act as nouns referring to people who have the
characteristics denoted by the adjective. This sometimes happens in English as
well, as in the following examples:
 
This legislation will have the most impact on the 
poor.
The race is not to the 
swift, 
nor the battle to the 
powerful.
The Socialist 
International
 is a worldwide association of political parties.
 
Pronouns
 
Pronouns
Read the following
 
sentences:
 
Ava works 
in 
a 
store 
where Ava 
gets 
to 
meet 
interesting
 
customers.
 
Candace, 
Thomas, 
and Gregory are 
visiting relatives in 
Colorado. When 
Candace,
Thomas, 
and Gregory return, I 
will 
have 
Candace, Thomas, 
and Gregory 
call Mr.
Ramos
 back.
 
These 
sentences 
are long and boring 
because the 
nouns are 
repeated. To 
avoid
repeating 
a noun, a 
pronoun 
can 
be used
 
instead.
 
Ava works 
in 
a 
store 
where 
she 
gets 
to 
meet 
interesting
 
customers.
 
Candace, 
Thomas, 
and Gregory are 
visiting relatives in 
Colorado. 
When
 
they
return, I 
will 
have 
them 
call Mr. 
Ramos
 
back.
 
Look at the 
following sentence:
 
Jacob 
met 
with Natalie, 
and 
then Jacob 
met 
with
 
Will.
 
To avoid repeating 
“Jacob,” use 
the 
pronoun
 
he
.
Jacob 
met 
with Natalie, 
and 
then 
he 
met 
with
 
Will.
 
The pronoun 
them 
could 
substitute 
for 
the names “Natalie” 
and 
“Will.”
Jacob 
met 
with
 
them
.
 
 
To 
avoid 
using 
names altogether, the 
pronouns 
he 
and 
them 
could be used. 
(We
should do 
this 
only 
if 
we know 
who 
“he” 
and 
“them” 
are from previous
 
sentences.)
He 
met 
with
 
them
.
 
In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (abbreviated pro) is a word that substitutes for a
noun or noun phrase.
 
Pronouns have traditionally been regarded as one of the parts of speech, but some
modern theorists would not consider them to form a single class, in view of the variety of
functions they perform cross-linguistically. An example of a pronoun is "you", which is
both plural and singular. Subtypes include personal and possessive pronouns, reflexive
and reciprocal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, relative and interrogative pronouns,
and indefinite pronouns.
I
, 
you
, 
he
, 
she
, 
it
, 
we
, 
and 
they 
are 
used 
as
 
subjects.
 
Me
, 
you
, 
him
, 
her
, 
it
, 
us
, 
and 
them 
are used as
 
objects.
 
My/mine
, 
your/yours
, 
his
, 
her/hers
, 
its
, 
our/ours
, 
and 
their/theirs 
are 
possessive
pronouns.
 
 
Pronouns 
can also 
end 
in 
self 
or 
selves
, 
one
, 
or 
body 
(e.g., 
myself, 
ourselves,
someone, 
anybody,
 
etc.)
 
Antecedents
 
The word or group of words a pronoun 
replaces 
is called 
an
 
antecedent.
 
The 
firefighters 
described 
how 
they 
did their
 
job.
 
Finally, the 
rescue
 
worker
 
reappeared.
 
She 
appeared 
to 
be
 
unharmed.
 
Exercise
 
1:
 
Identifying Pronouns
 
and
 
Antecedents
 
Underline 
the
 
personal
pronoun 
in
 
each
 
sentence.
 
Then 
circle its
 
antecedents.
1.
The explorers 
sailed t
heir
 
ship across 
the
 
Pacific.
2.
Bill left 
h
is
 
homework 
on 
the
 
bus.
3.
Where 
are 
you
 
going,
 
Bob?
4.
The 
champion skater always performed 
on
 his
 newest
 
skates.
5.
The 
woman 
washed her 
car every
 
week.
6.
The actors 
practiced t
heir
 
parts at
 
rehearsal.
7.
Two deer 
led 
their
 
young 
to the
 
river.
8.
The 
bicycle is 
yours,
 
Martha.
9.
When 
the 
astronaut landed 
his
 
spaceship, 
the 
sun had 
already
 
set.
10.
A 
large 
sheepdog buries
 
its
 
bones 
behind 
the
 
barn.
 
