Journey of Tile PMTs from Design Studies to Production & QA Tests
Tile PMTs, developed over 15 years, faced challenges but met TileCal specifications. Starting with APDs in RD1, the journey involved collaboration with Hamamatsu for revolutionary R5600 PMTs. Main R&D improvements each year led to the creation of PMTs meeting TileCal needs. Key specifications for TileCal include nominal amplification and high voltage requirements.
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The Tile PMTs From the PMT design studies to the production and QA tests Fran ois Vazeille LPC Clermont-Ferrand On behalf of many people who worked on the Tile PMTs PMT Robustness mini workshop CERN 26 January 2016 The design, making, production, qualification of Tile PMTS were both a long story and a very difficult challenge that lasted 15 years with revolutionary PMTs fitting all the TileCal specifications 1
First photodetector considered in RD1: 1991-1993 Large area APDs (Avalanche Photo Diodes) from Advanced Photonic (Los Angeles) Good test beam results with comparison to standard PMTs (High quantum efficiency close to 60%) but irreversible damages of neutrons (Neutron generator at Clermont-Ferrand) Thesis of Nourdine Bouhemaid in 1995. Come back to PMTs with strong TileCal constraints in RD34. 2
Worldwide overview of PMT manufacturers started in 1993 None having PMTs fitting TileCal needs (Compactness, linearity, etc.). A single Cie, Hamamatsu, ready to perform free of charge R&D studies with us, moreover, they offer a revolutionary PMT (R5600): - Of a very small size, with a round photocathode. - "Metal channel dynode structure with a metal package . PMT too small. Evolution to a larger area with a square shape ( 4 R5600): R5900 series. Start of 7 R&D years with Clermont-Ferrand (Written in the Hamamatsu catalog !), with contributions of other Institutes on tests (Pisa and Valencia), followed by the production (2000-2002) and the qualification. 3
Main R&D improvements every year - 1994: From the round shape to the square shape of larger PMTs. - 1995: Mono-block dynodes Improvement of uniformity. - 1996: Improvement of the electrical contact cathode- package Decrease of cathode resistivity. - 1997: From 10 to 8 stages Improvement of the linearity. - 1997:New cathode window material and new activation process Improvement of the quantum efficiency. - 1998: Modification of the electrode supports Improvement of the uniformity. - 1998: Modification of the focus system Increase of the photoelectron collection efficiency. - 1998: Improvement of the getter Gain drift reduction. - 1999: New dynode compounds and new activation process Down drift improvement. These improvements were managed mainly by Michel Crouau and G rard Montarou with in parallel theoretical studies of Stano Tokar et al. (Bratislava) and G rard Montarou (Clermont-Ferrand). 4
TileCal specifications for the market survey Characteristics Nominal amplification Nominal High Voltage Required value 105 600 V 800 V < 2% Minimum Maximum Non linearity to pulses with a DC current of 50 mA Dark current Some of them are coming from the designs of Drawers and PMT blocks. At 800 V At 900 V Mean at 480 nm Minimum at 480 nm Mean at 520 nm 2 nA 8 nA 18% 15 % 12.5% 50 V Quantum efficiency Photocathode-first dynode HV for 90% photoelectron collection Short term Short term Long term Maximum < 1.5% Mean < 0.8% Maximum < 5% < 2.5 ns + 10, - 30 % > 90 % < 60 mm 300 mm2 < 10% Gain drift Rise time to pulses Aging to 100 C on anode Photocathode uniformity Length Photocathode area Sensitivity to 90 Gauss magnetic field Sensitivity to temperature < 0.25%/ C 5
Official tendering procedures at CERN - 1998: Market Survey. - 1999: Invitation to tender IT-2573/EP/ATLAS Only the Hamamatsu Cie was able to provide a PMT fitting all the TileCal specifications. Examples: Dark current average < 200 pA Non linearity with a 50 mA DC current 1% Safety factor to magnetic field with shielding > 50 Definition of control procedures with Hamamatsu for the series production and of the production planning in 10 batches (February 2000-April 2002). Development within TileCal institutes of a test bench model at Clermont-Fd for the qualification of batches, with possible rejection of a batch, then production of 7 identical test benches distributed to the Institutes. 6
