Infant Growth & Development Overview

Kareem AL-Khafajy
Growth
&
Development
o
f
Infant
Prepared by
Dr. Kareem J. Dhaidan
Infant Normal Growth & Development
Assessment of normal growth.
Development is assessed as:
Gross motor.
Fine motor (sensory motor).
Personal-social.
Language.
Cognitive.
14/02/2025
2
Normal Infant
length
During the first year in life, the infant gains in
length roughly 2.5cm cm/month during the first
6 months of age. Average height is 65 cm at 6
months and 75cm at 12 months
Increase by about 25 cm in 1st year
14/02/2025
3
Growth of head:
The posterior fontanel closes at 2 months.
The anterior fontanel closes at 12- 18 months.
Cranial sutures
The sutures between the cranial bones do
not ossify until later childhood
Head circumference increases about 1.5
cm/month during the first 6 month of age,
then 1/2cm /month during the second 6
months of age.
It is 
43
 cm at 6 months. At the end of the first
year, it is 
46
 cm.
14/02/2025
4
Chest Circumference:
At the 
end of the first year
, chest
circumference and head circumference 
are
equal 
.
N.B: Chest is usually measured at nipple line,
for greater accuracy, take two measurements-
one 
during inspiration 
and the other 
during
expiration-and 
record the average
.
14/02/2025
5
Skeletal growth
The skeletal system is completely formed in
cartilage 
at the end of 3 months of gestation
Bone ossification and growth occur during the
remainder of fetal life and 
throughout childhood
“Bone age” can be determined by radiologic
examination
When bone age matches the child’s chronological
age, the skeletal structure is maturing at a normal
rate
14/02/2025
6
Eruption of the milk teeth (deciduous teeth)
The development of human dentition is a
continuous process from 
5
th
 month 
in utero to
Maturity
By 5–7 months of life, 
The first deciduous teeth usually
erupt
Babies may differ in the timing of tooth eruption
Teething is a normal continuous process of
development and 
does not cause fever or
respiratory problems
Kareem AL-Khafajy
Eruption of the milk teeth
14/02/2025
8
Circulatory System
Fetal life
High levels of hemoglobin and red blood cells are
 necessary for adequate oxygenation
After birth
Oxygen is supplied through the respiratory
 system
Hemoglobin decreases in volume
Red blood cells gradually decrease in number
until the third month of life
The count gradually increases until adult levels are
reached
14/02/2025
9
Gross motor development
First month: 
Raises head 
momentarily
when prone, hips extended
Second months: 
When prone
, raises chin 
off
 
couch
Third
 
months: 
In a prone position, he will rest on
forearm, keep head in midline, make
 
crawling
movements with legs, arches back, and supports
head
 
when held erect.
Fourth
 
months: 
Sits with support.
 
Moro reflex disappears.
14/02/2025
10
Cont. Gross motor
development.
6
 
months
  
 
Puts feet in mouth in supine
                    position. 
Starts crawling.
7
 
months
   
Sits without support leaning
forward
8 months   Rolls over from prone to supine.
                    
Sits well with no support
9-10
            
Creeps and pulls self upright.
11
 
months
 
Stands unsupported.
12
 
months
  
Walks supported. Toddles’ way
                    and cruises around furniture.
                    Walks well.
                    Starts crawling upstairs.
14/02/2025
11
Motor development in infants
 
9-11 months         12 months                Parachute
                
Walks
 
well
       creeping                walks                        reflex                           12
months
.             
Supported
          . 
6-12 months
14/02/2025
12
Fine motor development
1
 
months:
 
Follows a moving object to midline.
Responds to
 
sounds by blinking.
2 months:
 
