Medical Terminology Seminar 2: Pronunciation Practice and Latin Declensions

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SEMINAR 2
Basic Medical Terminology
Pronunciation practice
Infarctus myocardii recens
Fractura comminutiva colli femoris lateris dextri
Commotio cerebri
Vulnus punctum thoracis ad pulmonem lateris sinistri
penetrans
Aethylismus chronicus
Appendicitis acuta
Intoxicatio carboneo hydroxydato (CO) gradus maioris
Pronunciation practice
Typhus recur
r
ens
Tonsillitis purulenta recidivans
Diabetes mellitus stabilis
Dermatitis allergica protrahens
Vitium cordis acquisitum
Infarctus haemispherii sinistri cerebri, Hemiparesis
Nephrolithiasis, colica renalis subsequens
Tumor ventriculi ad investigationem et observationem
Revision: Latin declensions
 
How do 
I
 decide to what declension 
a Latin noun
 belongs?
on the basis of the ending of genitive singular
What are the genitive endings of Latin declensions?
 
 
 
 
Revision: Latin declensions
 
What is 
the 
stem
 of a Latin word
?
a form
 to which 
individual case endings
 
are 
attached
a part of the word which remains after the removal of the ending
of genitive singular
How can we identify the stem of a Latin noun?
we take the genitive form (sg.) and 
remove the genitive ending
vena, 
ven
-ae
musculus, 
muscul
-i; diameter, 
diametr
-i
auris, 
aur
-is; corpus, 
corpor
-is
arcus, 
arc
-us; genu, 
gen
-us
facies, 
faci
-ei
Practice: give the declensions of the nouns
 
(cf. Handout 2, task 2)
0. 
corpus, oris, n.
    
cutis, is, f.
 
1.
 caput, itis, n.
 
2. 
capilli, orum, m.
 
3. 
facies, ei, f.
4. 
os, oris, n.
    
lingua, ae, f.
 
 
5. 
mentum, i, n.
 
6. 
axilla, ae, f.
 
7. 
brachium, ii, n.
 
8. 
cubitus, i, m.
 
9. 
antebrachium, ii, n.
 
10. 
carpus, i, m.
 
11. 
pollex, icis, m.
 
12. 
palma, ae, f.
 
13.,18. 
digitus, i, m.
 
14. 
sulcus, i, m.
 
15.,28. 
penis, is m.
 
 
16. 
femur, oris, n.
 
17. 
genu, us, n.
 
 
19. 
frons, frontis, f.
 
20. 
oculus, i, m.
 
21. 
nasus, i, m.
 
22. 
auris, is, f.
 
23. 
bucca, ae, f.
 
24. 
collum, i, n.
       cervix, icis, f.
25. 
pectus, oris, n.
 
26. 
abdomen, inis, n.
 
27. 
hypogastrium, ii, n.
29. 
truncus, i, m.
 
30. 
manus, us, f.
 
31. 
crus, cruris, n.
 
32. 
tarsus, i, m.
 
       talus, i, m.
 
33. 
pes, pedis, m.
 
34. 
hallux, ucis, m.
 
 
3
3
3
2
5
3
1
 
2
1
2
2
2
 
2
3
1
 
2
 
2
3
3
4
3
 
2
2
3
1
2
3
3
3
 
2
2
4
3
2
2
3
3
Practice: find 
the stem
s
 of the noun
s
(cf. Handout 2, task 3)
ex: caput, capit-is
skeleton, skeleti
os, ossis
 
cranium, cranii
orbita, orbitae
c
ollum, colli
cervix, cervicis
thorax, thoracis
costa, costae
discus, disci
processus, processus
vertebra, vertebrae
pelvis, pelvis
coxa, coxae
ilia, ilium
coccyx, coccygis
ischium, ischii
pubes, pubis
symphysis, symphysis
nasus, nasi
dens, dentis
mandibula,
mandibulae
clavicula, claviculae
scapula, scapulae
sternum, sterni
humerus, humeri
arcus, arcus
radius, radii
ulna, ulnae
metacarpus, metacarpi
carpus, carpi
phalanx, phalangis
femur, femoris
patella, patellae
tibia, tibiae
fibula, fibulae
metatarsus, metatarsi
Revision: Gender
The grammatical gender of a noun 
affects the form of 
all
other words
 related to it
 (i.e. adjectives, pronouns, verbs)
.
    