Fill in 
the sentences with
 
pronouns:
 
a
s
k
ed
 
to
 
dance.
 
said 
“No,”
 
because
 
was too
 
shy.
 
N
o
w
 
is dancing
 
with
 
.
 
fee
l
s
 
bad
 
for
 
.
 
Personal
 
Pronouns
Personal pronouns 
are 
either singular
 
or
 
plural.
 
Personal pronouns refer 
to the
person 
speaking 
(
first 
person), 
the 
person 
spoken 
to 
(
second 
person), or the 
person,
place, 
thing, 
or 
idea spoken 
about 
(
third
 
person).
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R
P
L
U
R
A
L
 
F
I
R
S
T
 
P
E
R
S
O
N
 
S
E
C
O
N
D
 
P
E
R
S
O
N
 
T
H
I
R
D
 
P
E
R
S
O
N
 
I, me,
 
my,
 
mine
 
we, 
us,
 
our,ours
 
you, your,
 
yours
 
you, your,
 
yours
 
he, him, his
she, her,
 
hers
it,
 
its
 
they, them
their,
 
theirs
 
Personal Pronouns
 
Song
 
Demonstrative
 
Pronouns
Pronouns such 
as 
this
, 
that
, 
these
, 
and 
those 
point out a
 
specific
person, 
place
 
or
 
thing.
 
BUT
 
BE
 
CAREFUL!!
 
If a 
noun 
follows 
one of 
these 
words,
the 
word 
is 
no 
longer considered 
a pronoun. For
 
example:
 
that 
is 
a
 
pronoun
 
Give 
me
 
that
.
Give 
me 
that 
pencil
.
 
that 
is 
not 
a
 
pronoun
 
Give 
the ball 
to
 
her
.
Give 
that 
to
 Kisha.
 
Give 
the ball 
to 
Sa
sha.
To substitute 
for 
Sa
sha,” 
use 
the 
pronoun 
her
.
To substitute 
for 
“ball,” 
use 
the 
pronoun
 
that
.
Both 
nouns can be
 
substituted:
 
Give 
that 
to
 
her
.
 
NOTE: 
When 
a 
noun 
follows an 
demonstrative pronoun, that 
pronoun becomes an
 
adjective
!
 
Read the following
 
sentence:
 
Interrogative Pronouns
 
The pronouns what, which, who, 
whom, 
and whose are 
interrogative 
pronouns.
An 
interrogative 
pronoun 
is 
used 
to 
begin a
 
question.
 
What 
did 
the 
doctor
 
say?
Which 
is the 
best
 
treatment?
 
Where 
did 
I put 
my
 
homework?
 
 
NOTE:
 
All 
four 
demonstrative pronouns begin 
with 
a
 
“T”!
All five 
interrogative pronouns 
begin with 
a
 
“W”!
 
Exercise
 
2:
 
Distinguishing Between 
Demonstrative and Interrogative
Pronouns
 
Write 
whether each 
underlined word 
is 
a 
demonstrative 
or
interrogative 
pronoun.
 
1. 
What
 are 
we 
eating for
 
dinner?
 
2. 
This
 
is 
the present 
I 
gave 
my
 
mother.
 
3. Of all 
my 
courses, 
that
 
is 
my
 
best.
 
4. 
What
 is your
 
name?
 
5. 
Which
 is your
 
house?
 
6. 
These
 belong 
to the
 
band.
 
7. Of all the flowers, 
which
 bloom earliest in
 
spring?
 
8. 
Whose
 is 
that bicycle 
in the
 
driveway?
 
9. 
Those
 were painted 
by
 
Monet.
 
10. He said 
these
 are the world’s 
smallest
 
birds.
 
