Legal Framework for Automated Vehicles Testing
Trial and error: the legal framework for the
testing of automated vehicles
dr. Nynke Vellinga
n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
Driver
›
Is there a driver?
›
Where is the driver, inside or outside the vehicle?
›
What tasks does the driver have (traffic rules)?
›
What about the driver’s civil liability?
›
USA:
California (incl. deployment)
›
UK (Law Commissions)
›
EU:
NL
Sweden
Germany (deployment)
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
California
›
Testing of AVs is allowed (2014)
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
California
›
Testing of AVs is allowed (2014): California Code of Regulations and
California Vehicle Code
›
Permit from DMV
›
Requirements include:
With driver or with a certified remote operator (without driver)
Law enforcement interaction plan
Two-way communication link
ODD of test vehicle
California Vehicle Code: ‘
Prior to the start of testing in this state, the
manufacturer performing the testing shall obtain an instrument of
insurance, surety bond, or proof of self-insurance in the amount of five
million dollars ($5,000,000)’(..)’
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
Sweden
›
Testing of AVs is allowed
›
Permit from Transportstyrelsen
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
Sweden
›
Testing of AVs is allowed
›
Permit from Transportstyrelsen (Swedish Transport Agency) (Förordning
(2017:309),
TSFS 2021:4)
›
Requirements include:
Description of trial (incl. purpose, roads)
Ensuring traffic safety and no significant disturbance surroundings
Risk assessment
Responsibilities within company performing trial
Compliance with traffic law
Driver inside or outside of the vehicle (
person
activating
system)
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
Sweden
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
Netherlands
›
Testing of AVs is allowed
›
Permit from Ministry > RDW (art. 149aa Wegenverkeerswet 1994)
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
Netherlands
›
Testing of AVs is allowed
›
Permit from Ministry > RDW (art. 149aa Wegenverkeerswet 1994)
›
Requirements include:
Description of trial (incl. roads and weather conditions)
Driver inside or outside of the vehicle
Indication of number of vehicles driven by one driver
Other terms and conditions permit
Deviation from existing traffic law can be allowed (e.g. ‘driver’)
Contribution to road safety, innovation
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
California
›
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Permit from DMV
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Requirements include:
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Law enforcement interaction plan and a communication link
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insurance, a surety bond, or proof of self-insurance.
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
California
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
Germany
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
Germany
›
Straßenverkehrsgesetz
›
SAE Level 3:
Driver is the person who (de)activates the system
Driver is allowed to undertake other activities, but he must be ready to
take over the wheel (‚wahrnehmungsbereit‘
)
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
Germany
›
Straßenverkehrsgesetz
›
SAE Level 4:
Technische Aufsicht (technical supervision)
Minimal risk condition (or alarm Technische Aufsicht)
Betriebserlaubnis Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt
Keeper of vehicle is responsible for maintaining road safety, maintanance
of the vehicle’s systems, take precutions to comply with traffic rules not
directed at driver, and is responsible for fulfilling the tasks of the
Technische Aufsicht
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
Germany
›
Straßenverkehrsgesetz
›
SAE Level 4:
Technische Aufsicht
Minimal risk condition (or alarm Technische Aufsicht)
Betriebserlaubnis Kraftfahr-Bundesamt
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United Kingdom
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Inside or within sight of the
vehicle
›
Duties not related to DDT
›
Fit and qualified to drive
›
Transition demand
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Remote operation
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Licenced operator
“Tier 1” duties to supervise,
maintain, insure, install
updates, report incidents
“Tier 2” duties for certain use
cases
Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission: Consultation Paper 3
– A regulatory framework for automated vehicles
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Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
United Kingdom
›
Already: Automated and Electrical Vehicles Act 2018 (AEVA 2018):
›
2(1) Where—
(a) an accident is caused by an automated vehicle when driving itself
on a road or other public place in Great Britain,
(b) the vehicle is insured at the time of the accident, and
(c) an insured person or any other person suffers damage as a result
of the accident,
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Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
Absence of driver
›
Trial
California: remote operator
Sweden: driver outside of vehicle, (de)activation system
Netherlands: driver outside of vehicle
›
Deployment:
California: remote operator
UK: user-in-charge or remote operator
Germany: Technische Aufsicht
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
Absence of driver
›
Trial
California: remote operator
Sweden: driver outside of vehicle, (de)activation system
Netherlands: driver outside of vehicle
›
Deployment:
California: remote operator
UK: user-in-charge
Germany: Technische Aufsicht
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‘“Driver” means any person who drives a motor vehicle (…)’
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Every moving vehicle (…) shall have a driver.’
