History of Ireland and Queen Elizabeth I
Elizabeth and Ireland
Brief History of Ireland
•
Mesolithic hunter-gatherers migrate to Ireland in
prehistoric times and begin farming and keeping
livestock
•
Celtic influence was present during the Iron Age
•
Written reference to Dublin area settlement in 140
•
Viking raids in 795
•
Henry II lands and declares himself Lord Of Ireland
1171
Brief History of Ireland (cont)
•
1175
Treaty of Windsor
Henry II left Rory to rule
most of Ireland
Henry II
Background
Background (cont)
•
1216
Great Charter of Ireland
by Henry III
Secured rights for Anglo-Normans of Ireland
•
1297
First Irish Parliament
•
1366
Statutes of Kilkenny
to curb the decline
of Hiberno-Norman Lordship of Ireland
•
1579 Second Desmond Rebellion
•
1594 Nine Years War Hugh O’Neill
•
1609 Plantation of Ulster
Predecessors to Elizabeth
•
Papal Bull for Henry II to Conquer Ireland 1155
•
Henry VIII
Predecessors to Elizabeth (cont)
•
1494 Poyning’s Law – no law without consent of English
Parliament
•
1534 Thomas Fitzgerald renounced allegiance to Henry VIII –
drawn and quartered
•
1542 Crown of Ireland act
– Irish Parliament to be ruled by
Henry VIII
•
Mary I followed Mary was
Catholic. “Bloody Mary???”
Henry VIII
Queen Mary I
Elizabeth I
•
Elizabeth basic information
;
Link to Royal
Government biography
•
Skilled politically. Was able to survive Mary’s
reign. Was brought to Treason Gate but refused
to enter tower – Said she was an innocent subject
of the Queen but eventually entered. She was
released when Mary became pregnant.
•
Protestant taking over from Catholic Mary
•
Returned England to Protestant Religion
Elizabeth I (cont)
•
Parliamentary Acts
•
1559
Act of Supremacy
Supreme Governor of
the Church of England, and instituted an Oath
of Supremacy, requiring anyone taking public
or church office to swear allegiance to the
monarch as head of the Church and state.
Anyone refusing to take the Oath could be
charged with treason.
Elizabeth I (cont)
•
Act of Uniformity 1559
Set order
of Prayer – Everyone had to go
to Church Once a Week or
Pay a fine.
•
1570 Pope Pius issued
Renans in Excelsis
declaring
Elizabeth a heretic and releasing
her subjects from allegiance.
•
Penal Laws
Set punishments for
Catholics during Protestant time
Queen Elizabeth I
Ireland at the time and changes
•
“Ireland in 1558 was divided politically and culturally
into English and Gaelic parts. The predominantly Gaelic
west and north had a scanty, shifting population, with
scattered, largely impermanent settlements, and a
predominantly pastoral economy.”
•
“The smaller, more 'civil', 'Englishry' (the English Pale
around Dublin and the south) contained numerous
English-style towns and villages and prided itself on its
Englishness and loyalty. Yet Gaelic practices and speech
were spreading among those of English descent (the
future Old English) and the costs of defending the
queen's subjects there had lately escalated alarmingly.”
Ireland at the time and changes
(cont)
•
“English landowners still lived in defended
towerhouses (outside the towns and the inner Pale),
their tenants (and many Gaelic clansmen) in wattle and
daub cabins.”
•
“Elizabeth personally expressed a desire to learn
Gaelic, and demanded a Gaelic translation of the New
Testament from her bishops - in line with the
Protestant insistence on the use of the vernacular in
church services - but others feared that Gaelic services
would undermine the government's programme to
make Ireland English.”
Policy and Reaction
•
“Elizabethan policy towards Ireland was predominantly
reactive, but there were also some new initiatives to
extend English rule. Perhaps the most successful was
the establishment in Connaught and Munster in 1569-
70 of regional councils (or presidencies), along the lines
of those in Wales and the English north. Initially, their
intrusion antagonised local magnates, particularly in
Munster where the earl of Desmond's cousin, James
Fitzmaurice, tried to whip up Catholic opposition and
appealed unsuccessfully for Spanish support. Later,
however, the councils became self-financing through
the device of composition.”
Policy and Reaction (cont)
•
“Its English equivalent, purveyance for the
army and governor's household, was also
commuted, so reducing the queen's overall
charges but generating fierce resentment in
the Pale where it was seen as a new,
unconstitutional, system of military taxation,
levied without the subject's consent.”
Sommerville Paper on Elizabeth
and Ireland
•
“
Mary I sent Thomas Radcliffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex as
her Lord Lieutenant.
•
Radcliffe soon came into conflict
with the MacDonnells (O'Donnells)
clan - settlers of Scottish descent in
Ulster.