1.
The trainer turned to the 
crowd 
and 
said, 
“We 
need 
someone 
to 
jump 
into the
tank with Boris the shark, 
who 
is 
absolutely
 
odorless.”
2.
Julio 
bought cotton 
candy from 
a girl at the fair that 
was 
way too 
sweet.
3.
I’d like to 
hire someone 
to feed and train our 
horse 
who 
doesn’t smoke.
4.
Never 
trust a lady 
with 
a dog who walks everywhere in 
high 
heels.
At 
the race track, I 
saw 
a horse which 
was oval 
shaped and 300
yards wide. I 
met 
two men carrying 
smoked 
fish 
who wore chrome-
plated
 
sunglasses.
.
 
Indefinite Pronouns
 
An 
indefinite 
pronoun refers 
to 
a person, 
place, thing, 
or 
idea that 
is not
specifically
 
named.
 
BUT 
BE CAREFUL!!! 
If 
a 
noun 
follows 
one of 
these
words, 
the 
words is no longer considered
 
a
 
pronoun.
 
For
 
example:
 
NOTE: When 
a 
noun 
follows an 
indefinite 
pronoun, 
that 
pronoun 
becomes 
an
 
adjective
!
 
Both 
is a
 
pronoun
 
Both 
is 
not 
a
 
pronoun
 
Both 
want 
to 
be
 
nurses
.
Both 
students 
want 
to 
be
 
nurses
.
 
Indefinite Pronouns
 
Write 
some 
examples 
of 
indefinite 
pronouns 
from 
the 
following
 
chart:
 
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R
 
another
anybody
anyone
anything
each
either
e
v
e
r
yb
ody
everyone
e
v
e
r
y
th
i
ng
little
 
much
neither
n
obody
no 
one
n
o
t
h
i
ng
one
other
somebody
someone
so
m
eth
i
ng
 
P
L
U
R
A
L
both
few
many
others
seve
r
a
l
 
S
I
N
G
U
L
A
R
 
O
R
 
P
L
U
R
A
L
all
any
more
most
none
so
m
e
 
Ex. 3: Identifying Indefinite
 
Pronouns
1.
We want 
everybody 
to 
have fun 
at the
 
party.
2.
Neither
 
of 
the trails 
looks 
difficult 
to
 
climb.
3.
He 
knew none of 
the answers 
on 
the 
test.
4.
Somebody
 left 
a 
window open, and rain 
came 
in during 
the
 
storm.
5.
Karen 
gave 
each
 
of 
the kittens 
a 
dish 
of
 
food.
6.
Several 
of 
these 
homes 
were built centuries
 
ago.
7.
Something tells 
me 
that we are 
going to 
have 
a
 
problem.
8.
Most
 
of the 
team 
members 
have already boarded 
the
 
bus.
9.
We 
can accomplish 
little
 
unless 
we work
 
together.
 
10. 
Nothing
 succeeds like
 
success.
 
Pronouns Exercise
 
(cont.)
 
3.
T
h
e 
b
oy c
o
m
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
 
t
o
 
 
 
----
 
m
o
t
h
e
r
 
a
b
o
u
t 
st
o
m
ach
 p
a
i
n
s
.
 
 
----
 
t
u
m
m
y
hurts,”
 
    
 
said
 
to
 
   
 
.
 
Then,
 
           
 
_
 
gave
 
         
 
some
 
medicine.
  
  
tasted awful,” 
he
 
said.
 
 
4.
A 
man 
driving a Volvo 
hit
 
----
 
from 
behind 
while
 
------
 
was stopped at a  red
light.
 
------
 
_ drove off. I hope 
_
-----------
witnessed 
the 
accident so
 
 
can 
present
more evidence to
 
police.
 
 
5.
“I 
want the 
rosebush over
 
there
 
because
 
    
 
_ 
leaves 
are bright 
green
 
and
 
    
has 
many 
buds,” Kendra
 
said.
 
“Will
 
-------
 
please 
get
 
it
 
for
 
------
 
?”
 
   
 
asked a worker at 
the 
nursery.
 
“I’m
 
on
 
------
 
break,” he
 
replied.
 
. Some special uses of personal pronouns
include:
 
Generic you, where second person pronouns are used in an indefinite sense: You
can't buy good old-fashioned bulbs these days.
 
