Impacts of Sand Mining Industry on Interprovincial State Land Management
Impacts
of
Sand Mining Industry
on
Interprovincial State Land Management in
Mahaweli Riverbank, Mahiyangana,
Sri
Lanka
Hemakumara
R.M.N.C.
Supervised by
Professor
Maki
Tsujimura
JDS International Seminar
2019.01.21
1
2
I
n
t
r
o
du
c
t
i
o
n
Sand
is
,
•
•
•
Natural aggregates
formed
by rock
erosion
Represents
highest
volume of raw
material
used on earth after water
Available
as terrestrial and
marine
deposits
Terrestrial
deposits
- residual
soil deposit,
river channel
deposit
and
flood
Marine deposits
- shore
deposit
and off-shore
deposit
plain alluvial
deposit
(Gavriletea
et al
2017)
Methods
of
Sand
Mining
•
River bed and flood plain mining –
common
method in
Sri
Lanka
•
Placer mining –
use
of water to separate heavy/light
minerals
•
Coastal
mining
•
Open pit
mining
•
Surface
mining
(Piyadasa
et al
2012)
Uses of
Sand
•
Construction
industry
•
Cement
industry
•
Tile
&
ceramic
industry
•
Bricks
&
motar
industry
•
Glass
&
adhesive
industry
(Gunaratne et al
2010)
Relationship
Between
Sand Mining
and Land
Management
Causes
Effects
Sand
M
i
n
i
n
g
Sand
St
o
r
i
n
g
Sand
T
r
a
n
s
po
r
tati
o
n
E
nvi
r
o
n
m
e
nt
al
and Social
Issues
Land
Management
Issues
E
c
ono
m
ic
Issues
Land
is
the basic
requirement
for getting a
Mining
permit
3
4
Sand Storing Land
and
Land
Permit
Sand Storing
Land
•
Need to
have a
owner
•
Owner need a relevant
Permit
•
Owner need
to
pay
tax
for
Land
Land
Permit
(Two
types of
permit)
•
Land Development Ordinance (LDO)
Permit
Can
use
only for residential and agricultural
purpose
•
Annual Land
permit
Can
use
for
commercial
purposes
5
Issues
of
Sand Storing
Land
Most people have
Land Development (LDO)
Permit
for
sand
storing
land
This
is
•
Violating
prescribed conditions of
Land
Permit
1.
Land
Can
not
be used for
commercial
purposes
(11
th
condition of the
permit issued
under
section
19 (2) of the
Land Development
Act
No
27 of
1981)
2.
Land
can
not
be sold or
lease to
a
third
party
(section
46 of the
Land development
ordinance
No
27 of
1981)
•
Illegal activity –
Owner should transfer the LDO
permit to an
Annual
permit,
If
the land using for
commercial
purposes
(Section
2 (5)
Regulation
215 (6) of the
Crown Land
Ordinance
No
8 of
1947)
•
Decreasing
inland
revenue
If
someone
use
state
land for
commercial
purpose,
he needs
to
pay annual
tax to
the government
(Regulation
215 (4) of the
Crown Land
Ordinance
No
8
of
1947)
Related Previous Studies in Sri
Lanka
Focused
and Unfocused
Issues
(
Sri
Lanka
)
•
Focused
Issues
Environmental
Issues
Change the
river
shape,
water
pollution,
river
bank
erosion, river siltation, salt
water
intrusion,
reduce
ground
water
table, reduce ecosystem equilibrium, distrupt sediment
deposition
Economic
Issues
reduce domestic
water
supply,
damages to infrastructures (roads, bridges, electricity
transmission towers), great
impacts
to
small
scale agriculture
activity
Social
Issuees
lower
income
people
fall easily to illicit
mining
groups,
uncovered pits cause health
issues
Mining Policy
Amendments
Restriction
of
mining
at vulnerable sites, community based management
of
mining
industry,
promoting
alternatives
for
river
sand, heavy
penalty
on
illegal
miners,
rehabilitation
programmes,
monitoring
system and composition
of
legal regulatory framework, networking and empowering community based
organizations
Unfocused
Issues
State
Land
Management
Issues
State
Land Policy
Amendments
7
8
My
Study
Objectives
•
To
determine
the