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
›
Art. 34bis 1968 Convention on Road Traffic (proposal adopted):
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(a) domestic technical regulations, and any applicable international legal
instrument(…) and
(b) domestic legislation governing operation.
The effect of this article is limited to the territory of the contracting party where
the relevant domestic technical regulations and legislation governing
operation apply."
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‘“Driver” means any person who drives a motor vehicle (…)’
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Every moving vehicle (…) shall have a driver.’
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
To be continued…
›
New convention on road traffic
›
Leading to new traffic rules
›
Recent developments on cybersecurity, software updates and automatic
lane keeping system
Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
Thank you for your attention!
n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
This presentation discusses the legal frameworks for testing automated vehicles in California, Sweden, and the Netherlands. It covers regulations, permits, driver requirements, and liability considerations.
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faculty of law department of transboundary legal studies | 25-10-2021 1 | 25-10-2021 1 Trial and error: the legal framework for the testing of automated vehicles dr. Nynke Vellinga n.e.vellinga@rug.nl Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 2 Driver Is there a driver? Where is the driver, inside or outside the vehicle? What tasks does the driver have (traffic rules)? What about the driver s civil liability? USA: California (incl. deployment) UK (Law Commissions) EU: NL Sweden Germany (deployment) Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 3 California Testing of AVs is allowed (2014) Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 4 California Testing of AVs is allowed (2014): California Code of Regulations and California Vehicle Code Permit from DMV Requirements include: With driver or with a certified remote operator (without driver) Law enforcement interaction plan Two-way communication link ODD of test vehicle California Vehicle Code: Prior to the start of testing in this state, the manufacturer performing the testing shall obtain an instrument of insurance, surety bond, or proof of self-insurance in the amount of five million dollars ($5,000,000) (..) Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 5 Sweden Testing of AVs is allowed Permit from Transportstyrelsen Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 6 Sweden Testing of AVs is allowed Permit from Transportstyrelsen (Swedish Transport Agency) (F rordning (2017:309), TSFS 2021:4) Requirements include: Description of trial (incl. purpose, roads) Ensuring traffic safety and no significant disturbance surroundings Risk assessment Responsibilities within company performing trial Compliance with traffic law Driver inside or outside of the vehicle (person activating system) Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 7 Sweden Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 8 Netherlands Testing of AVs is allowed Permit from Ministry > RDW (art. 149aa Wegenverkeerswet 1994) Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 9 Netherlands Testing of AVs is allowed Permit from Ministry > RDW (art. 149aa Wegenverkeerswet 1994) Requirements include: Description of trial (incl. roads and weather conditions) Driver inside or outside of the vehicle Indication of number of vehicles driven by one driver Other terms and conditions permit Deviation from existing traffic law can be allowed (e.g. driver ) Contribution to road safety, innovation Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 10 Netherlands Sweden California (USA) Driver: person who drives Driver: person who activates system Driver or remote operator Deviation from traffic rules possible In accordance with traffic rules In accordance with traffic rules Existing liability rules apply (owner 185 WVW 1994!) Existing liability rules apply Existing liability rules apply Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl Third party- insurance First party-insurance insurance, a surety bond, or proof of self-insurance
