Importance of Research Report Writing in Academic Studies
Research Report
Writing
Dr A K DWIVEDI
Assistant Professor
Department of Political science
Govt.RMD Girls P.G. College Ambikapur
Surguja Chhattisgarh
Email: drakhileshdwivediap
Mobile:
8319659697@gmail.com
W
h
a
t
i
s
a
R
e
p
o
r
t
?
Report is a
systematic, well organized document
which defines and analyses a subject or a subject or
problem. To produce a good report requires effort.
The content must be
clear, concise and accurate
.
A written statement prepared for the benefit of others
describing what has happened or a state of affairs
normally based on investigation.
A report is a statement of the
result of an
investigation
or of any matter on which definite
information is required (Oxford English Dictionary).
In a report writing attention should e given to certain
essential technical details
for eg. The pages and
paragraphs of the report should be numbered
properly.
Margin, heading and title
should be given.
This gives convenience to the readers.
Contd…
•
A report is a piece of
factual
writing, usually based on
some kind of research or
real-life experience
.
•
Report is
not a letter
.
•
It usually focuses on factual information about the past,
but should also include recommendations.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
R
e
p
o
r
t
•
A research report is a written document or oral
presentation based on a written document that
communicates-
•
purpose – share information, evaluation,
suggestions & recommendations
•
scope
•
objectives
•
hypotheses
•
methodology
•
findings
•
limitations and
•
F
i
n
a
l
l
y
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
a
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
t
o
o
t
h
e
r
s
.
Significance of report writing
•
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
s
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
a
m
a
j
o
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
t
u
d
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
t
a
s
k
r
e
m
a
i
n
s
i
n
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
t
i
l
l
t
h
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
a
n
d
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
.
•
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
s
n
o
t
w
e
l
l
s
e
r
v
e
d
u
n
l
e
s
s
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
a
r
e
m
a
d
e
k
n
o
w
n
t
o
o
t
h
e
r
s
.
•
T
h
e
t
a
s
k
o
f
r
e
p
o
r
t
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
c
c
o
m
p
l
i
s
h
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
w
i
t
h
u
t
m
o
s
t
c
a
r
e
a
n
d
h
e
m
a
y
s
e
e
k
t
h
e
a
s
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
.
Planning of Report
•
As in all writing assignment, its crucial to analyzed the
task carefully
•
Who is the report for- employer, govt. funding agency,
•
Why do they it
•
What do they need to know.
•
Make a
time plan
allowing for each preparation and
writing stage. Report usually have important
deadlines
.
Organised your information
•
Consider the sources you will need
•
Decide which key information should be in which section.
•
Organised your information as you go doing
•
N
o
t
e
y
o
u
r
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
a
s
y
o
u
s
o
a
l
o
n
g
.
Characteristics of a Good Report
•
S
i
m
p
l
i
c
i
t
y
:
T
h
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
h
a
l
l
b
e
a
s
s
i
m
p
l
e
a
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
s
o
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
s
e
a
s
i
l
y
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
a
b
l
e
.
•
C
l
a
r
i
t
y
:
T
h
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
h
a
l
l
b
e
l
u
c
i
d
a
n
d
s
t
r
a
i
g
h
t
,
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
n
g
w
h
a
t
i
s
i
n
t
e
n
d
e
d
t
o
b
e
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
.
•
P
o
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
:
A
s
f
a
r
a
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
s
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
m
a
d
e
i
n
s
t
e
a
d
o
f
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
o
n
e
s
.
•
P
u
n
c
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
:
P
u
n
c
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
a
v
e
t
o
b
e
c
a
r
e
f
u
l
l
y
a
n
d
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y
u
s
e
d
o
t
h
e
r
w
i
s
e
t
h
e
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
o
f
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
s
m
a
y
b
e
m
i
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
o
o
d
o
r
m
i
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
.
•
It is complete and self explanatory
•
It has impersonal style
Contd…
•
R
e
a
d
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
:
T
h
e
k
e
y
n
o
t
e
o
f
a
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
s
r
e
a
d
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
s
t
y
l
e
o
f
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
(
u
s
e
o
f
w
o
r
d
s
)
s
h
a
l
l
b
e
s
u
c
h
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
a
d
e
r
s
f
i
n
d
i
t
a
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
h
e
i
s
c
o
m
p
e
l
l
e
d
t
o
r
e
a
d
t
h
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
e
g
i
n
n
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
e
n
d
.
•
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
:
A
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
h
a
l
l
b
e
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
w
h
e
n
f
a
c
t
s
a
r
e
s
t
a
t
e
d
i
n
i
t
.