Purchase of 10140 PMTs Total cost of TileCal: about 14 MCHF Electronics cost: roughly half total cost. PMT cost : roughly half electronics cost 3.5 MCHF. Shared by TileCal Institutes (2000-2002) in 10 batches: 1/3 : CERN, Lisbon, Pisa, Valencia 1/3: Arlington, Urbana (US funds) 1/3: Clermont-Ferrand + additional 400 PMTs in 2010 payed from TileCal funds. 7
Qualification tests supervised by Fabrice Podlyski and data base supervised by Christophe Guicheney Using 7 identical test benches and the same software - Identical components : Commercial or home made in one place for a given component. (The Pisa test bench is slightly different) - 7 Institutes testing the 10140 PMTs Arlington, Clermont-Ferrand, Dubna, Lisbon, Pisa, Urbana, Valencia with Valencia testing part of the 3300 Clermont-Ferrand PMTs . + 400 new PMTs tested at Clermont-Ferrand in 2010-2011 (Reina Camacho). Automatic qualification of sets of 20 PMTs in 2 steps in a week (Mond-Friday) - Step 1 (Special Dividers with relays) under a continuous light Quantum efficiency, gain, collection efficiency, dark current, stability. acceptance or rejection of the batch. - Step 2 (Standard Divider coupled to its PMT) under pulsed light Gain, linearity (with additional DC light), dark current. PMT/Divider ranking for their next installation in TileCal. 8
PMT box Light box Electronics: DCS and readout DAQ 9
PMT box DC and AC Light box 10
- Two mounting grids 5x5 : 1 for STEP1, 1 for Step2. - 1 large area photodiode in the middle for channel calibration. - 24 slots for PMTs: 4 Reference PMTs on the corners. 20 tested PMTs. - 2 other Photodiodes to monitor the DC and the AC lights. - Special suitcase holding 20 Reference PMTs travelling across the world. 11
Data from the 7 institutes were in a very good agreement: The qualification results are independent of the Institute. 12
Documents on the Tile PMT story The most comprehensive documents - On PMTs Etude et caract risation des photomultiplicateurs du calorim tre tuiles scintillantes d Atlas , Thesis of Christophe H brard (Clermont-Ferrand, 1999) Characterization of the new 8 stages Hamamatsu photomultipliers for the July 98 Test Beam ATL-TILECAL-98-166, Camarena F., Crouau M., Grenier P., H brard C., Montarou G. http://cds.cern.ch/record/683716/files/tilecal-98-166.pdf - On qualification test bench Technical characteristics of the prototype of the TILECAL photomultipliers test bench ATL-TILECAL-98-148, Crouau M., Montarou G., Rey D. See list of all papers in Appendix 13
Conclusion Many Institutes were skeptical when the works started on these PMTs. Many successful challenges R&D and Test beam Production Qualification in 7 Institutes TileCal. The TileCal PMTs fit all the specifications. No official publication on the PMTs ! Perhaps I could try to do that ! What about the robustness ? - Radiation tests made by Clermont-Ferrand: NIEL, TID (See H brard s thesis) No modification of characteristics, except a slight increase of the dark current staying within specifications. - Effects of large integrated charge Accelerated exposure to a big charge studied by Valencia PMTs fitting specification, with an up-drift tendency. Natural aging studied by Pisa Same behavior. 14
Appendix: All the papers on PMTs 15
ATL-TILECAL- 94-041 ; ATL- L-PN-41 Title The Tilecal 3-in-1 PMT Base concept and the PMT block assembly Ajaltouni, Ziad J ; Badaud, F ; Bouhemaid, N ; Brette, P ; Brossard, M ; Chadelas, R ; Chevaleyre, J C ; Crouau, M ; Daudon, F ; Dugne, JJ ; Durand, F ; Fayard, C ; Lentignac, G ; Mayade, S ; Michel, B ; Montarou, G ; Muanza, G S ; Nigon, J ; Pallin, D ; Pozzobon, F ; Poirot, S ; Sahuc, E ; Saigne, R ; Savinel, G ; Says, LP ; Vazeille, F ; Vincent, D Hide Author(s) ATL-TILECAL- 94-042 ; ATL- L-PN-42 Title The magnetic field studies of the Tilecal PMTs Ajaltouni, Ziad J ; Badaud, F ; Bouhemaid, N ; Brette, P ; Brossard, M ; Chadelas, R ; Chevaleyre, JC ; Crouau, M ; Daudon, F ; Dugne, JJ ; Durand, F ; Fayard, C ; Lentignac, G ; Mayade, S ; Michel, B ; Montarou, G ; Muanza, G S ; Nigon, J ; Pallin, D ; Pozzobon, F ; Poirot, S ; Sahuc, E ; Saigne, R ; Savinel, G ; Says, LP ; Vazeille, F ; Vincent, D Hide 06 Dec 1994. - mult. p. Author(s) Imprint ATL-TILECAL- 94-043 ; ATL-L- PN-43 Title The drawer system concept for the ATLAS Tilecal readout Ajaltouni, Ziad J ; Badaud, F ; Bouhemaid, N ; Brette, P ; Brossard, M ; Chadelas, R ; Chevaleyre, JC ; Crouau, M ; Daudon, F ; Dugne, JJ ; Mayade, S ; Michel, B ; Montarou, G ; Muanza, G S ; Pallin, D ; Plothow- Besch, H ; Poirot, S ; Reinmuth, G ; Saigne, R ; Says, LP ; Vazeille, F Hide 31 Dec 1994. - mult. p. Author(s) Imprint 16