Hands often open. Grasp reflex is
 
fading
3 months: 
Hands mostly open. Regards his hands.
Can hold a rattle if placed in his hand. Follows
object to 180° by eye. 
14/02/2025
13
4 months
inspects and plays with hands.
Tries to reach objects with hands
. Grasps
objects with
 
both hands
. Can carry objects to mouth
5 months
Turns head to sound. Brings hands together.
6 months
Able to reach object by hand and get it. Grasps feet
and pull to
 
mouth
Kareem AL-Khafajy
Cont. Fine motor development
7.
Months
Can transfer a rattle from hands to hand
. 
Reaches
objects and brings them to mouth. Has ambidextrous
approach
8 months
has beginning pincer grasp. Can feed himself with a
biscuit.
9 months
Tries picking things with fingers. Preference for use of
dominant hand
14/02/2025
15
10 months
Crude release of an object beginning. Grasps
bell by handle.
11 months
Can use a thumb and finger 
to pick a cube
. Grasps by
thumb and finger.
12 months
C
a
n
 
p
i
c
k
 
s
m
a
l
l
 
o
b
j
e
c
t
s
 
p
e
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t
s
 
"
N
o
 
l
o
n
g
e
r
 
p
u
t
s
 
o
b
j
e
c
t
s
i
n
 
m
o
u
t
h
.
 
B
u
i
l
d
s
 
a
 
t
o
w
e
r
 
o
f
 
2
 
b
l
o
c
k
s
 
b
u
t
 
f
a
i
l
s
.
 
T
h
r
o
w
o
b
j
e
c
t
s
.
 
H
o
l
d
s
 
c
u
p
 
t
o
 
d
r
i
n
k
.
Kareem AL-Khafajy
Psychosocial Development of the Infant
First develops a sense of trust when fed on
demand
By 2 months 
distinguishes mother or primary care
giver
Eventually 
learns that not every need is met
immediately on demand
Slowly becomes aware that something or someone
separate from oneself fulfills one’s needs
14/02/2025
17
Gradually learns that the environment
responds to desires expressed through
one’s own efforts and signals such as crying
bring the attention of mother
Finally becomes aware that the environment is
separate from self
14/02/2025
18
By 3 to 4 months: smiles in response to
smile of others .shows interest in other family
members
By 7 to 8 months :shows fear of strangers
(strangers anxiety).
By 9 to 10 months: play simple games with adults
,e. g. 
‘’
bye-bye
’’
. play with adult games such as
peek-a-boo
’’
 by 10 months
.
Kareem AL-Khafajy
peek-a-boo
’’
 by 10 months
Eye -to -eye contact, 
smiling and vocalization
are the evidences of attachment between the
infant and his parent, especially his mother.
According to Erickson, through the infant
interaction with care-giver (mainly the mother),
especially during the feeding. 
He learns to trust others
through the relief of basic needs, i.e., to trust   those
who give pleasant sensations.
 Sense of trust 
will result also from being 
held, talked
to, 
cuddled, warmed
, and so... on.
If this sense of trust in others is not learned, the
reverse, a sense of mistrust is acquired
14/02/2025
21
SEQUENTIAL STAGES OF THE COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
 
OF THE INFANT
First few weeks of life
 
- Actions such as kicking and sucking are
 reflex
activities
Next sequential stage
Reflexes are coordinated and elaborated
Latter part of first year
- 
Intentional movements 
to bring changes; expects that
certain results follow certain actions
- Cannot apply abstract reasoning; 
understands through
five senses
Kareem AL-Khafajy
Health promotion of the infant
Nutrition requirements
Promoting sleep
Dental care
Accident prevention
Toy selection
14/02/2025
23
Supplemental Nutrients
Vitamins C and D
Iron
Breast-fed infants need supplements of iron,
as well as vitamin D
By 6 months of age, iron-rich foods are
needed as supplements
Fluoride
14/02/2025
24
Introducing Solid Foods
Protect the baby
s clothes
Give part of the formula 
before giving solids
Start foods 
in small amounts
, 1 or 2 tsp daily
Prepare the food smooth, thin, lukewarm, and bland
Offer new foods one at a time
Allow 4 or 5 days before introducing another food to
detect any allergy or intolerance
Add chopped foods at about 9 or 10 months of age (if
teeth have erupted)
14/02/2025
25
Self-Feeding
7 or 8 months of age
May grab spoon from the caregiver, examine
it, and mouth it
May 
stick fingers in the food 
to feel the
texture and to bring it to the mouth for
tasting
this is an essential, although messy, part of the
learning experience
After preliminary testing
The infant’s next task is to try self-feeding
14/02/2025
26
Components of Health Promotion
and Maintenance of the Infant
Routine checkups
Immunizations
Family teaching
Education about accident prevention
14/02/2025
27
Well-Baby Visits
Occur at 2 weeks, and at 2, 4, 6, 9, 10
and 12 months
The nurse collects data regarding:
Growth and development (weight, height,
head circumference)
Nutrition and sleep
The caregiver–infant relationship
Any potential problems
 