>>
 
Latin
 adjectives change
 their form
s
 
depending on the
ii  
      
noun 
to which they refer.
ENGLISH – 3 genders:
HE – refers to male humans and animals
SHE – refers to female humans and animals
IT – inanimate objects or animals
LATIN 
3 genders
:
masculine     -> discipulus (he-student), musculus (muscle)
feminine
 
-> discipula (she-student), vena (vein)
neuter
 
-> corpus (body)
Revision: number and case
 
LATIN = INFLECTIONAL LANGUAGE
In many languages, Latin and Greek among them,
nouns 
decline
 = 
inflect
 
(change their form) for
number and case.
Inflection for 
number
 
involves 
singular 
(sg.)
 
: 
plural
 (pl.) forms
(eg. 
forearm
 : 
forearms
 
=
 
antebrachium
 : 
antebrachia
) and is
present in English as well.
Inflection for 
case
 
involves changing the form of the noun
according to its syntactic function/meaning. Latin has 
an
extensive case system in which a special form is used for every
specific meaning. In medical terminology
,
 4 out of 6 Latin cases
are used 
to express the following meanings:
Revision: cases and their functions
LATIN
system of specific case endings +
prepositions
1.    
NOMINATIVE
 
– subject (ending)
2.
 
GENITIVE
 
– dependency of two
 
nouns, possession (ending)
4.
    
ACCUSATIVE
 
– object, movement
= direction
 
(
preposition + ending)
6.
 
ABLATIVE
 
– place, location, 
 
 
instrument, cause (preposition +
 
ending)
ENGLISH
word order
 + prepositions 
s
ubject
 of a phrase
possessive case = “of”
prepositional phrase 
prepositional phrase
A
ccusative
 
+
 
ablative
 
= prepositional 
cases 
(i.e. they are used only after prepositions)
.
Nominative singular and plural
 
C
hange the following words into plural
(cf. Handout 2, task 4)
coxa_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 
 
    cervix_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 
  
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 
  
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
mentum_ _ _ _ _ _ 
  
arcus _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
 
 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 
  
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 
  
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
 
coxae
 
c
ervicis
 
menti
 
arcus
 
I
 
II
 
III
 
IV
 
cox
-
 
c
ervic-
 
ment-
 
arc-
 
cox
ae
 
c
ervic
es
 
ment
a
 
arc
us
Introduction to 
Latin 
syntax
AGREED ATTRIBUTE
= 
noun 
+
 adjective 
(agreement in 
gender
, 
number
 and 
case
)
E
xample
:
     
musculus (m.) long
us
 = long muscle
f
ractura 
(f.) apert
a
 = open fracture
caput (n.) long
um
 = long head
NON-AGREED ATTRIBUTE
= 
noun 
in nominative
 
+ 
noun 
in genitive
Meaning:
  
state of dependency, possession
Translat
ion
: 
 
of
 
E
xample
:
     
f
ractura cost
ae
 //fractura
e
 cost
arum
f
racture of 
a 
rib
      f
racture
s
 of ribs
! = rib fracture
 
= rib fractures
Genitive singular and plural
 
Form non-agreed attributes
(cf. Handout 2, task 5)
ex:  caput 
 
+ 
 
costa
 > caput costae
 
 
head of 
a 
rib
caput   +  femur 
 
-
>
  
caput   +  fibula 
 
-
>
   
caput   +  humerus 
-
>
 
 
caput   +  phalanx 
-
>
 
caput   +  radius 
 
-
>
 
caput   +   talus 
 
-
>
caput   +   ulna 
 
-
>
 
caput 
femoris
caput 
fibulae
caput 
humeri
caput 
phalangis
caput 
radii
caput 
tali
caput 
ulnae
undefined
Prepositions and prepositional phrases
Denote:
s
patial relations
  
sub, infra, post
t
emporal relations
 
post, ante
c
ausal relations
  
propter, e/ex
other
   
cum, sine
Can be connected with:
Accusative case
    (majority of prepositions used in medical terminology)
Ablative case
 (
A/AB
, 
CUM
, 
DE
, 
E/EX
, 
PRO
, 
SINE
)
b
oth Accusative and Ablative case
 = 
IN
, 
SUB
Accusative
 
and
 
ablative
 
singular and plural
 
undefined
Camera bulbi
posterior
Connect nouns with prepositions
(cf. Handout 2, task 6)
sub scapula
in osse
sub 
oculum
sub 
lingua
sub 
cute
sub 
patellam
in ore
in cranium
in dente
in hypogastrium
in orbitam
sub 
costam
1
st
 declension (a-stems): Latin nouns
Latin nouns belonging to the 
1
st
 declension have:
  