Generic they: In China they drive on the right.
 
Gender non-specific uses, where a pronoun needs to be found to refer to a person
whose gender is not specified. Solutions sometimes used in English include
generic he and singular they. The singular they has gained popularity in LGBTQ+
culture to refer to those that identify as non-binary or genderqueer and as a way to
refer to a person gender-neutrally. Vernacular usage of "yo" as a gender neutral
pronoun has also been recorded among school students in Baltimore.
 
. Some special uses of personal pronouns
include:
 
Dummy pronouns (expletive pronouns), used to satisfy a grammatical requirement
for a noun or pronoun, but contributing nothing to its meaning: It is raining.
 
Preferred gender pronoun selected to reflect gender identity
 
Resumptive pronouns, "intrusive" personal pronouns found (for example) in some
relative clauses where a gap (trace) might be expected: This is the girl that I don't
know what she said.
 
Royal we, used to refer to a single person who is a monarch: We are not amused.
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Explore the concept of nouns and pronouns in grammar through examples and explanations. Learn about the different types of nouns, such as singular, plural, and collective nouns. Discover how compound nouns are formed and their usage in sentences.

  • Nouns
  • Pronouns
  • Grammar
  • Compound Nouns
  • Collective Nouns

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  1. Parts of Speech: Nouns & Pronouns

  2. Introduction

  3. Introduction Read the following sentences and see how the word fishing is being used. verb I am fishing on Sunday. adjective She has a fishing rod. noun Fishing is my favorite sport. In general, it is important to read the sentence and determine how the word is being used, even though some words are strictly thought of as verbs, nouns, adjectives, etc.

  4. Nouns

  5. Nouns A noun (from Latin n men, literally name) is a word that functions as the name of a specific object or set of objects, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas. However, noun is not a semantic category, so it cannot be characterized in terms of its meaning. Thus, actions and states of existence can also be expressed by verbs, qualities by adjectives, and places by adverbs. Linguistically, a noun is a member of a large, open part of speech whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition. The cat chased the toy. Toby made macaroni for the picnic. The leaves on the plant are shriveling. The author discusses philosophy in her book on liberty.

  6. Nouns Nouns can be singular or plural. Plural nouns usually end in s or es. Three wolves howled at the moon. The library has thousands of books. The professor explained his beliefs.

  7. Nouns Some nouns, called collective nouns, are thought of as one unit. While it would sometimes be possible to count each individual person or item, the collective noun is considered as one. The committee meets on Wednesdays. Sand is in my bathing suit. A flock of birds is overhead.

  8. Exercise 1: Identifying Collective Nouns Write the collective nouns in each sentence in the blank at the right. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. A large crowd stood on the platform. On Thursday the army marched six miles. The club held a meeting at my house. Our family owns a house in the country. A herd of sheep grazed on the hillside. The orchestra tuned up before the concert. Mr. Ferguson spoke to our class. Gretchen is the president of our committee. The navy sailed three ships into the harbor. A large group went swimming at the lake.

  9. A compound noun is made up of two or more words. The words used together form a new word with a different meaning. They are written in three ways: with separate words, combined words, or hyphenated words. The post office is closed on Sundays. (separate words) Railroad crossings can be dangerous to those who don t pay attention. (combined words) My sister-in-law married my brother three years ago. (hyphenated words)

  10. Exercise 2: Identifying Compound Nouns Underline the common nouns in each sentence. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Large tomatoes are growing in our backyard. My great-grandfather is living with us. A new high school was built last year. Suddenly the doorknob began to turn slowly. The racehorse ran like the wind. I left angry, but I exercised self-control. There are three lifeguards at the beach this summer. The stars lie many light-years away. Two astronauts were flying in the landing-craft. My bedroom is located at the end of the hall.

  11. Nouns It is important to determine whether the noun is singular or plural. If a noun is plural, it will take a plural verb form; if a noun is singular, it will take a singular verb form. The officer approaches the jail. singular singular Many lions hunt at night. plural plural Will Alberto and Maria go to the party? plural plural

  12. Nouns Nouns can be broken into numerous categories. Proper A proper noun is the name of a person, organization, official document, holiday, etc. A proper noun always begins with a capital letter. Common A common noun refers to a person, place, thing, or idea in general. A common noun is capitalized only if it is the first word of the sentence. A noun will be either common or proper; it cannot be both.