ATL-TILECAL-96-83 ; ATL-L- PN-83 Results of test linearity of 10-stages and 8-stages R5900 PMTS Crouau, M ; Garnier, E ; Montarou, G 13 Sep 1996. - mult. p. Title Author(s) Imprint ATL-TILECAL-96-097 ; ATL-L-PN-97 Characterization of the new R5900 Hamamatsu photomultiplier in Pisa Beschastnov, P ; Cavasinni, V ; Cologna, S ; Del Prete, T ; Di Girolamo, B ; Mazzoni, E 09 Dec 1996. - mult. p. Title Author(s) Imprint ATL-TILECAL-97-108 ; ATL-L-PN-108 Characterization of the Hamamatsu 10-stages R5900 photomultipliers at Clermont for the TILE calorimeter Bouhemaid,N ; Crouau,M ; Gil-Botella, A ; Gonz lez de la Hoz, S ; Grenier, P ; Montarou, G ; Muanza, G S ; Poirot,S ; Vazeille, F 28 Apr 1997. - mult. p. Title Author(s) Imprint 17
ATL-TILECAL-97-115 ; ATL-L- PN-115 An estimation of Module 0 R5900 PMT quantum efficiency Montarou, G (Clermont-Ferrand U.) 10 Apr 1997. - mult. p. Title Author(s) Imprint ATL-TILECAL-97-117 ; ATL-L-PN-117 Title Study of the charge spectra generated by photomultipliers Cavasinni, V ; Cologna, S ; Del Prete, N ; Di Girolamo, B (CERN) ; Renzoni, G ; Cavasinni, V 06 Jun 1997. - mult. p. Author(s) Imprint ATL-TILECAL-97-125 ; ATL-L-PN-125 Characterization of EMI 9112A photomultipliers at Valencia for the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter Castillo, V ; Chiron,L ; Fassi,F ; Ferrer, A ; Gil, I ; Gonz lez, S ; Hig n, E ; Romance, J B 20 Oct 1997. - mult. p. Title Author(s) Imprint 18
ATL-TILECAL-97-129 ; ATL-L-PN-129 Characterization of 8-stages Hamamatsu R5900 photomultipliers for the TILE calorimeter Crouau,M ; Grenier, P ; Montarou, G ; Poirot,S ; Vazeille, F 20 Oct 1997. - mult. p. Title Author(s) Imprint ATL-TILECAL-98-148 ; ATL-L-PN-148 Technical characteristics of the prototype of the TILECAL photomultipliers test-bench Crouau, M ; Montarou, G ; Rey, D 23 Mar 1998. - mult. p. Title Author(s) Imprint ATL-TILECAL-98- 156 ; ATL-L-PN-156 Measurement of 20 Hamamatsu R-5900 Photomultiplier Tubes for ATLAS TileCal Module-0 Ames, E ; Cogswell, F ; Downing, RW ; Errede, D ; Errede, S ; Griswold, M ; La Due, J ; Ruppert-Felsot, J E ; Seshagiri, C ; Simaitis, V Show all 11 authors 23 Mar 1998. - mult. p. Title Author(s) Imprint 19
ATL-TILECAL- 98-166 Characterization of the new 8 stages Hamamatsu photomultipliers for the July 98 Test Beam Camarena, F ; Crouau, M ; Grenier, P ; H brard, C ; Montarou, G 5 Oct 1998. - 21 p. Title Author(s) Imprint ATL-TILECAL-99- 012 Title Author(s) Imprint Simulation of Photomultiplier Response Fedorko, I ; Tokar, S ; Chirikov-Zorin, I E 19 May 1999. - 17 p. ATL-TILECAL-2000- 012 Title The PMT-block Test Bench Developed in Pisa Costanzo, D ; Del Prete, T ; Mazzoni, E ; Pagani, GF ; Paoletti, R ; Rizzi, D 11 Aug 2000. - 24 p. Author(s) Imprint 20
ATL-TILECAL- 2000-018 Definition of sets of photomultipliers for the tile hadron calorimeter of the ATLAS detector Lef vre, R ; Santoni, C ; Vazeille, F 20 Dec 2000. - 12 p. Title Author(s) Imprint ATL-TILECAL- 2001-003 Final definition of sets of photomultipliers for the tile hadron calorimeter of the ATLAS detector. Lef vre, R ; Santoni, C ; Vazeille, F 30 Jul 2001. - 11 p. Title Author(s) Imprint ATL-TILECAL-2001- 007 Title Author(s) Imprint The PMT Test-Bench in Pisa Cicalini, E ; Costanzo, D ; Del Prete, T ; Mazzoni, E ; Usai, G L 06 Nov 2001. - 23 p. 21
ATL-TILECAL- 2000-018 Definition of sets of photomultipliers for the tile hadron calorimeter of the ATLAS detector Lef vre, R ; Santoni, C ; Vazeille, F 20 Dec 2000. - 12 p. Title Author(s) Imprint ATL-TILECAL- 2001-003 Final definition of sets of photomultipliers for the tile hadron calorimeter of the ATLAS detector. Lef vre, R ; Santoni, C ; Vazeille, F 30 Jul 2001. - 11 p. Title Author(s) Imprint ATL-TILECAL-2001- 007 Title Author(s) Imprint The PMT Test-Bench in Pisa Cicalini, E ; Costanzo, D ; Del Prete, T ; Mazzoni, E ; Usai, G L 06 Nov 2001. - 23 p. 22