Immunizations are given to guard against
disease
Family teaching is provided
14/02/2025
28
Health protection of the infant
Immunization
 BCG (Tuberculosis)
Hepatitis A and B
Polio
DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus
Measles
German measles (rubella)
Mumps
Varicella (chickenpox)
Haemophilus influenza meningitis (HIB)
Pneumococcal disease
14/02/2025
29
Injury prevention
Falling down
Aspiration
Poisoning
Suffocation
Burns
Motor vehicle accidents
14/02/2025
30
 Injury prevention
1.
Accidental injuries are a major cause of
death during infancy; common causes include:
a) Falls off beds and down stairs
b) Aspiration of small objects
c) Poisoning from overdose of medications or
ingestion of toxic household substances
Kareem AL-Khafajy
d) Suffocation due to 
unintentional covering
of the nose and mouth
, pressure on the throat
or chest, or prolonged lack of air such as in a closed
parked car
e) Burns from hot liquids or foods, scalding bath water,
excessive sun exposure, or electrical injury
f)   Motor vehicle accidents, most commonly linked
to improper use or non-use of an infant car seat.
Kareem AL-Khafajy
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH
ACCIDENT
Prevention include:
a) Instructing parents to maintain a 
safe
environment 
for the infant by keeping breakables,
sharp objects, and harmful substances out of reach.
b) Alert parents to age-specific 
potential injury
sources and accident-prevention strategies.
c) Encourage parents to
 avoid repetitive negative
expressions 
for the sake of safety and to stress
positive aspects of the infant's behavior, such as
playing with suitable toys.
14/02/2025
33
HEALTH PROMOTION OF THE INFANT
a. Toy selection
Infant toys serve several purposes, including:
a) Stimulation for psychosocial development
b) Diversion for relieving boredom, pain, and
discomfort
c) A means of communicating and expressing
feelings
d) Aid in the development of sensor motor
skills
14/02/2025
34
2. INFANT TOYS SHOULD BE SAFE AND AGE
APPROPRIATE.
Examples of 
safe, age-appropriate 
infant toys
include:
a) Age 1 to 3 months: mobile, music box, stuffed
animal with no detachable parts, and rattle
b) Age 4 to 6 months: squeeze toys, busy box, and
play gym
c) Age 7 to 9 months: various cloth textures,
14/02/2025
35
splashing bath toys, blocks; and balls
d) Age 10 to 12 months: durable books
with large pictures, building blocks, nesting
cups, large puzzles and push-pull toys.
3-Toy safety considerations include.
a) 
No sharp part edges
b) No detachable parts (e.g. wheel tops)
Kareem AL-Khafajy
b. Sleeping patterns
1. During the first month after birth, an
Infant
 
sleeps most of the time not spent in eating.
With age, 
daily sleep time decreases as awake and
alert times increase.
2.   In the first year of life, an infant typically
takes morning and afternoon naps.
14/02/2025
37
3. Bedtime rituals began in infancy help
Prepare
 