N
ouns of the 
1
st
 
declension 
of 
MASCULINE GENDER
:
Names of specialists – 
e.g. d
entista, ae, m.
Names of muscles – 
e.g. a
gonista, ae, m.
1
st
 declension: Latin nouns
 
1
st
 declension: Latin paradigm
 
1
st
 declension: nouns of Greek origin
Nouns of Greek origin belonging to the 
1
st
 declension have:
1
st
 declension: nouns of Greek origin
 
1
st
 declension: Greek paradigms
o
all nouns declined like 
systole
, es, f.
 
are of  
feminine gender
o
all nouns declined like 
diabetes, 
ae, m.
 
are of 
masculine gender
o
paradigms 
vena, systole, 
and 
diabetes
 have identical plural endings 
!!!
1
st
 declension: Latin and Greek paradigms in plural
 
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Join our Medical Terminology Seminar 2 to practice pronouncing challenging medical terms like Infarctus myocardii recens and learn about Latin declensions to identify noun stems. Explore the genitive endings of Latin declensions and practice giving declensions of various body part nouns. Enhance your medical vocabulary and language skills in this interactive seminar.

  • Medical terminology
  • Pronunciation practice
  • Latin declensions
  • Body parts
  • Language skills

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  1. Basic Medical Terminology SEMINAR 2

  2. Pronunciation practice Infarctus myocardii recens Fractura comminutiva colli femoris lateris dextri Commotio cerebri Vulnus punctum thoracis ad pulmonem lateris sinistri penetrans Aethylismus chronicus Appendicitis acuta Intoxicatio carboneo hydroxydato (CO) gradus maioris

  3. Pronunciation practice Typhus recurrens Tonsillitis purulenta recidivans Diabetes mellitus stabilis Dermatitis allergica protrahens Vitium cordis acquisitum Infarctus haemispherii sinistri cerebri, Hemiparesis Nephrolithiasis, colica renalis subsequens Tumor ventriculi ad investigationem et observationem

  4. Revision: Latin declensions How do I decide to what declension a Latin noun belongs? on the basis of the ending of genitive singular What are the genitive endings of Latin declensions?

  5. Revision: Latin declensions What is the stem of a Latin word? a form to which individual case endings are attached a part of the word which remains after the removal of the ending of genitive singular How can we identify the stem of a Latin noun? we take the genitive form (sg.) and remove the genitive ending vena, ven-ae musculus, muscul-i; diameter, diametr-i auris, aur-is; corpus, corpor-is arcus, arc-us; genu, gen-us facies, faci-ei

  6. Practice: give the declensions of the nouns (cf. Handout 2, task 2) 0. corpus, oris, n. cutis, is, f. 1. caput, itis, n. 2. capilli, orum, m. 3. facies, ei, f. 4. os, oris, n. lingua, ae, f. 3 3 3 2 5 3 1 13.,18. digitus, i, m. 2 27. hypogastrium, ii, n. 29. truncus, i, m. 30. manus, us, f. 31. crus, cruris, n. 32. tarsus, i, m. talus, i, m. 33. pes, pedis, m. 34. hallux, ucis, m. 2 2 4 3 2 2 3 3 14. sulcus, i, m. 15.,28. penis, is m. 16. femur, oris, n. 17. genu, us, n. 19. frons, frontis, f. 2 3 3 4 3 5. mentum, i, n. 6. axilla, ae, f. 7. brachium, ii, n. 8. cubitus, i, m. 9. antebrachium, ii, n. 2 1 2 2 2 20. oculus, i, m. 21. nasus, i, m. 22. auris, is, f. 23. bucca, ae, f. 24. collum, i, n. cervix, icis, f. 25. pectus, oris, n. 26. abdomen, inis, n. 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 3 10. carpus, i, m. 11. pollex, icis, m. 12. palma, ae, f. 2 3 1

  7. Practice: find the stems of the nouns (cf. Handout 2, task 3) ex: caput, capit-is skeleton, skeleti os, ossis cranium, cranii orbita, orbitae collum, colli cervix, cervicis thorax, thoracis costa, costae discus, disci processus, processus vertebra, vertebrae pelvis, pelvis coxa, coxae ilia, ilium coccyx, coccygis ischium, ischii pubes, pubis symphysis, symphysis nasus, nasi dens, dentis mandibula, mandibulae clavicula, claviculae scapula, scapulae sternum, sterni humerus, humeri arcus, arcus radius, radii ulna, ulnae metacarpus, metacarpi carpus, carpi phalanx, phalangis femur, femoris patella, patellae tibia, tibiae fibula, fibulae metatarsus, metatarsi