  13. Nouns Proper Common Easter holiday Simon man Yozgat Public Library library The Koran holy text YMCA non-profit organization

  14. Nouns An endonym (from Greek: ndon, 'inner' + noma, 'name'; also known as autonym) is a common, internal name for a geographical place, group of people, or a language/dialect, that is used only inside that particular place, group, or linguistic community in question; it is their self-designated name for themselves, their homeland, or their language. An exonym (from Greek: x , 'outer'; also known as xenonym) is a common, external name for a geographical place, group of people, individual person, or a language/dialect, that is used only outside that particular place, group, or linguistic community. Exonyms exist not only for historico-geographical reasons, but also in consideration of difficulties when pronouncing foreign words. For example, India, China, Egypt, and Germany are the English-language exonyms corresponding to the endonyms Bh rat ( ), Zh nggu ( ), Masr ( ) , and Deutschland, respectively.

  15. Nouns A substantial proportion of English-language exonyms for places in continental Europe are borrowed (or adapted) from French; for example: Belgrade (Serbian: , romanized: Beograd); Cologne (German: K ln); Florence (Italian: Firenze); Munich (German: M nchen); Naples (Italian: Napoli); Navarre (Spanish: Navarra/Nafarroa); Prague (Czech: Praha); and Rome (Italian: Roma).

  16. Nouns Exonyms develop for places of significance for speakers of the language of the exonym. Consequently, many European capitals have English exonyms, for example: Athens (Greek: , romanized: Ath na); Belgrade (Serbian: , romanized: Beograd); Bucharest (Romanian: Bucure ti); Brussels (French: Bruxelles, Dutch: Brussel); Copenhagen (Danish: K benhavn); Lisbon (Portuguese: Lisboa); Moscow (Russian: , romanized: Moskva); Prague (Czech: Praha); Rome (Italian: Roma); Vienna (Austrian German: Wien); and Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa).

  17. Exercise 3: Identifying Common and Proper Nouns Circle the proper nouns. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. I ve just read a play by Shakespeare. The Drama Club elected a new president. Soon our family plans to visit Miami. A new house is being built on Elm Street. My father has been transferred to Colorado. She named her new dog Max. Have you ever seen the Statue of Liberty? My favorite holiday is Thanksgiving. My brother went climbing in the Rocky Mountains. I have pictures of Niagara Falls.

  18. Nouns Concrete A concrete noun names a person or thing that you can perceive with one of your senses (touch, smell, hearing, taste, sight). The puppy chewed my shoes. Every time Maria cooks, the kitchen smells like garlic. Abstract An abstract noun is the opposite of a concrete noun it cannot be observed by your senses. As quickly as the thought entered her mind, it vanished. Depression affects millions of Americans. A noun will either be concrete or abstract; it cannot be both.

  19. Nouns Nouns can be possessive. A noun takes an apostrophe + s to show that it owns something. The apostrophe means of the or belongs to. In these examples, only the possessive nouns are italicized. Shannon s car wouldn t start this morning. the car belongs to Shannon The play will be held on Tuesday at the children s party. the party belonging to the children The mayor s speech was full of lies. the speech of the mayor

  20. Nouns Exercise Nouns Exercise Look at the underlined noun in each sentence and decide which groups it belongs to. In the first blank, mark a C for common or P for proper; in the second blank, mark an A for abstract or a C for concrete; in the third blank, mark an S for singular or a P for plural. 1. The workers poured wet cement. 2. Collette worked on the project all night. 3. I had a notion that she was telling the truth. 1. It is difficult to explain my desires. 2. Carlos sent her flowers for her birthday.

  21. Nouns Exercise Nouns Exercise (cont.) Senator Clark is running for re-election. Nail polish is on sale this week at the pharmacy. Get a broom from the closet, please. People all over the world want peace. Her family takes vacations in Hawaii.