the infant for sleep and prevent
future bedtime
 
and sleeping problems.
4. Parents should establish that the infant’s
crib is for sleeping, not for playing, and prevent
reinforcing wakefulness during the night by
picking up the infant whenever he or she wakes
and cries.
Kareem AL-Khafajy
Nutrition Requirement
1. Consistent oral intake of sufficient calories
provided by a caring parent sets a positive pattern
for an infant's future eating behaviors.
2. Feeding schedule suggestions for an infant from
birth to age 6 months receiving breast milk or
formula on demand include:
a) Age 1 month: 4 oz.(1oz:30 ml). six times a day
14/02/2025
39
b) Age 2 months: 4 oz. five times a day
(one night feeding is eliminated)
c) Age 5 months: 5 oz. five times a day
d) Age 6 months: 4 oz. five times a day (as solid food
feedings begin, 
milk feedings decrease
)
3. At age 6 to 12 months, solid food becomes
appropriate because of the infant's developmental
readiness
(e.g. the infant can assume an upright position, the
extrusion reflex lessens, and the digestive tract matures
Kareem AL-Khafajy
4. Solid food should be introduced
progressively: 
first, cereal with iron,
followed by 
pureed fruits,
then 
vegetables
, then 
meats
. Each new food
should be added to the infant's diet separately
at intervals of 4 to 7 days each to determine
allergies.
14/02/2025
41
5. 
Suggestions for complementary feeding
include:
a) Eliminate one breast feeding at a time for
one cup feeding
b) Begin practicing with sips from a cup at age 5
to 6 months, when motor ability has
developed.
c) Introduce juice in a cup to help prevent
dental caries.
14/02/2025
42
Dental health
1. An infant's primary (deciduous) teeth
erupt at about age 6 months. Assessment guide:
age of child in months minus 6 months equals'
number of primary teeth.
2. Clean an infant's teeth with a damp cloth;
brushing is too harsh for the infant's tender
gums.
14/02/2025
43
3. 
Assess the need for a fluoride
supplement; consult with the physician.
4. Despite a widespread belief to the contrary,
fever, vomiting, and diarrhea usually are not
associated with teething but rather indicate
illness.
Kareem AL-Khafajy
NURSING CARE DURING HOSPITALIZATION
OF THE INFANT
Encourage continued stimulation,
empathetic care, and loving attention from
family caregivers
Encourage caregivers to feed, hold, diaper
changing , and participate in their infant’s
care as much as they can
14/02/2025
45
Collect data regarding the needs of the
caregivers and the infant and plan care
with these needs in mind
Identify and acknowledge the caregivers’
apprehensions and develop plans to resolve or
eliminate them
Make arrangements for rooming-in for the
family caregiver
Kareem AL-Khafajy
 
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Infant growth and development milestones, such as motor skills, social interaction, language acquisition, and skeletal development, are crucial during the first year of life. Monitoring aspects like head circumference, chest circumference, and tooth eruption helps assess normal progress. Understanding these patterns aids in ensuring the healthy development of infants.

  • Infants
  • Growth
  • Development
  • Milestones
  • Health

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  1. Growth & Development of Infant Prepared by Dr. Kareem J. Dhaidan Kareem AL-Khafajy

  2. Infant Normal Growth & Development Assessment of normal growth. Development is assessed as: Gross motor. Fine motor (sensory motor). Personal-social. Language. Cognitive. 14/02/2025 2

  3. Normal Infant length During the first year in life, the infant gains in length roughly 2.5cm cm/month during the first 6 months of age. Average height is 65 cm at 6 months and 75cm at 12 months Increase by about 25 cm in 1st year 14/02/2025 3

  4. Growth of head: The posterior fontanel closes at 2 months. The anterior fontanel closes at 12- 18 months. Cranial sutures The sutures between the cranial bones do not ossify until later childhood Head circumference increases about 1.5 cm/month during the first 6 month of age, then 1/2cm /month during the second 6 months of age. It is 43 cm at 6 months. At the end of the first year, it is 46 cm. 14/02/2025 4