  8. Revision: Gender The grammatical gender of a noun affects the form of all other words related to it (i.e. adjectives, pronouns, verbs). >> Latin adjectives change their forms depending on the ii noun to which they refer. ENGLISH 3 genders: HE refers to male humans and animals SHE refers to female humans and animals IT inanimate objects or animals LATIN 3 genders: masculine -> discipulus (he-student), musculus (muscle) feminine -> discipula (she-student), vena (vein) neuter -> corpus (body)

  9. Revision: number and case LATIN = INFLECTIONAL LANGUAGE In many languages, Latin and Greek among them, nouns decline = inflect (change their form) for number and case. Inflection for number involves singular (sg.) : plural (pl.) forms (eg. forearm : forearms = antebrachium : antebrachia) and is present in English as well. Inflection for case involves changing the form of the noun according to its syntactic function/meaning. Latin has an extensive case system in which a special form is used for every specific meaning. In medical terminology, 4 out of 6 Latin cases are used to express the following meanings:

  10. Revision: cases and their functions LATIN system of specific case endings + prepositions ENGLISH word order + prepositions subject of a phrase 1. NOMINATIVE subject (ending) 2. GENITIVE dependency of two nouns, possession (ending) possessive case = of prepositional phrase 4. ACCUSATIVE object, movement = direction (preposition + ending) 6. ABLATIVE place, location, instrument, cause (preposition + ending) prepositional phrase Accusative+ ablative = prepositional cases (i.e. they are used only after prepositions).

  11. Nominative singular and plural

  12. Change the following words into plural (cf. Handout 2, task 4) coxae cox- cervicis cervic- coxa_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ coxae cervix_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cervices I III menti ment- arcus arc- mentum_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ menta arcus _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ arcus II IV

  13. Introduction to Latin syntax AGREED ATTRIBUTE = noun + adjective (agreement in gender, number and case) Example: musculus (m.) longus = long muscle fractura (f.) aperta = open fracture caput (n.) longum = long head NON-AGREED ATTRIBUTE = noun in nominative + noun in genitive Meaning: state of dependency, possession Translation: of Example: fractura costae //fracturae costarum fracture of a rib ! = rib fracture = rib fractures fractures of ribs

  14. Genitive singular and plural

  15. Form non-agreed attributes (cf. Handout 2, task 5) ex: caput + costa > caput costae head of a rib caput femoris caput + femur -> caput fibulae caput + fibula -> caput humeri caput + humerus -> caput phalangis caput + phalanx -> caput radii caput + radius -> caput tali caput + talus -> caput ulnae caput + ulna ->

  16. Prepositions and prepositional phrases Denote: spatial relations temporal relations causal relations other sub, infra, post post, ante propter, e/ex cum, sine Can be connected with: Accusative case (majority of prepositions used in medical terminology) Ablative case (A/AB, CUM, DE, E/EX, PRO, SINE) both Accusative and Ablative case = IN, SUB

  17. Accusative and ablative singular and plural

  18. Camera bulbi posterior

  19. Connect nouns with prepositions (cf. Handout 2, task 6) sub scapula sub cute sub lingua sub oculum sub costam sub patellam in osse in dente in ore in cranium in orbitam in hypogastrium

  20. 1st declension (a-stems): Latin nouns Latin nouns belonging to the 1stdeclension have: Nouns of the 1stdeclension of MASCULINE GENDER: Names of specialists e.g. dentista, ae, m. Names of muscles e.g. agonista, ae, m.

  21. 1st declension: Latin nouns

  22. 1st declension: Latin paradigm case singular plural nom. vena venae gen. venae venarum accus. venam venas abl. ven venis

  23. 1st declension: nouns of Greek origin Nouns of Greek origin belonging to the 1stdeclension have: Genitive sg. ending Nominative sg. ending Gender -ES -AE -E -ES F M

  24. 1st declension: nouns of Greek origin

  25. 1st declension: Greek paradigms systole, es, f. systole systoles diabetes, ae, m. diabetes diabetae diabetam diabeta nom. sg. gen. sg. accus. sg. systolen abl. sg. systole o all nouns declined like systole, es, f.are of feminine gender o all nouns declined like diabetes, ae, m.are of masculine gender o paradigms vena, systole, and diabetes have identical plural endings !!!

  26. 1st declension: Latin and Greek paradigms in plural

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