I
t
s
h
a
l
l
n
o
t
b
e
b
i
a
s
e
d
w
i
t
h
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
f
e
e
l
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
w
r
i
t
e
r
.
•
L
o
g
i
c
a
l
S
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
:
T
h
e
p
o
i
n
t
s
i
n
a
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
h
a
l
l
b
e
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
,
s
t
e
p
b
y
s
t
e
p
a
n
d
n
o
t
i
n
a
h
a
p
h
a
z
a
r
d
m
a
n
n
e
r
.
•
P
r
o
p
e
r
F
o
r
m
:
A
r
e
p
o
r
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
.
S
o
m
e
t
i
m
e
s
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
s
t
a
t
u
t
o
r
y
f
o
r
m
s
t
o
f
o
l
l
o
w
.
•
P
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
:
A
r
e
p
o
r
t
n
e
e
d
s
a
n
a
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
I
t
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
y
p
i
n
g
o
r
p
r
i
n
t
i
n
g
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
p
a
p
e
r
u
s
e
d
.
•
I
t
h
a
s
p
r
o
p
e
r
d
a
t
e
&
s
i
g
n
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
a
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
.
how to write
•
In aspects of studying, writing is probably the
most challenging
.
•
That is because when you write down an account of ideas for other
people to read you have to explain yourself convincingly and
effectively.
•
So writing makes you struggle with words and what you are trying to
convey.
•
In other words,
it forces you to think
, to plan your ideas and to convey
them in an effective manner.
•
That is what makes it so demanding. When you write you are really
putting ideas to use.
•
So writing tends to be both the
most demanding and the most
rewarding part
of any course of study.
Writing style and Clarity
•
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
S
t
y
l
e
-
Poorly written report, difficult to understand is of no value
-
Neatly typed, free of spelling and typographical errors
•
C
l
a
r
i
t
y
-
It is essential to be precise and clear
-
Think about intended audience
-
Presentation in orderly and logical sequence
-
For producing a more organized report-use an
outline
-
After completing first draft- carefully read (grammar & spell checks)
-
Get feedback from others on report- ask them to read critically and suggest improvements
-
Write several drafts till you have satisfactory final product.
Different Steps in writing Report
The use usual involved in writing report are :
•
Logical analysis of the subject matter
•
Preparation of the final outline
•
Preparation of the rough draft
•
Rewriting and polishing of the rough draft
•
Preparation of the final bibliography
•
Writing of the final draft
Types of report
1
.
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
r
e
p
o
r
t
:
A
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
,
o
r
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
o
r
s
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
i
n
d
e
p
t
h
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
d
e
t
a
i
l
s
,
d
a
t
a
a
n
d
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
.
In the technical report the main emphasis is on
(i) the methods of employed,
(ii) Assumptions made in the course of the study,
(iii)The presentation of the findings including their limitations and supporting data
.
2
.
P
o
p
u
l
a
r
R
e
p
o
r
t
:
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
l
a
r
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
s
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
s
o
n
s
i
m
p
l
i
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
a
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
p
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
o
u
g
h
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
l
e
a
r
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
,
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
,
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
y
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
,
d
e
t
a
i
l
s
a
n
d
l
i
b
e
r
a
l
u
s
e
o
f
c
h
a
r
t
s
a
n
d
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
s
.
Structure of Initial Portion
•
Title Page
•
Acknowledgement
•
Foreword (if required)
•
Preface
•
List of Contents
•
List of Table, Chart, Figure
•
Acronyms/abbreviations
•
N
o
t
e
:
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
e
s
/
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
/
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
i
r
o
w
n
s
t
y
l
e
/
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
f
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
r
e
p
o
r
t
.
Introduction of Report
•
Problem being investigated
•
Review of past literature
•
Theory relevant to the problem
•
Predict outcomes of the research
•
Methods used for prediction
•
Organisation of the study
•
After reading the introduction, the reader should know why you
decided to do the research and how you decided to go about it
Research Methodology
•
Need of Study/Rationale
•
Objectives
•
Hypothesis/Research Question
•
Sampling Design
•
Scope of the Study
•
Instruments Used
•
Statistical Techniques
•
Limitations of the Study
•
Chapterisation
Structure of Main Portion
•
Analysis and Interpretation
•
Findings and Conclusion
•
Bibliography/References
•
Appendix
Division of report
Organisation of Report: An Example
•
Preface
•
Acronyms/ abbreviation
•
List of Tables & figures
•
Contents
•
Chapter I
Introduction
•
Chapter II
Review of literature
•
Chapter III
The Study Design and about the study area
•
Chapter IV
MGNREGA : Employment and rural development
•
Chapter V
Participation of various group and work undertaken by MGNREGA
•
Chapter VII
Conclusion
•
Bibliography
•
Appendix (Interview Schedule)
Precautions for writing Project/research
report
1.