Thomas Radcliffe,
3rd Earl of Sussex
(1526? - 1583)
Sommerville Paper on Elizabeth
and Ireland
(cont)
•
Radcliffe during 1557 defeated rebels in Leix and
Offaly. Territory there and other land west of the
Pale was confiscated and given to English settlers.
•
Radcliffe also fought a number of unsuccessful
engagements against the Ulster chieftain, Shane
O'Neill. Radcliffe's uncompromising approach to the
locals created resentment in the Pale, and he was
removed in 1564.”
TBD
16
th
century
Ireland
Elizabeth and Ireland
•
“In 1565 Elizabeth I replaced Radcliffe as Lord
Deputy with Sir Henry Sidney (1529-86).
Sidney's policies were still more assertive of
English authority: he aimed to destroy Gaelic
power in Leinster and Scottish power in
Ulster.”
Sir Henry Sidney’s Memoirs
Elizabeth and Ireland (cont)
•
Sidney’s policies had some
success colonizing Munster but
eventually led to a major
rebellion led by the Earl of
Desmond (Fitzgerald). Several
years of fighting ensued along
with an invasion by a small force
of Italian and Spanish troops.
Arthur Lord Grey eventually
suppressed the revolts in
Munster and the Pale.
Sir Henry Sidney
Elizabeth and Ireland
•
A Second Rebellion – the Nine Years War (1594 – 1603) /
Tyronne Rebellion with the native Catholics vs. Protestant
English. The rebels had victories at Yellow Ford and Clontibert.
They were eventually defeated by Mountjoy at the siege of
Kinsale.
•
“Elizabeth's victory over the Irish cost a great deal of money. It
cost about £2 million to suppress the revolt; £1.25 million of it
over the period 1599-1603.
•
The military victory did nothing to reconcile the Irish to English
rule, and the success of Catholic missionary priests reinforced
the religious dimension of the struggle.
•
The English succeeded in denying her Catholic enemies a
strongpoint off her Western Coast, but only military force would
maintain Ireland's subjection for many centuries to come.”
Prologue
•
Rebellions occurred. The most significant of the
Middle Ages led to Irish and Jacobite defeat at
the
Battle of the Boyne
by William of Orange’s
army .
•
Irish Free State Declared December 6, 1921
•
Northern Ireland (Ulster) remains part of the
United Kingdom to the present day.
•
Irish Martyrs 1
•
Irish Martyrs 2
•
Irish Martyrs 3 EWTN
Prologue (cont)
Mesolithic hunter-gatherers migrated to Ireland in prehistoric times, followed by Celtic influence during the Iron Age. The history includes Viking raids, Henry II's arrival in Ireland, the Treaty of Windsor, the Great Charter of Ireland, the establishment of the First Irish Parliament, and events leading up to the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, who played a significant role in transitioning England to Protestantism.
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Presentation Transcript
Brief History of Ireland Mesolithic hunter-gatherers migrate to Ireland in prehistoric times and begin farming and keeping livestock Celtic influence was present during the Iron Age Written reference to Dublin area settlement in 140 Palladius is sent as the first Bishop by Pope Celestine 429 St. Patrick returns in 432 Annals of Ulster Viking raids in 795 Henry II lands and declares himself Lord Of Ireland 1171
Brief History of Ireland (cont) 1175 Treaty of Windsor Henry II left Rory to rule most of Ireland Henry II
Background (cont) 1216 Great Charter of Ireland by Henry III Secured rights for Anglo-Normans of Ireland 1297 First Irish Parliament 1366 Statutes of Kilkenny to curb the decline of Hiberno-Norman Lordship of Ireland 1579 Second Desmond Rebellion 1594 Nine Years War Hugh O Neill 1609 Plantation of Ulster
Predecessors to Elizabeth Papal Bull for Henry II to Conquer Ireland 1155 Henry VIII
Predecessors to Elizabeth (cont) 1494 Poyning s Law no law without consent of English Parliament 1534 Thomas Fitzgerald renounced allegiance to Henry VIII drawn and quartered 1542 Crown of Ireland act Irish Parliament to be ruled by Henry VIII Mary I followed Mary was Catholic. Bloody Mary??? Henry VIII Queen Mary I
Elizabeth I Elizabeth basic information; Link to Royal Government biography Skilled politically. Was able to survive Mary s reign. Was brought to Treason Gate but refused to enter tower Said she was an innocent subject of the Queen but eventually entered. She was released when Mary became pregnant. Protestant taking over from Catholic Mary Returned England to Protestant Religion
Elizabeth I (cont) Parliamentary Acts 1559 Act of Supremacy Supreme Governor of the Church of England, and instituted an Oath of Supremacy, requiring anyone taking public or church office to swear allegiance to the monarch as head of the Church and state. Anyone refusing to take the Oath could be charged with treason.