  5. Chest Circumference: At the end of the first year, chest circumference and head circumference are equal . N.B: Chest is usually measured at nipple line, for greater accuracy, take two measurements- one during inspiration and the other during expiration-and record the average. 14/02/2025 5

  6. Skeletal growth The skeletal system is completely formed in cartilage at the end of 3 months of gestation Bone ossification and growth occur during the remainder of fetal life and throughout childhood Bone age can be determined by radiologic examination When bone age matches the child s chronological age, the skeletal structure is maturing at a normal rate 14/02/2025 6

  7. Eruption of the milk teeth (deciduous teeth) The development of human dentition is a continuous process from 5th month in utero to Maturity By 5 7 months of life, The first deciduous teeth usually erupt Babies may differ in the timing of tooth eruption Teething is a normal continuous process of development and does not cause fever or respiratory problems Kareem AL-Khafajy

  8. Eruption of the milk teeth 14/02/2025 8

  9. Circulatory System Fetal life High levels of hemoglobin and red blood cells are necessary for adequate oxygenation After birth Oxygen is supplied through the respiratory system Hemoglobin decreases in volume Red blood cells gradually decrease in number until the third month of life The count gradually increases until adult levels are reached 14/02/2025 9

  10. Gross motor development First month: Raises head momentarily when prone, hips extended Second months: When prone, raises chin off couch Thirdmonths: In a prone position, he will rest on forearm, keep head in midline, make crawling movements with legs, arches back, and supports head when held erect. Fourthmonths: Sits with support. Moro reflex disappears. 14/02/2025 10

  11. Cont. Gross motor development. 6months Puts feet in mouth in supine position. Starts crawling. 7 months Sits without support leaning forward 8 months Rolls over from prone to supine. Sits well with no support 9-10 Creeps and pulls self upright. 11 months Stands unsupported. 12 months Walks supported. Toddles way and cruises around furniture. Walks well. Starts crawling upstairs. 14/02/2025 11

  12. Motor development in infants 12mo_12.gif 12mo_14.gif 12mo_07.gif See full size image 9-11 months 12 months ParachuteWalks well creeping walks reflex 12 months .Supported . 6-12 months 14/02/2025 12

  13. Fine motor development 1months: Follows a moving object to midline. Responds to sounds by blinking. 2 months: Hands often open. Grasp reflex is fading 3 months: Hands mostly open. Regards his hands. Can hold a rattle if placed in his hand. Follows object to 180 by eye. 14/02/2025 13

  14. 4 months inspects and plays with hands. Tries to reach objects with hands. Grasps objects with both hands. Can carry objects to mouth 5 months Turns head to sound. Brings hands together. 6 months Able to reach object by hand and get it. Grasps feet and pull to mouth Kareem AL-Khafajy

  15. Cont. Fine motor development 7. Months Can transfer a rattle from hands to hand. Reaches objects and brings them to mouth. Has ambidextrous approach 8 months has beginning pincer grasp. Can feed himself with a biscuit. 9 months Tries picking things with fingers. Preference for use of dominant hand 14/02/2025 15

  16. 10 months Crude release of an object beginning. Grasps bell by handle. 11 months Can use a thumb and finger to pick a cube. Grasps by thumb and finger. 12 months Can pick small objects pellets "No longer puts objects in mouth. Builds a tower of 2 blocks but fails. Throw objects. Holds cup to drink. Kareem AL-Khafajy

  17. Psychosocial Development of the Infant First develops a sense of trust when fed on demand By 2 months distinguishes mother or primary care giver Eventually learns that not every need is met immediately on demand Slowly becomes aware that something or someone separate from oneself fulfills one s needs 14/02/2025 17

  18. Gradually learns that the environment responds to desires expressed through one s own efforts and signals such as crying bring the attention of mother Finally becomes aware that the environment is separate from self 14/02/2025 18