The research report should be long enough to cover the subject but
short enough to maintain the interest.
2.
The report should not be dull, it should be such as to sustain reader’s
interest.
3.
Abstract terminology and technical jargon should be avoided in a
research report. The report should be able to convey the matter as
simply as possible.
4.
The report must provide a ready availability of findings.
5.
The layout of the report should be well thought out and must be
appropriate and in accordance with the objective of the research
problem.
6.
The report should be free from grammatical mistakes and must be
prepared strictly in accordance with the techniques of composition of
report – writing such as the use of quotations, footnotes, documentation,
proper punctuation and use of abbreviations in footnotes and the like.
contd…
7. The report should be original in nature.
8.
Appendices should be properly listed an all
respect in order to avoid any confusions.
9.
Bibliography of source consulted is a must for
good report and must necessarily be given.
10.
The report must be attractive in its appearance.
11.
The limitation related to the study must also be
clearly indicated in the research report.
Conclusion
•
Report in written form are
useful for future reference
.
•
Report provide adequate and correct information as well as statistical data
to help in
decision making
.
•
A report
provides information of unknown facts
i.e. new ideas new vision
new solution to problem new research about a particular matter.
•
A report provides valuable information of all sectors in the economy hence
report are useful for
solving the problem of various department
.
•
Report acts as an important & effective internal
tool of communication
.
Thank You
A research report is a systematic, well-organized document that defines and analyzes a subject or problem. It is crucial for sharing findings, recommendations, and conclusions of a research project. Research report writing is essential in completing research tasks effectively and ensuring that the purpose of the research is well served. Planning, organization, and attention to technical details are key aspects in producing a good research report.
Download Presentation
Please find below an Image/Link to download the presentation.
The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author. Download presentation by click this link. If you encounter any issues during the download, it is possible that the publisher has removed the file from their server.
E N D
Presentation Transcript
Research Report Writing Dr A K DWIVEDI Assistant Professor Department of Political science Govt.RMD Girls P.G. College Ambikapur Surguja Chhattisgarh Email: drakhileshdwivediap@gmail.com Mobile: 8319659697
What is a Report ? What is a Report ? Report is a systematic, well organized document which defines and analyses a subject or a subject or problem. To produce a good report requires effort. The content must be clear, concise and accurate. A written statement prepared for the benefit of others describing what has happened or a state of affairs normally based on investigation. A report is a statement of investigation or of any matter on which definite information is required (Oxford English Dictionary). In a report writing attention should e given to certain essential technical details for eg. The pages and paragraphs of the report should be numbered properly. Margin, heading and title should be given. This gives convenience to the readers. the result of an
Contd A report is a piece of factual writing, usually based on some kind of research or real-life experience. Report is not a letter. It usually focuses on factual information about the past, but should also include recommendations.
Research Report A research report is a written document or oral presentation based on a written document that communicates- purpose share suggestions & recommendations scope objectives hypotheses methodology findings limitations and Finally recommendations of a research project to others. information, evaluation,
Significance of report writing Research report is considered a major component of the research study for the research task remains incomplete till the report has been presented and written. The purpose of research is not well served unless the findings are made known to others. The task of report writing must be accomplished by the researcher with utmost care and he may seek the assistance and guidance of the experts.
Planning of Report As in all writing assignment, its crucial to analyzed the task carefully Who is the report for- employer, govt. funding agency, Why do they it What do they need to know. Make a time plan allowing for each preparation and writing stage. Report usually have important deadlines.
Organised your information Consider the sources you will need Decide which key information should be in which section. Organised your information as you go doing Note your reference as you so along.