Interprovincial
state
land
management issues
of
sand mining
industry in
Mahaweli river
bank,
Mahiyangana
•
Make
necessary
suggestions
to
the sand mining
permit issuance
process,
Annual land permit
issuance
process,
and
existing
land permit
transferring
process
Study
Area
•
Mahiyangana
&
Minipe Divisional
Secretariat
•
18
Grama
Niladari
divisions
•
Length of
Mahaweli
river in study
area
– 15
km
•
Lands Governed by Deputy Land Commissioner
office
9
Existing
legal
frame
work
10
•
Mines and Mineral
act
No
33 of
1992
•
Land Development
Act
No
27 of
1981
•
Crown Land Ordinance No 8
of
1947
State
Land
Management
Provincial
Lands
(
Under
schedule
11 of
the
13
th
amendment
to
the
constitution
1987
)
Inter Provincial
Lands
(Land belongs
to mega irrigation
projects)
(
Under schedule
11 of
the
13
th
amendment
to
the
constitution
1987
)
Land Commissioner
General
Department
(Land Development Act
No
27
of
1981)
Land Commissioner
General
Department
(Land Development Act
No
27
of
1981)
Provincial
Land Commissioner
Offices
(Under schedule
11 of
the
13
th
amendment
to
the
constitution
1987)
Deputy Land
Commissioner
Offices
(Under schedule
11 of
the
13
th
amendment
to
the
constitution
1987)
Divisional
Secretariat
Offices
(Land Development Act
No
27 of 1981,
Transfer
of
Power act No
58 0f
1992)
Current
Sand Mining
Permit
Issuance
Process
11
Geological Survey
and Mines Bureau
(GSMB)
(section 2
of
the
Mines
and
Mineral act No
33 of
1992)
Divisional Secretariat
(Transfer
of
Power act
No
58 of
1992)
Central
Environmental
Authority
(National
Environment Act
No
47 of
1980)
Geological Survey
and
Mines
Bureau
(Mines
and
Mineral act No
33 of
1992)
Land
Owner/Lesee
Calling
recommendation
Issuing
Mining
Permit
(section
35 of
the
Mines
and
Mineral
act)
Giving
recommendation
Deputy
Land
Commissioner
Office
GSMB
do not
getting recommendation
from Deputy
Land
Commissioner
Office
for
issuing Mining
permit
(Schedule 11
of
the
13
th
amendment to the constitution
1987)
Current
Annual
Land
Permit
Issuance
Process
12
Annual
Permit
requester
Annual Permit
Holder
Request letter
(Crown Land Ordinance
No
8
of
1947
Regulation
215
(6))
Preliminary approval and
calling prescribed
documents
Land
Commissioner General
Department
(Section 2
(5)
Regulation
215
Crown and
Ordinance)
Forward with
Recommendation
Land
Commissioner General Department
(Section
2
(5)
Regulation
215
Crown Land
Ordinance)
Issuing Annual
permit
Charging
relevant tax and
issuing
permit
(Crown Land
ordinance No 8
of
1947,
Regulation
215 (4)
format LC
78)
3
Contradictions
Between
Sand Mining
Permit &
Land
Permit
•
Sand
Mining
Permit
If the sand storage land
is
owned by the government,
permit
holder should pay the
charges to
the relevant
institution.
(
4
th
condition of
Mining
Permit,
Mines & Minerals
Act
No 8
of
1992
)
If the
Permit
holder
is
not
the land
owner,
he cannot proceed
mining
and storage
without the land owners
permission.
(
8
th
condition of
Mining
Permit,
Mines & Minerals
Act No
8
of 1992
)
•
Land
Permit
The
permit
holder should
not
use this land for
commercial
purposes other
than
residential
or
agricultural
needs.
(
11
th
condition of
Land
permit,
section
19(2) of
Land
Development Ordinance No
27 of 1981
)
The
permit
holder should
not
dispose the land
to
any other third party .
(
13
th
condition
of
Land
permit,
section
19(2) of
Land Development Ordinance No
27 of
1981
)
1
14
Methodology
•
Combination
of
Qualitative
&
Quantitative
approach
•
Qualitative
data
–
interviews
with
targeted
groups,
questionnaire.