  22. Nouns Exercise Nominalization Nominalization is a process whereby a word that belongs to another part of speech comes to be used as a noun. In French and Spanish, for example, adjectives frequently act as nouns referring to people who have the characteristics denoted by the adjective. This sometimes happens in English as well, as in the following examples: This legislation will have the most impact on the poor. The race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the powerful. The Socialist International is a worldwide association of political parties.

  23. Pronouns

  24. Pronouns Pronouns Read the following sentences: Ava works in a store where Ava gets to meet interesting customers. Candace, Thomas, and Gregory are visiting relatives in Colorado. When Candace, Thomas, and Gregory return, I will have Candace, Thomas, and Gregory call Mr. Ramos back. These sentences are long and boring because the nouns are repeated. To avoid repeating a noun, a pronoun can be used instead. Ava works in a store where she gets to meet interesting customers. Candace, Thomas, and Gregory are visiting relatives in Colorado. When they return, I will have them call Mr. Ramos back.

  25. Pronouns Look at the following sentence: Jacob met with Natalie, and then Jacob met with Will. To avoid repeating Jacob, use the pronoun he. Jacob met with Natalie, and then he met with Will. The pronoun them could substitute for the names Natalie and Will. Jacob met with them. To avoid using names altogether, the pronouns he and them could be used. (We should do this only if we know who he and them are from previous sentences.) He met with them.

  26. Pronouns In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (abbreviated pro) is a word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase. Pronouns have traditionally been regarded as one of the parts of speech, but some modern theorists would not consider them to form a single class, in view of the variety of functions they perform cross-linguistically. An example of a pronoun is "you", which is both plural and singular. Subtypes include personal and possessive pronouns, reflexive and reciprocal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, relative and interrogative pronouns, and indefinite pronouns. I, you, he, she, it, we, and they are used as subjects. Me, you, him, her, it, us, and them are used as objects. My/mine, your/yours, his, her/hers, its, our/ours, and their/theirs are possessive pronouns. Pronouns can also end in self or selves, one, or body (e.g., myself, ourselves, someone, anybody, etc.)

  27. Pronouns

  28. Pronouns

  29. Pronouns Antecedents The word or group of words a pronoun replaces is called an antecedent. The firefighters described how they did their job. Finally, the rescue worker reappeared. She appeared to be unharmed.

  30. Exercise 1: Identifying Pronouns andAntecedents Underline the personal pronoun in each sentence. Then circle its antecedents. 1. The explorers sailed their ship across the Pacific. 2. Bill left his homework on the bus. 3. Where are you going, Bob? 4. The champion skater always performed on his newest skates. 5. The woman washed her car every week. 6. The actors practiced their parts at rehearsal. 7. Two deer led their young to the river. 8. The bicycle is yours, Martha. 9. When the astronaut landed his spaceship, the sun had already set. 10. A large sheepdog buries its bones behind the barn.

  31. Pronouns Fill in the sentences with pronouns: asked to dance. said No, because was too shy. Now is dancing with . feels bad for .

  32. Pronouns Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns are either singular or plural. Personal pronouns refer to the person speaking (first person), the person spoken to (second person), or the person, place, thing, or idea spoken about (third person). SINGULAR PLURAL I, me, my, mine we, us, our,ours FIRST PERSON you, your, yours you, your, yours SECOND PERSON he, him, his she, her, hers it, its they, them their, theirs THIRD PERSON Personal PronounsSong

  33. Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Pronouns such as this, that, these, and those point out a specific person, place or thing. BUT BE CAREFUL!! If a noun follows one of these words, the word is no longer considered a pronoun. For example: Give me that. that is a pronoun Give me that pencil. that is not a pronoun NOTE: When a noun follows an demonstrative pronoun, that pronoun becomes an adjective! Read the following sentence: Give the ball to Sasha. To substitute for Sasha, use the pronoun her. Give the ball to her. To substitute for ball, use the pronoun that. Give that to Kisha. Give that to her. Both nouns can be substituted:

  34. Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns The pronouns what, which, who, whom, and whose are interrogative pronouns. An interrogative pronoun is used to begin a question. What did the doctor say? Which is the best treatment? Where did I put my homework? NOTE: All four demonstrative pronouns begin with a T ! All five interrogative pronouns begin with a W !