Characteristics of a Good Report Simplicity: The language shall be as simple as possible so that a report is easily understandable. Clarity: The language shall be lucid and straight, clearly expressing what is intended to be expressed. Positivity: As far as possible positive statements should be made instead of negative ones. Punctuation: Punctuations have to be carefully and correctly used otherwise the meaning of sentences may be misunderstood or misrepresented. It is complete and self explanatory It has impersonal style
Contd Readability: The keynote of a report is readability. The style of presentation and the diction (use of words) shall be such that the readers find it attractive and he is compelled to read the report from the beginning to the end. Accuracy: A report shall be accurate when facts are stated in it. It shall not be biased with personal feelings of the writer. Logical Sequence: The points in a report shall be arranged with a logical sequence, step by step and not in a haphazard manner. Proper Form: A report must be in the proper form. Sometimes there are statutory forms to follow. Presentation: A report needs an attractive presentation. It depends on the quality of typing or printing as well as quality of paper used. It has proper date & signature and a reliable document.
how to write In aspects of studying, writing is probably the most challenging. That is because when you write down an account of ideas for other people to read you have to explain yourself convincingly and effectively. So writing makes you struggle with words and what you are trying to convey. In other words, it forces you to think, to plan your ideas and to convey them in an effective manner. That is what makes it so demanding. When you write you are really putting ideas to use. So writing tends to be both the most demanding and the most rewarding part of any course of study.
Writing style and Clarity Writing Style - Poorly written report, difficult to understand is of no value Neatly typed, free of spelling and typographical errors Clarity - - It is essential to be precise and clear - Think about intended audience - Presentation in orderly and logical sequence - For producing a more organized report-use an outline - After completing first draft- carefully read (grammar & spell checks) - Get feedback from others on report- ask them to read critically and suggest improvements - Write several drafts till you have satisfactory final product.
Different Steps in writing Report The use usual involved in writing report are : Logical analysis of the subject matter Preparation of the final outline Preparation of the rough draft Rewriting and polishing of the rough draft Preparation of the final bibliography Writing of the final draft
Types of report 1. Technical report : A Technical reports describe the process, progress, or result of technical or scientific research. Include in depth experimental details, data and results. In the technical report the main emphasis is on (i) the methods of employed, (ii) Assumptions made in the course of the study, (iii)The presentation of the findings including their limitations and supporting data. 2. Popular Report : The popular report is emphasis on simplicity and attractiveness. The simplification should be sought through clear writing, minimization of technical, particularly mathematical, details and liberal use of charts and diagrams.
Structure of Initial Portion Title Page Acknowledgement Foreword (if required) Preface List of Contents List of Table, Chart, Figure Acronyms/abbreviations Note: Universities/Institution/companies have their own style/format of standard report.
Introduction of Report Problem being investigated Review of past literature Theory relevant to the problem Predict outcomes of the research Methods used for prediction Organisation of the study After reading the introduction, the reader should know why you decided to do the research and how you decided to go about it
Research Methodology Need of Study/Rationale Objectives Hypothesis/Research Question Sampling Design Scope of the Study Instruments Used Statistical Techniques Limitations of the Study Chapterisation
Structure of Main Portion Analysis and Interpretation Findings and Conclusion Bibliography/References Appendix
Division of report Board Division Individual Section 1. Preliminary Material Title of Report Table of Contents Abstract 2. Body of Report Introduction Literature Review Research Methodology Results Discussion Conclusion, suggestion/ recommendation 3. Supplementary Material References/ Bibliography Appendix (Questionnaires, Acts, Tables etc.)
Organisation of Report: An Example Preface Acronyms/ abbreviation List of Tables & figures Contents Chapter I Introduction Chapter II Review of literature Chapter III The Study Design and about the study area Chapter IV MGNREGA : Employment and rural development Chapter V Participation of various group and work undertaken by MGNREGA Chapter VII Conclusion Bibliography Appendix (Interview Schedule)
Precautions for writing Project/research report 1.The research report should be long enough to cover the subject but short enough to maintain the interest. 2.The report should not be dull, it should be such as to sustain reader s interest. 3. Abstract terminology and technical jargon should be avoided in a research report. The report should be able to convey the matter as simply as possible. 4.The report must provide a ready availability of findings. 5.The layout of the report should be well thought out and must be appropriate and in accordance with the objective of the research problem. 6.The report should be free from grammatical mistakes and must be prepared strictly in accordance with the techniques of composition of report writing such as the use of quotations, footnotes, documentation, proper punctuation and use of abbreviations in footnotes and the like.
contd 7. The report should be original in nature. 8. Appendices should be properly listed an all respect in order to avoid any confusions. 9. Bibliography of source consulted is a must for good report and must necessarily be given. 10.The report must be attractive in its appearance. 11.The limitation related to the study must also be clearly indicated in the research report.
Conclusion Report in written form are useful for future reference. Report provide adequate and correct information as well as statistical data to help in decision making. A report provides information of unknown facts i.e. new ideas new vision new solution to problem new research about a particular matter. A report provides valuable information of all sectors in the economy hence report are useful for solving the problem of various department. Report acts as an important & effective internal tool of communication.