•
Quantitative
data
-
official
records
of
related
government
institutions.
15
Quantitative
Data
Target
Government
Institutions
1.
Divisional
Secretariats
of Minipe & Mahiyangana
(DS)
2.
Geological Survey &
Mines
Bureau of Kandy & Badulla
(GSMB)
3.
Deputy Land
Commissioner
Office
of Mahiyangana
(DLC)
•
Number
of sand
mining permits recommended/approved
? (2008-2017)
(GSMB,
DS)
•
Number
of
complaints/petitions received
against sand
mining?
(2008-2017)
(GSMB,
DS)
•
Number
of LDO
permits
issued near
Mahaweli
river bank? (2008-2017)
(DLC)
•
Number
of land disputes recorded? (2008-2017)
(DLC)
16
Qualitative
Data
•
Target
Groups,
Sample
size
&
Questions
1.
Sand mining permit
holders (54)
–
18
Grama Niladari divisions
(3 persons from
each
division)
(No of
mining
Sand cubes, Monthly
income
& expenses,
Paid loyalty
tax,
Awareness
of
permit
conditions &
suggestions)
2.
Sand
storing land
owners/ Land permit owners
(54)
–
18
Grama Niladari divisions
(3 persons from
each
division)
(Land
extent,
Ownership of land,
Mining permit
owner or
leaser,
Awareness
of sand
&
land
permit
conditions,
suggestions)
3.
Colonization
Officers
of relevant divisions (8)
–
(Number
of LDO
permit
holders and
number
of land
lessee in
your division?,
Importance
your
recommendation
for sand
permit
issuance?, Reported
disputes
related to
sand
mining?)
17
Data
Analysis
•
Quantitative
data
Basic Analytical
Methods –
mean, median,
graphs,
charts
(to
show the land
crisis)
Mathematical calculations
–
to
show
how
government revenue
can
be
increased
•
Qualitative
Data
Sand
miners
and Land
permit
holders –
to
get general
feedback
Colonization
Officers
–
to
get suggestions for final results and
conclusions
18
Future
work
•
Further
literature
survey
and
gather
more
knowledge
•
Data
collection, analysis and
Interpretation
19
References
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Arwa G.A.
(2013),
Sustainable Governance
for Artisanal Sand Mining - Case of Kangonde Location,
Masinga District.
Research Project presented to the
Department
of
Geography
and
Environmental
studies, University of Nairobi, in partial
fulfillment
of the
requirements
for the
Award
of the
Degree
of
Masters of Arts in
Environmental
Planning and
Management.
http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/60467/Arwa_Sustainable%20Governance%20For%20Artisanal%20Sand%20Mining%20%20Case
%20Of%20Kangonde%20Location%2C%20Masinga%20District.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
Bogdanov
V.
L., Ryabov Yu.
V.,
Burlakova
M. K. (2017), Land
Use
Policy and Land
Management
in Estonia
.
Baltic
Region; 9(1):91-104
DOI 10.5922/2079-8555-2017-1-8,
https://journals.kantiana.ru/eng/baltic_region/
Farahani
H, Bayazidi S.
(2018), Modeling the
assessment
of
socio-economical
and
environmental
impacts of sand mining on local
communities:
A case
study of Villages Tatao
River
Bank in
North-western
part of
Iran.
Resources Policy, Volume 55,
Pages 87-95,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.11.001
Gavriletea, Dan
M. (2017),
Environmental Impacts
of Sand Exploitation.
Analysis
of Sand Market.
Sustainability;
Basel: DOI:10.3390/su9071118
Gunaratne
L.H.P.
(2010) Policy Options for Sustainable
River
sand mining in
Sri Lanka,
Chapter from book
Cost-Benefit Studies of Natural Resource
Management
in Southeast Asia(pp.201-223),
DOI:
10.1007/978-981-287-393-4_10
Hussain V,
Hamid G,
Bilal M, Yassen
R,
Anjum
S.,
(2017),
Environmeental Impact
of Sand Mining in Malir
River
Bed
Karachi,
Pakistan.
Int.
J.