  35. It Ain't Nothin' But aPronoun Exercise 2: Distinguishing Between Demonstrative and Interrogative Pronouns Write whether each underlined word is a demonstrative or interrogative pronoun. 1. What are we eating for dinner? 2. This is the present I gave my mother. 3. Of all my courses, that is my best. 4. What is your name? 5. Which is your house? 6. These belong to the band. 7. Of all the flowers, which bloom earliest in spring? 8. Whose is that bicycle in the driveway? 9. Those were painted by Monet. 10. He said these are the world s smallest birds.

  36. Pronouns Out of Place: Fix the sentences below that have been confused by the misplacement of a relative pronoun. Rewrite each sentence on the line provided. 1. The trainer turned to the crowd and said, We need someone to jump into the tank with Boris the shark, who is absolutely odorless. 2. Julio bought cotton candy from a girl at the fair that was way too sweet. 3. I d like to hire someone to feed and train our horse who doesn t smoke. 4. Never trust a lady with a dog who walks everywhere in high heels. At the race track, I saw a horse which was oval shaped and 300 yards wide. I met two men carrying smoked fish who wore chrome- plated sunglasses. .

  37. Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns An indefinite pronoun refers to a person, place, thing, or idea that is not specifically named. BUT BE CAREFUL!!! If a noun follows one of these words, the words is no longer considered a pronoun. For example: Both want to be nurses. Both is a pronoun Both is not a pronoun Both students want to be nurses. NOTE: When a noun follows an indefinite pronoun, that pronoun becomes an adjective!

  38. Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Write some examples of indefinite pronouns from the following chart: SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR OR PLURAL another much both all few any anybody neither many more anyone nobody others most anything no one each nothing several none either one some everybody other everyone somebody someone everything little something

  39. Pronouns Ex. 3: Identifying Indefinite Pronouns 1. We want everybody to have fun at the party. 2. Neither of the trails looks difficult to climb. 3. He knew none of the answers on the test. 4. Somebody left a window open, and rain came in during the storm. 5. Karen gave each of the kittens a dish of food. 6. Several of these homes were built centuries ago. 7. Something tells me that we are going to have a problem. 8. Most of the team members have already boarded the bus. 9. We can accomplish little unless we work together. 10. Nothing succeeds likesuccess.

  40. Pronouns Exercise Pronouns Exercise (cont.) The boy complained to ---- mother about stomach pains. ----tummy hurts, said to . Then, tasted awful, he said. 3. _ gave some medicine. A man driving a Volvo hit ---- from behind while ------ was stopped at a red light. ------ _ drove off. I hope _-----------witnessed the accident so can present more evidence to police. 4. 5. I want the rosebush over there because has many buds, Kendra said. Will------- please get it for------ asked a worker at the nursery. I m on ------ _ leaves are bright green and ? break, he replied.

  41. Pronouns Exercise . Some special uses of personal pronouns include: Generic you, where second person pronouns are used in an indefinite sense: You can't buy good old-fashioned bulbs these days. Generic they: In China they drive on the right. Gender non-specific uses, where a pronoun needs to be found to refer to a person whose gender is not specified. Solutions sometimes used in English include generic he and singular they. The singular they has gained popularity in LGBTQ+ culture to refer to those that identify as non-binary or genderqueer and as a way to refer to a person gender-neutrally. Vernacular usage of "yo" as a gender neutral pronoun has also been recorded among school students in Baltimore.

  42. Pronouns Exercise . Some special uses of personal pronouns include: Dummy pronouns (expletive pronouns), used to satisfy a grammatical requirement for a noun or pronoun, but contributing nothing to its meaning: It is raining. Preferred gender pronoun selected to reflect gender identity Resumptive pronouns, "intrusive" personal pronouns found (for example) in some relative clauses where a gap (trace) might be expected: This is the girl that I don't know what she said. Royal we, used to refer to a single person who is a monarch: We are not amused.

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