  19. By 3 to 4 months: smiles in response to smile of others .shows interest in other family members By 7 to 8 months :shows fear of strangers (strangers anxiety). By 9 to 10 months: play simple games with adults ,e. g. bye-bye . play with adult games such as peek-a-boo by 10 months. Kareem AL-Khafajy

  20. peek-a-boo by 10 months

  21. Eye -to -eye contact, smiling and vocalization are the evidences of attachment between the infant and his parent, especially his mother. According to Erickson, through the infant interaction with care-giver (mainly the mother), especially during the feeding. He learns to trust others through the relief of basic needs, i.e., to trust those who give pleasant sensations. Sense of trust will result also from being held, talked to, cuddled, warmed, and so... on. If this sense of trust in others is not learned, the reverse, a sense of mistrust is acquired 14/02/2025 21

  22. SEQUENTIAL STAGES OF THE COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFANT First few weeks of life - Actions such as kicking and sucking are reflex activities Next sequential stage Reflexes are coordinated and elaborated Latter part of first year - Intentional movements to bring changes; expects that certain results follow certain actions - Cannot apply abstract reasoning; understands through five senses Kareem AL-Khafajy

  23. Health promotion of the infant Nutrition requirements Promoting sleep Dental care Accident prevention Toy selection 14/02/2025 23

  24. Supplemental Nutrients Vitamins C and D Iron Breast-fed infants need supplements of iron, as well as vitamin D By 6 months of age, iron-rich foods are needed as supplements Fluoride 14/02/2025 24

  25. Introducing Solid Foods Protect the baby s clothes Give part of the formula before giving solids Start foods in small amounts, 1 or 2 tsp daily Prepare the food smooth, thin, lukewarm, and bland Offer new foods one at a time Allow 4 or 5 days before introducing another food to detect any allergy or intolerance Add chopped foods at about 9 or 10 months of age (if teeth have erupted) 14/02/2025 25

  26. Self-Feeding 7 or 8 months of age May grab spoon from the caregiver, examine it, and mouth it May stick fingers in the food to feel the texture and to bring it to the mouth for tasting this is an essential, although messy, part of the learning experience After preliminary testing The infant s next task is to try self-feeding 14/02/2025 26

  27. Components of Health Promotion and Maintenance of the Infant Routine checkups Immunizations Family teaching Education about accident prevention 14/02/2025 27

  28. Well-Baby Visits Occur at 2 weeks, and at 2, 4, 6, 9, 10 and 12 months The nurse collects data regarding: Growth and development (weight, height, head circumference) Nutrition and sleep The caregiver infant relationship Any potential problems Immunizations are given to guard against disease Family teaching is provided 14/02/2025 28

  29. Health protection of the infant Immunization BCG (Tuberculosis) Hepatitis A and B Polio DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus Measles German measles (rubella) Mumps Varicella (chickenpox) Haemophilus influenza meningitis (HIB) Pneumococcal disease 14/02/2025 29

  30. Injury prevention Falling down Aspiration Poisoning Suffocation Burns Motor vehicle accidents 14/02/2025 30

  31. Injury prevention 1. Accidental injuries are a major cause of death during infancy; common causes include: a) Falls off beds and down stairs b) Aspiration of small objects c) Poisoning from overdose of medications or ingestion of toxic household substances Kareem AL-Khafajy

  32. d) Suffocation due to unintentional covering of the nose and mouth, pressure on the throat or chest, or prolonged lack of air such as in a closed parked car e) Burns from hot liquids or foods, scalding bath water, excessive sun exposure, or electrical injury f) Motor vehicle accidents, most commonly linked to improper use or non-use of an infant car seat. Kareem AL-Khafajy

  33. NURSING CONSIDERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ACCIDENT Prevention include: a) Instructing parents to maintain a safe environment for the infant by keeping breakables, sharp objects, and harmful substances out of reach. b) Alert parents to age-specific potential injury sources and accident-prevention strategies. c) Encourage parents to avoid repetitive negative expressions for the sake of safety and to stress positive aspects of the infant's behavior, such as playing with suitable toys. 14/02/2025 33