Econ.
Environ.
Geol. Vol. 8 (1) p.
41-45
KHAN
S ,
SUGIE
A ., (2015), Sand Mining and
Its
Social
Impacts
on Local Society in Rural Bangladesh: A Case Study of a Village in Tangail
District.
Journal
of
Urban
and
Regional
Studies
on
Contemporary
India,
巻
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号
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Lei
Shen,
Tao
Dai,
Aaron
J.
Gunson
(2009),
Small
Scale
Mining
in
China
–
Assessing
Recent
Advances
in
the
Policy
&
Regulatory
Framework.
Resource Policy 34, p.
150-157.
Pereira, K., &
Ratnayake, R.
(2013). Water
Integrity
in Action: Curbing
Illegal
Sand Mining in
Sri Lanka,
Berlin,
Germany:
Water
Integrity Network.
Piyadasa
R.U.K.,
Navarathna
C.M., (2011),
River
Sand Mining in Southern
Sri Lanka
and its Effect on
Environment.
International
Association
of
Hydrological
Sciences,
IAHS-AISH
publication, p.
148-153.
Senarathna
A.
(2017) Evolution of Land Policy in
Sri Lanka,
http://www.ips.lk/images/News/2017/31_03_2017_Land/Athula_LandPolicy_IPS.pdf
Syah
P.R.I.,
Hartuti,
Purnaweni,
(2018),
Land
Use
and
River
Degradation
Impact
of
Sand
and
Gravel
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Les
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EDP
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DOI:10.1051/e3sconf/20183109034
Zaharah Y.,
Mariani
A,
Sabrina
A.
(2018),
Legislative Analysis
on Quarry
Rehabilitation
in Selangor, Malaysia. Resources Policy, Volume 55,
Pages 1-5.
Crown
Land Ordinance
No
8 of 1947 in
Sri Lanka,
http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/srl14839.pdf
Land
Development
Ordinance
No
27 of 1981 in
Sri Lanka,
http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/srl13623.pdf
Mines and Mineral
Act No
8 of 1992 in
Sri Lanka,
http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/srl91267.pdf
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Namibia,
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The study delves into the impacts of sand mining industry on land management in Mahaweli Riverbank, Mahiyangana, Sri Lanka. It explores the methods of sand mining, uses of sand in various industries, the relationship between sand mining and land management, issues surrounding sand storing land, and the associated legal and economic implications. The research highlights the challenges and consequences of sand mining activities on the environment, economy, and society.
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Presentation Transcript
Impacts of Sand Mining Industry on Interprovincial State Land Management in Mahaweli Riverbank, Mahiyangana, Sri Lanka Hemakumara R.M.N.C. Supervised by Professor MakiTsujimura JDS International Seminar2019.01.21 1
Introduction Sand is, Available as terrestrial and marinedeposits Natural aggregates formed by rockerosion Represents highest volume of raw material used on earth after water Terrestrial deposits - residual soil deposit, river channel deposit andflood Marine deposits - shore deposit and off-shoredeposit plain alluvial deposit (Gavriletea et al2017) Methods of Sand Mining River bed and flood plain mining common method in SriLanka Placer mining use of water to separate heavy/lightminerals Coastal mining Open pit mining Surface mining (Piyadasa et al 2012) Uses of Sand Constructionindustry Cement industry Tile & ceramic industry Bricks & motar industry Glass & adhesiveindustry (Gunaratne et al 2010) 2
Relationship Between Sand Mining and Land Management Sand Sand Storing Sand Mining Causes Transportation Environmental and Social Issues Economic Issues LandManagement Issues Effects Land is the basicrequirement for getting a Miningpermit 3
Sand Storing Land and Land Permit Sand Storing Land Need to have a owner Owner need a relevantPermit Owner need to pay tax forLand Land Permit (Two types of permit) Land Development Ordinance (LDO) Permit Can use only for residential and agriculturalpurpose Annual Land permit Can use for commercial purposes 4
