Ionic Bonding and Lattice Energy
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Ionic Bonding
Formation of Bond
Electrons are transferred from an atom of
low electronegativity to one of high
electronegativity
Anion (-) and cation (+) formed
Opposite charges attract – called an
electrostatic force
Formula Unit
Simplest ratio of atoms in an ionic
compound
Charges combine to form a net of zero
Formulas are not molecules: they do not
show exact numbers of atoms just ratios
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Example
Show how the bond forms in each pair and
tell the formula unit
Ca and F
K and O
Al and O
Ions Arrangement
Opposite ions arrange themselves with
each positive ion surrounded by negative
ions and each negative surrounded by
positive ions
Where potential energy is lowest
This arrangement is called a
crystal lattice
Lattice Energy
Energy released when one mole of an
ionic compound is formed from its ions
Values will always be negative, because
energy is released
The larger the negative value for the lattice
energy, the stronger the ionic bond in the
crystal is
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NaCl
−787.5
NaBr
−751.4
CaF
2
−2634.7
CaO
−3385
LiCl
−861.3
LiF
−1032
MgO
−3760
KCl
−715
The notation for sodium chloride,
NaCl, stands for one .
A)
Formula unit
B)
Molecule
C)
Crystal
D)
Atom
In a crystal of an ionic compound, each
cation is surrounded by a number of .
A)
Molecules
B)
Positive ions
C)
Dipoles
D)
Negative ions
Compared with the neutral atoms involved in
the formation of an ionic compound, the crystal
lattice that results is .
A)
Higher in potential energy
B)
Lower in potential energy
C)
Equal in potential energy
D)
Unstable
The lattice energy of compound A is greater than
that of compound B. What can be concluded
from this fact?
A)
Compound A is not an ionic compound
B)
It will be more difficult to break the
bonds in compound A than in
compound B
C)
Compound B is probably a gas
D)
Compound A has larger crystals than
compound B
The forces of attraction between molecules
in a molecular compound are .
A)
Stronger than the attractive forces in ionic
bonding
B)
Weaker than the attractive forces in ionic
bonding
C)
Approximately equal to the attractive
forces in ionic bonding
D)
Equal to zero
What type of force holds atoms
together in an ionic bond?
A)
Van der Waals
B)
Dipole-dipole
C)
Electrostatic
D)
Hydrogen bonding
What type of bonding holds a
polyatomic ion together?
A)
Ionic
B)
Metallic
C)
Covalent
D)
Hydrogen Bonding
Using the table below, which substance is
held together by the strongest ionic bond?
A)
NaCl
B)
CaO
C)
KCl
D)
MgO
E)
LiCl
Explore the world of ionic bonding through images and explanations. Learn how electrons are transferred to form ions, the arrangement of ions in a crystal lattice, and the concept of lattice energy in ionic compounds. Discover the formation of formula units, examples of bond pairs, and the significance of lattice energy values in compound strength.
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Presentation Transcript
Formation of Bond Electrons are transferred from an atom of low electronegativity to one of high electronegativity Anion (-) and cation (+) formed Opposite charges attract called an electrostatic force
Formula Unit Simplest ratio of atoms in an ionic compound Charges combine to form a net of zero Formulas are not molecules: they do not show exact numbers of atoms just ratios Another term for an ionic compound is salt
Example Show how the bond forms in each pair and tell the formula unit Ca and F K and O Al and O
Ions Arrangement Opposite ions arrange themselves with each positive ion surrounded by negative ions and each negative surrounded by positive ions Where potential energy is lowest This arrangement is called a crystal lattice
Lattice Energy Energy released when one mole of an ionic compound is formed from its ions Values will always be negative, because energy is released The larger the negative value for the lattice energy, the stronger the ionic bond in the crystal is
Lattice energy Compound (kJ/mol) NaCl NaBr CaF2 CaO LiCl LiF MgO KCl 787.5 751.4 2634.7 3385 861.3 1032 3760 715
The notation for sodium chloride, NaCl, stands for one . A) Formula unit B) Molecule C) Crystal D) Atom
In a crystal of an ionic compound, each cation is surrounded by a number of . A) Molecules B) Positive ions C) Dipoles D) Negative ions
Compared with the neutral atoms involved in the formation of an ionic compound, the crystal lattice that results is . A) Higher in potential energy B) Lower in potential energy C) Equal in potential energy D) Unstable
The lattice energy of compound A is greater than that of compound B. What can be concluded from this fact? A) Compound A is not an ionic compound B) It will be more difficult to break the bonds in compound A than in compound B C) Compound B is probably a gas D) Compound A has larger crystals than compound B
The forces of attraction between molecules in a molecular compound are . A) Stronger than the attractive forces in ionic bonding B) Weaker than the attractive forces in ionic bonding C) Approximately equal to the attractive forces in ionic bonding D) Equal to zero
What type of force holds atoms together in an ionic bond? A) Van der Waals B) Dipole-dipole C) Electrostatic D) Hydrogen bonding
What type of bonding holds a polyatomic ion together? A) Ionic B) Metallic C) Covalent D) Hydrogen Bonding
Using the table below, which substance is held together by the strongest ionic bond? A) NaCl B) CaO C) KCl D) MgO E) LiCl