  34. HEALTH PROMOTION OF THE INFANT a. Toy selection Infant toys serve several purposes, including: a) Stimulation for psychosocial development b) Diversion for relieving boredom, pain, and discomfort c) A means of communicating and expressing feelings d) Aid in the development of sensor motor skills 14/02/2025 34

  35. 2. INFANT TOYS SHOULD BE SAFE AND AGE APPROPRIATE. Examples of safe, age-appropriate infant toys include: a) Age 1 to 3 months: mobile, music box, stuffed animal with no detachable parts, and rattle b) Age 4 to 6 months: squeeze toys, busy box, and play gym c) Age 7 to 9 months: various cloth textures, 14/02/2025 35

  36. splashing bath toys, blocks; and balls d) Age 10 to 12 months: durable books with large pictures, building blocks, nesting cups, large puzzles and push-pull toys. 3-Toy safety considerations include. a) No sharp part edges b) No detachable parts (e.g. wheel tops) Kareem AL-Khafajy

  37. b. Sleeping patterns 1. During the first month after birth, an Infant sleeps most of the time not spent in eating. With age, daily sleep time decreases as awake and alert times increase. 2. In the first year of life, an infant typically takes morning and afternoon naps. 14/02/2025 37

  38. 3. Bedtime rituals began in infancy help Prepare the infant for sleep and prevent future bedtime and sleeping problems. 4. Parents should establish that the infant s crib is for sleeping, not for playing, and prevent reinforcing wakefulness during the night by picking up the infant whenever he or she wakes and cries. Kareem AL-Khafajy

  39. Nutrition Requirement 1. Consistent oral intake of sufficient calories provided by a caring parent sets a positive pattern for an infant's future eating behaviors. 2. Feeding schedule suggestions for an infant from birth to age 6 months receiving breast milk or formula on demand include: a) Age 1 month: 4 oz.(1oz:30 ml). six times a day 14/02/2025 39

  40. b) Age 2 months: 4 oz. five times a day (one night feeding is eliminated) c) Age 5 months: 5 oz. five times a day d) Age 6 months: 4 oz. five times a day (as solid food feedings begin, milk feedings decrease) 3. At age 6 to 12 months, solid food becomes appropriate because of the infant's developmental readiness (e.g. the infant can assume an upright position, the extrusion reflex lessens, and the digestive tract matures Kareem AL-Khafajy

  41. 4. Solid food should be introduced progressively: first, cereal with iron, followed by pureed fruits, then vegetables, then meats. Each new food should be added to the infant's diet separately at intervals of 4 to 7 days each to determine allergies. 14/02/2025 41

  42. 5. Suggestions for complementary feeding include: a) Eliminate one breast feeding at a time for one cup feeding b) Begin practicing with sips from a cup at age 5 to 6 months, when motor ability has developed. c) Introduce juice in a cup to help prevent dental caries. 14/02/2025 42

  43. Dental health 1. An infant's primary (deciduous) teeth erupt at about age 6 months. Assessment guide: age of child in months minus 6 months equals' number of primary teeth. 2. Clean an infant's teeth with a damp cloth; brushing is too harsh for the infant's tender gums. 14/02/2025 43

  44. 3. Assess the need for a fluoride supplement; consult with the physician. 4. Despite a widespread belief to the contrary, fever, vomiting, and diarrhea usually are not associated with teething but rather indicate illness. Kareem AL-Khafajy

  45. NURSING CARE DURING HOSPITALIZATION OF THE INFANT Encourage continued stimulation, empathetic care, and loving attention from family caregivers Encourage caregivers to feed, hold, diaper changing , and participate in their infant s care as much as they can 14/02/2025 45

  46. Collect data regarding the needs of the caregivers and the infant and plan care with these needs in mind Identify and acknowledge the caregivers apprehensions and develop plans to resolve or eliminate them Make arrangements for rooming-in for the family caregiver Kareem AL-Khafajy

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