Limitation of Claims in Polish Civil Law
Limitation of claims
Prescription
Vs
Expiration
Expiration
•
In Polish civil law the time limits restraining the possibility
to bring an action at law to the court are divided into two
groups.
•
The first group of terms are distinguished with stronger
legal sanctions of the time lapse for the creditor. When
the term of this group expires, the creditor’s right is
recognized as extinct and may never be subject to court
action. If despite of the time lapse, the creditor demands
to perform the debtor’s duty, the court ex officio (i.e.,
even without the debtor’s petition and regardless to his
intentions in this matter) always should reject the
creditor’s claims.
•
Article 568 §1 CC
:
the rights to sale warranty for physical
product defects expire after the lapse of one year, and in
the case of defects of a building, after the lapse of three
years from the time of releasing the thing to the buyer.
Prescription/limitation
•
Th
e
second group of terms is characterized with
different result of time lapse, the claims and
rights of the creditor are not expired and the
creditor is not formally limited to sue the debtor
nor to bring actions or claims at the court, but
his demands may be rejected only if the debtor
uses the prescription plea at the court. If the
debtor forgets or does not intend to use this
plea the court will issue an adjudicative
sentence (off course it the demand is justified).
General regulation of
prescription terms
•
the general regulation in the first book of Civil
Code and the specific regulation for some
types of claims in nominate contracts and
claims for damages compensation referring to
torts.
•
Art
.
117 §
1
CC
stipulates that
:
barring
exceptions provided for by statutory law,
property claims
shall be subject to limitation.
After a period of limitation has passed, the
person against whom a claim is raised may
evade the satisfaction of that claim
Claims limited in time
•
The prescription refers only to the
property claim
,
therefore if a claim is of
non-property character
(non-
pecuniary) it
may not be limited by prescription
, for
example, under Article 24 CC in case of an infringement
the human personal rights (interests) he may demand
that the person who committed the infringement
perform acts necessary to remove its effects and in
particular to make a statement of an appropriate
content and in an appropriate form. The claim based
on this demand is not subject to time limits, but when
the victim person demands pecuniary compensation,
the claim is of property character therefore is
subjected to prescription.
Exemptions
•
there are some claims that are excluded from
the time lapse limitation if it is directly stated
in statutory provisions
:
•
the 223 CC provides that the vindication
claims of the owner specified in article
222
CC
shall not be subject to limitation if they
pertain to immovable property.
Time period –
10
,
3
,
2
….
•
unless a special provision states otherwise, the period
of limitation shall be
ten years
and for claims
pertaining to
periodical performances and claims
resulting from an economic activity, three years.
However, a claim certified by a valid pronouncement of
a court or other authority entitled to hear cases of a
given kind, or by a pronouncement of a conciliatory
court, and also a claim certified by a settlement made
before the court or the conciliatory court or by a
settlement made before a mediator and approved by
the court, shall be barred by limitation of ten years
even if the period of limitation for claims of that kind
were shorte
Sale
– specific prescription term
•
Art. 554 CC – claims of seller made within the
scope of sellers business enterprise, become
barred by the statute of limitation
after two
years.
•
And so is the time for default interest
(if the payment is to late
)
Preliminary agreement
•
Claims that arise on the grounds of the
preliminary agreement are barred by
limitation of one year from the date on which
the definitive contract was to be concluded.
However, if the creditor demands to issue
judgment that substitutes for the definitive
contract, the limitation period for damages
claims commences on the day in which the
decision concerning dismissal of claim
becomes valid
Torts
•
Art. 442 (1)1 CC
•
3 years after the day on which victim learned
the damage and the person responsible to
remedy it. No longer then 10 years from the
day when the damadge was made.
•
Crime – 20 years after the crime is commited
regardles of the information as to the identity
of offender
Start of prescription time
•
Claim becomes
due and payable
.
The period of limitation (prescription) shall
begin to run on the day on which the claim
has become due and
enforceable.
=
capable of being enforced in the execution
(after formal litigation under the court officer -
komornik)
Pause and new beginning
•
The running of the period of limitation may be
interrupted and after each interruption of a period of
limitation
it shall run anew.
The interruption is made:
•
(1)
by any act before the court or other authority
entitled to hear cases or enforce claims of a given kind
or before the conciliatory court, performed directly
either to vindicate or to establish, or to satisfy or to
secure a claim;
•
(2)
by the acknowledgement of the claim by the
person against whom the claim is made;
•
(3)
by the initiation of mediation at the court.