Issues of Sand Storing Land Most people have Land Development (LDO) Permit for sand storing land This is Violating prescribed conditions of LandPermit 1. Land Can not be used for commercial purposes (11th condition of the permit issuedunder section 19 (2) of the Land Development Act No 27 of 1981) 2. Land can not be sold or lease to a third party (section 46 of the Land developmentordinance No 27 of1981) Illegal activity Owner should transfer the LDO permit to an Annualpermit, If the land using for commercial purposes (Section 2 (5) Regulation 215 (6) of the Crown Land Ordinance No 8 of 1947) Decreasing inland revenue If someone use state land for commercial purpose, he needs to pay annual tax to the government (Regulation 215 (4) of the Crown Land Ordinance No 8of 1947) 5
Related Previous Studies in Sri Lanka StudyArea (River) Author Topic Focused Issues/Findings Dissanayaka C.B., Rupasingha M.S.(1996) Environmental impact of mining and sedimentation inSri Lanka Research on Gemand Sand mining (Kelani, Kalu & Nilwala rivers) Environmental impacts Soil erosion River siltation Collapse of Banks and structures Influx of saltwater RathnayakeR. (2008) A Synopsis of a series of National, provincial and local level dialogues on unregulated/ illicit river sandmining General report onall river basins Social & Economical impacts Social implication and livelihoodchange Damages to infrastructure, domesticwater supply and agriculture Piyadasa R.U.K. (2009) River sand mining and associatedenvironmental problems in Sri Lanka Nilwala river Environmental impacts Intrusion of sea water intoriver Collapse of riverbank Ground water qualitychange Gunarathna L.H.P. (2010) Policy Options for Sustainable river Sand mining in SriLanka Ma Oya, Deduru Oya & Mahaweli river Comparison of annual cost and benefit(private cost < social cost) Analysis of miners view and preferences Evaluation of expertopinion Alternatives for riversand Rathnayake R., PereiraK. (2013) Curbing Illigal Sand Miningin Sri Lanka Ma Oya, Deduru Oya Environmental, Social & Economicalimpacts Coastal and riverbankerosion Ecosystem in balancing Salt water intrusion Distrup sediment deposition Damage to infrastructure Increase health issue 6
Focused and Unfocused Issues (SriLanka) Focused Issues Environmental Issues Change the river shape, water pollution, river bank erosion, river siltation, salt water intrusion, reduce ground water table, reduce ecosystem equilibrium, distrupt sediment deposition Economic Issues reduce domestic water supply, damages to infrastructures (roads, bridges, electricity transmission towers), great impacts to small scale agriculture activity Social Issuees lower income people fall easily to illicit mining groups, uncovered pits cause health issues Mining PolicyAmendments Restriction of mining at vulnerable sites, community based management of mining industry, promoting alternatives for river sand, heavy penalty on illegal miners, rehabilitation programmes, monitoring system and composition of legal regulatory framework, networking and empowering community based organizations Unfocused Issues State Land Management Issues State Land PolicyAmendments 7
My Study Objectives To determine the Interprovincial state land management issues of sand mining industry in Mahaweli river bank, Mahiyangana Make necessary suggestions to the sand mining permit issuance process, Annual land permit issuance process, and existing land permit transferring process 8
StudyArea Mahiyangana & Minipe Divisional Secretariat 18 Grama Niladari divisions Length of Mahaweli river in study area 15 km Lands Governed by Deputy Land Commissioner office 9
Existing legal frame work Mines and Mineral act No 33 of 1992 Land Development Act No 27 of1981 Crown Land Ordinance No 8 of 1947 State Land Management Provincial Lands (Under schedule 11 of the 13th amendment to the constitution 1987) Inter Provincial Lands (Land belongs to mega irrigation projects) (Under schedule 11 of the 13th amendment to the constitution1987) Land Commissioner General Department (Land Development Act No 27 of1981) Land Commissioner General Department (Land Development Act No 27 of1981) Deputy Land Commissioner Offices (Under schedule 11 of the 13th amendment to the constitution 1987) Provincial Land Commissioner Offices (Under schedule 11 of the 13th amendment to the constitution 1987) Divisional Secretariat Offices (Land Development Act No 27 of 1981, Transfer of Power act No 58 0f 1992) 10