Elizabeth I (cont) Act of Uniformity 1559 Set order of Prayer Everyone had to go to Church Once a Week or Pay a fine. 1570 Pope Pius issued Renans in Excelsis declaring Elizabeth a heretic and releasing her subjects from allegiance. Penal Laws Set punishments for Catholics during Protestant time Queen Elizabeth I
Ireland at the time and changes Ireland in 1558 was divided politically and culturally into English and Gaelic parts. The predominantly Gaelic west and north had a scanty, shifting population, with scattered, largely impermanent settlements, and a predominantly pastoral economy. The smaller, more 'civil', 'Englishry' (the English Pale around Dublin and the south) contained numerous English-style towns and villages and prided itself on its Englishness and loyalty. Yet Gaelic practices and speech were spreading among those of English descent (the future Old English) and the costs of defending the queen's subjects there had lately escalated alarmingly.
Ireland at the time and changes (cont) English landowners still lived in defended towerhouses (outside the towns and the inner Pale), their tenants (and many Gaelic clansmen) in wattle and daub cabins. Elizabeth personally expressed a desire to learn Gaelic, and demanded a Gaelic translation of the New Testament from her bishops - in line with the Protestant insistence on the use of the vernacular in church services - but others feared that Gaelic services would undermine the government's programme to make Ireland English.
Policy and Reaction Elizabethan policy towards Ireland was predominantly reactive, but there were also some new initiatives to extend English rule. Perhaps the most successful was the establishment in Connaught and Munster in 1569- 70 of regional councils (or presidencies), along the lines of those in Wales and the English north. Initially, their intrusion antagonised local magnates, particularly in Munster where the earl of Desmond's cousin, James Fitzmaurice, tried to whip up Catholic opposition and appealed unsuccessfully for Spanish support. Later, however, the councils became self-financing through the device of composition.
Policy and Reaction (cont) Its English equivalent, purveyance for the army and governor's household, was also commuted, so reducing the queen's overall charges but generating fierce resentment in the Pale where it was seen as a new, unconstitutional, system of military taxation, levied without the subject's consent.
Sommerville Paper on Elizabeth and Ireland Mary I sent Thomas Radcliffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex as her Lord Lieutenant. Radcliffe soon came into conflict with the MacDonnells (O'Donnells) clan - settlers of Scottish descent in Ulster. Thomas Radcliffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex (1526? - 1583)
Sommerville Paper on Elizabeth and Ireland (cont) Radcliffe during 1557 defeated rebels in Leix and Offaly. Territory there and other land west of the Pale was confiscated and given to English settlers. Radcliffe also fought a number of unsuccessful engagements against the Ulster chieftain, Shane O'Neill. Radcliffe's uncompromising approach to the locals created resentment in the Pale, and he was removed in 1564.
TBD 16th century Ireland
Elizabeth and Ireland In 1565 Elizabeth I replaced Radcliffe as Lord Deputy with Sir Henry Sidney (1529-86). Sidney's policies were still more assertive of English authority: he aimed to destroy Gaelic power in Leinster and Scottish power in Ulster. Sir Henry Sidney s Memoirs
Elizabeth and Ireland (cont) Sidney s policies had some success colonizing Munster but eventually led to a major rebellion led by the Earl of Desmond (Fitzgerald). Several years of fighting ensued along with an invasion by a small force of Italian and Spanish troops. Arthur Lord Grey eventually suppressed the revolts in Munster and the Pale. Sir Henry Sidney
Elizabeth and Ireland A Second Rebellion the Nine Years War (1594 1603) / Tyronne Rebellion with the native Catholics vs. Protestant English. The rebels had victories at Yellow Ford and Clontibert. They were eventually defeated by Mountjoy at the siege of Kinsale. Elizabeth's victory over the Irish cost a great deal of money. It cost about 2 million to suppress the revolt; 1.25 million of it over the period 1599-1603. The military victory did nothing to reconcile the Irish to English rule, and the success of Catholic missionary priests reinforced the religious dimension of the struggle. The English succeeded in denying her Catholic enemies a strongpoint off her Western Coast, but only military force would maintain Ireland's subjection for many centuries to come.
Prologue Rebellions occurred. The most significant of the Middle Ages led to Irish and Jacobite defeat at the Battle of the Boyne by William of Orange s army . Irish Free State Declared December 6, 1921 Northern Ireland (Ulster) remains part of the United Kingdom to the present day. Irish Martyrs 1 Irish Martyrs 2 Irish Martyrs 3 EWTN