| 25-10-2021 11 California Deployment of AVs is allowed Permit from DMV Requirements include: With driver or a remote operator Law enforcement interaction plan and a communication link The manufacturer shall certify that the autonomous technology is designed to detect and respond to roadway situations in compliance with all provisions of the California Vehicle Code and local regulation applicable to the performance of the dynamic driving task in the vehicle's operational design domain, ( ). insurance, a surety bond, or proof of self-insurance. Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 12 California Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 13 Germany Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 14 Germany Stra enverkehrsgesetz SAE Level 3: Driver is the person who (de)activates the system Driver is allowed to undertake other activities, but he must be ready to take over the wheel ( wahrnehmungsbereit ) Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 15 Germany Stra enverkehrsgesetz SAE Level 4: Technische Aufsicht (technical supervision) Minimal risk condition (or alarm Technische Aufsicht) Betriebserlaubnis Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt Keeper of vehicle is responsible for maintaining road safety, maintanance of the vehicle s systems, take precutions to comply with traffic rules not directed at driver, and is responsible for fulfilling the tasks of the Technische Aufsicht Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 16 Germany Stra enverkehrsgesetz SAE Level 4: Technische Aufsicht Minimal risk condition (or alarm Technische Aufsicht) Betriebserlaubnis Kraftfahr-Bundesamt Technische Aufsicht eines Kraftfahrzeugs mit autonomer Fahrfunktion im Sinne dieses Gesetzes ist diejenige nat rliche Person, die dieses Kraftfahrzeug w hrend des Betriebs gem 1e Absatz 2 Nummer 8 deaktivieren und f r dieses Kraftfahrzeug gem 1e Absatz 2 Nummer 4 und Absatz 3 Fahrman ver freigeben kann. Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 17 United Kingdom Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission: Consultation Paper 3 A regulatory framework for automated vehicles user-in-charge Inside or within sight of the vehicle Duties not related to DDT Fit and qualified to drive Transition demand non-user-in-charge Remote operation Licenced operator Tier 1 duties to supervise, maintain, insure, install updates, report incidents Tier 2 duties for certain use cases Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE) Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 18 United Kingdom Already: Automated and Electrical Vehicles Act 2018 (AEVA 2018): 2(1) Where (a) an accident is caused by an automated vehicle when driving itself on a road or other public place in Great Britain, (b) the vehicle is insured at the time of the accident, and (c) an insured person or any other person suffers damage as a result of the accident, the insurer is liable for that damage. Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 19 Germany California English and Scottish Law Commissions User-in-charge or remote operator, plus ADSE Minimal risk conditional, transition demand Safety assurance scheme on top of usual approval AEVA 2018 Technische Aufsicht (deactivate system, no continual monitoring) Minimal risk condition (back-up Technische Aufsicht) Betriebserlaubnis Kraffahrtbundesamt Remote operator Minimal risk condition Permit DMV Pflichtversicherungs- gesetz insurance, a surety bond, or proof of self-insurance Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 20 Absence of driver Trial California: remote operator Sweden: driver outside of vehicle, (de)activation system Netherlands: driver outside of vehicle Deployment: California: remote operator UK: user-in-charge or remote operator Germany: Technische Aufsicht Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 21 Absence of driver Trial California: remote operator Sweden: driver outside of vehicle, (de)activation system Netherlands: driver outside of vehicle Deployment: California: remote operator UK: user-in-charge Germany: Technische Aufsicht Conventions on Road Traffic of 1949 and of 1968: Driver means any person who drives a motor vehicle ( ) Every moving vehicle ( ) shall have a driver. Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 22 Conventions on Road Traffic of 1949 and of 1968: Driver means any person who drives a motor vehicle ( ) Every moving vehicle ( ) shall have a driver. Art. 34bis 1968 Convention on Road Traffic (proposal adopted): The requirement that every moving vehicle or combination of vehicles shall have a driver is deemed to be satisfied while the vehicle is using an automated driving system which complies with: (a) domestic technical regulations, and any applicable international legal instrument( ) and (b) domestic legislation governing operation. The effect of this article is limited to the territory of the contracting party where the relevant domestic technical regulations and legislation governing operation apply." Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 23 To be continued New convention on road traffic Leading to new traffic rules Recent developments on cybersecurity, software updates and automatic lane keeping system Nynke Vellinga, n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
| 25-10-2021 24 Thank you for your attention! n.e.vellinga@rug.nl