In Polish civil law, time limits for bringing legal actions are divided into two groups: expiration and prescription. Expiration results in the extinction of rights, while prescription allows claims to be rejected only if the debtor raises the plea. The general regulation in the Civil Code stipulates that property claims are subject to limitation, with non-property claims not limited by prescription. Understanding these concepts is essential for navigating legal proceedings in Poland.
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Presentation Transcript
Limitation of claims Prescription Vs Expiration
Expiration In Polish civil law the time limits restraining the possibility to bring an action at law to the court are divided into two groups. The first group of terms are distinguished with stronger legal sanctions of the time lapse for the creditor. When the term of this group expires, the creditor s right is recognized as extinct and may never be subject to court action. If despite of the time lapse, the creditor demands to perform the debtor s duty, the court ex officio (i.e., even without the debtor s petition and regardless to his intentions in this matter) always should reject the creditor s claims. Article 568 1 CC: the rights to sale warranty for physical product defects expire after the lapse of one year, and in the case of defects of a building, after the lapse of three years from the time of releasing the thing to the buyer.
Prescription/limitation The second group of terms is characterized with different result of time lapse, the claims and rights of the creditor are not expired and the creditor is not formally limited to sue the debtor nor to bring actions or claims at the court, but his demands may be rejected only if the debtor uses the prescription plea at the court. If the debtor forgets or does not intend to use this plea the court will issue an adjudicative sentence (off course it the demand is justified).
General regulation of prescription terms the general regulation in the first book of Civil Code and the specific regulation for some types of claims in nominate contracts and claims for damages compensation referring to torts. Art. 117 1 CC stipulates that: barring exceptions provided for by statutory law, property claims shall be subject to limitation. After a period of limitation has passed, the person against whom a claim is raised may evade the satisfaction of that claim
Claims limited in time The prescription refers only to the property claim, therefore if a claim is of non-property character (non- pecuniary) it may not be limited by prescription, for example, under Article 24 CC in case of an infringement the human personal rights (interests) he may demand that the person who committed the infringement perform acts necessary to remove its effects and in particular to make a statement of an appropriate content and in an appropriate form. The claim based on this demand is not subject to time limits, but when the victim person demands pecuniary compensation, the claim is of property character therefore is subjected to prescription.
Exemptions there are some claims that are excluded from the time lapse limitation if it is directly stated in statutory provisions: the 223 CC provides that the vindication claims of the owner specified in article 222 CC shall not be subject to limitation if they pertain to immovable property.
Time period 10, 3, 2 . unless a special provision states otherwise, the period of limitation shall be ten years and for claims pertaining to periodical performances and claims resulting from an economic activity, three years. However, a claim certified by a valid pronouncement of a court or other authority entitled to hear cases of a given kind, or by a pronouncement of a conciliatory court, and also a claim certified by a settlement made before the court or the conciliatory court or by a settlement made before a mediator and approved by the court, shall be barred by limitation of ten years even if the period of limitation for claims of that kind were shorte
Sale specific prescription term Art. 554 CC claims of seller made within the scope of sellers business enterprise, become barred by the statute of limitation after two years. And so is the time for default interest (if the payment is to late)
Preliminary agreement Claims that arise on the grounds of the preliminary agreement are barred by limitation of one year from the date on which the definitive contract was to be concluded. However, if the creditor demands to issue judgment that substitutes for the definitive contract, the limitation period for damages claims commences on the day in which the decision concerning dismissal of claim becomes valid
Torts Art. 442 (1)1 CC 3 years after the day on which victim learned the damage and the person responsible to remedy it. No longer then 10 years from the day when the damadge was made. Crime 20 years after the crime is commited regardles of the information as to the identity of offender
Start of prescription time Claim becomes due and payable. The period of limitation (prescription) shall begin to run on the day on which the claim has become due and enforceable. = capable of being enforced in the execution (after formal litigation under the court officer - komornik)
Pause and new beginning The running of the period of limitation may be interrupted and after each interruption of a period of limitation it shall run anew. The interruption is made: (1) by any act before the court or other authority entitled to hear cases or enforce claims of a given kind or before the conciliatory court, performed directly either to vindicate or to establish, or to satisfy or to secure a claim; (2) by the acknowledgement of the claim by the person against whom the claim is made; (3) by the initiation of mediation at the court.