Current Sand Mining Permit IssuanceProcess Landowner or lessee Request letter(section 34 of the Mines and Mineral act) Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) (section 2 of the Mines and Mineral act No 33 of 1992) Calling recommendation Deputy Land Commissioner Office Divisional Secretariat (Transfer of Power act No 58 of 1992) Central Environmental Authority (National Environment Act No 47 of 1980) Giving recommendation Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (Mines and Mineral act No 33 of 1992) GSMB do not getting recommendation from Deputy Land Commissioner Office for issuing Mining permit (Schedule 11 of the 13th amendment to the constitution1987) Issuing Mining Permit (section 35 of the Mines and Mineral act) Land Owner/Lesee 11
Current AnnualLand Permit IssuanceProcess Annual Permit requester Request letter (Crown Land Ordinance No 8 of 1947 Regulation 215 (6)) Deputy Land Commissioner Office (Section 2 (5)Regu Or dinance) lation 215 of Crown Land Forward with Recommendation Land Commissioner General Department (Section 2 (5) Regulation 215 Crown and Ordinance) Preliminary approval and calling prescribed documents Deputy Land Commissioner Office (Section 2 (5) Regulation 215 of Crown Land Ordinance) Forward fully completed documents Land Commissioner General Department (Section 2 (5) Regulation 215 Crown Land Ordinance) Issuing Annualpermit Deputy Land Commissioner Office (Section 2 (5) Regulation 215 of Crown Land Ordinance ) Charging relevant tax and issuing permit (Crown Land ordinance No 8 of 1947, Regulation 215 (4) format LC 78) Annual Permit Holder 12
Contradictions Between Sand Mining Permit & Land Permit Sand Mining Permit If the sand storage land is owned by the government, permit holder should pay the charges to the relevant institution. (4th condition of Mining Permit, Mines & Minerals Act No 8 of 1992) If the Permit holder is not the land owner, he cannot proceed mining and storage without the land owners permission. (8th condition of Mining Permit, Mines & Minerals Act No 8 of 1992) Land Permit The permit holder should not use this land for commercial purposes otherthan residential or agricultural needs. (11th condition of Land permit, section 19(2) of Land Development Ordinance No 27 of 1981 ) The permit holder should not dispose the land to any other third party .(13th condition of Land permit, section 19(2) of Land Development Ordinance No 27 of 1981) Sand Mining permit Land Permit Land usage ability for commercial purpose O Land disposition ability for a third party O 3 1
Methodology Combination of Qualitative & Quantitative approach Qualitative data interviews with targeted groups, questionnaire. Quantitative data - official records of related government institutions. 14
Quantitative Data Target Government Institutions 1. Divisional Secretariats of Minipe & Mahiyangana(DS) 2. Geological Survey & Mines Bureau of Kandy & Badulla(GSMB) 3. Deputy Land Commissioner Office of Mahiyangana(DLC) Number of sand mining permits recommended/approved ? (2008-2017) (GSMB, DS) Number of complaints/petitions received against sand mining? (2008-2017) (GSMB, DS) Number of LDO permits issued near Mahaweli river bank? (2008-2017)(DLC) Number of land disputes recorded? (2008-2017)(DLC) 15
Qualitative Data Target Groups, Sample size & Questions 1. Sand mining permit holders (54) 18 Grama Niladari divisions (3 persons from eachdivision) (No of mining Sand cubes, Monthly income & expenses, Paid loyaltytax, Awareness of permit conditions &suggestions) 2. Sand storing land owners/ Land permit owners (54) 18 Grama Niladari divisions (3 persons from eachdivision) (Land extent, Ownership of land, Mining permit owner or leaser, Awareness of sand& land permit conditions,suggestions) 3. Colonization Officers of relevant divisions (8) (Number of LDO permit holders and number of land lessee in your division?, Importance your recommendation for sand permit issuance?, Reporteddisputes related to sand mining?) 16
DataAnalysis Quantitative data Basic Analytical Methods mean, median, graphs,charts (to show the land crisis) Mathematical calculations to show how government revenue canbe increased Qualitative Data Sand miners and Land permit holders to get generalfeedback Colonization Officers to get suggestions for final results andconclusions 17
Future work Further literature survey and gather more knowledge Data collection, analysis and Interpretation 18
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