Guava Breeding: Strategies and Objectives for Improved Cultivation
BREEDIN
G
O
F
G
U
A
V
A
Lec
tu
r
e
#7
GUAVA
B.N.:
Psidium guajava
L.
Family:
Myrtaceae
Chromosome
number
2n-2x-2
Origin:
Tropical
America
•
Important
guava
growing
states
in
the
c
ou
n
t
r
y
a
r
e
U
tt
a
r
P
r
adesh,
B
i
h
a
r
,
Ma
d
h
y
a
Pradesh
and
Maharashtra.
•
Allahabad
district
of
Uttar
Pradesh
has
the
reputation
of
growing
the
best
quality
of
guava
fruits
in
the
world.
•
The
importance
of
guava
is
due
to
the
fact
that
it
is
the
hardy
fruit
which
can
be
grown
in
alkaline
and
poorly
drained
soil.
•
Germplasm
resources:
•
Guava
is
mainly
a
self
pollinated
crop
but
occurrence
of
cross
pollination
results
in
great
variation
in
the
seedling
population.
•
About
103
genotypes
are
available
in
the
Indian
collections
•
Yadav
(1990)
has
listed
153
genotypes
including
Psidium
species,
cultivars
and
hybrids
mainly
at
CISH,
Lucknow,
IIHR,
Ban
g
a
l
o
r
e,
ND
U
A
T
,
F
a
i
z
a
b
a
d
,
and
H
A
U
,
H
i
s
a
r
.
•
Breeding
objectives
•
1.
Development
of
seedless
variety
•
2.
Less pectin
content
for
edible
purpose
•
3.
More
pectin
content
for
processing
•
4.
Uniform
ripening
•
5.
High
keeping
quality
•
6.
Resistance
to
tea
mosquito
bug
and
wilt.
•
Botany
•
Most
of the
Cultivars
of
Indian
guava
belongs
to
the
genus
Psidium
and
species
gujava.
•
Based
on
the
shape
of
common
guava
fruits,
they
are
classified
into
two
groups
i.e.
Psidium
pyriferum
,
Psidium
pomiferum.
•
FLORAL
BIOLOGY
•
Guava
bears
flower
solitary
or in
cyme
of
two
to
three
flowers,
on
the
current
season
growth
in
the
axil
of
the
leaves.
•
About
one
month
is
required
from
flower
bud
differentiation
to
complete
development
upto
calyx
cracking
stage.
•
Peak
time
of
Anthesis
is
between
5.00-6.30
AM
in
most
of the
varieties
of
guava.
The
dehiscence
of
anthers
starts
15-
30
minutes
after
Anthesis
and
continues
for
two
hours.
•
The pollen
fertility
is
high
in
almost
all
the
cultivars.
The
pollen
fertility
is
78%
and
91%
in
Allahabad
Round
and
Lucknow
Safed,
respectively.
•
Inheritance
pattern
•
Bold
seed
is
found
to
be dominant
over
soft
seed
and
governed
monogenically.
•
Red
flesh
color
is
dominant
to
white
pulp
color
and
also
governed
monogenically.
•
Red
fleshed
cultivars
are
supposed
to
be
heterozygous.
•
There
is
linkage
between
red
flesh
color
and
bold
seed
size.
•
Triploidy
and
some other genetic
factors
are
responsible
for
female
sterility.
•
Breeding
methods
and
achievements
•
Clonal
Selection
•
Hybridization
•
Polyploidy
Breeding
•
CLONAL
SELCTION
•
Improvement
work
in
guava
was
started
for
the
first
time
in
the
country
in 1907
at
Ganesh
khand
fruit
Research
Station,
Pune
primarily
with
the
collection
of
seeds
of
varieties,
grown
in
different
places
to
isolate
superior
strains.
•
At
Horticultural
Research
Station,
Saharanpur,
evaluation
of
seedling
types
resulted
in
a
superior
selection,
S-1,
having
good
fruit
shape,
few
seeds,
sweet
taste
and
high
yield.
•
At
IIHR,
Bangalore,
from
200 open
pollinated
seedlings
of
variety
Allahabad
Safeda
collected
from
Uttar
Pradesh,
one
seedling selection,
selection-8,
was
found
to
be
promising.
•
Hybridization
•
At
IIHR,
Bangalore,
as a
result
of
hybridization
among
Allahabad
Safeda,
Red
Flesh
Chittidar,
Apple
c
o
l
o
r
,
L
uc
k
n
o
w
-
4
9
and
B
ana
n
a
s
,
6
0
0
F
1
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
were
raised.
•
One
hybrid
Arka
Amulya
has
been
released
recently.
•
It
is
a
progeny
from
the
cross
Allahabad
Safeda
x
Triploid.
•
Hybrid
16-1
(Apple
color
x
Allahabad
safeda)
has
been
developed.
•
At
Fruit
Research
Station,
Sangareddy
(Telangana),
inter-varietal
hybridization
resulted
in
the
isolation
of
two
superior
hybrids.
•
Safed
Jam
:
This
is
a
hybrid
between
Allahabad
Safeda
and
Kohir
(a
local
collection
from
Hyderabad
–
Karnataka
region).
It
is
similar
to
Allahabad
Safeda
in
g
r
ow
t
h
h
a
b
it
a
n
d
f
r
u
it
qu
ali
t
y
.
T
h
e
f
r
u
its
a
r
e
bigger
in
size
with
good
quality
and
few
soft
seeds.
•
Kohir
Safeda
:
It
is
a
hybrid
between
Kohir
x
Allahabad
Safeda,
Tree
is
vigorous,
fruits
are
larger
with
few
soft
seeds
and
white
flesh.
•
CISH,
Lucknow
isolated
two
hybrids
H-136
for
red
pulp
and
Soft
seeler
with
high
TSS.
•
H
a
r
y
a
n
a
Agric
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
Hisa
r
h
as
r
el
e
a
s
ed
two
hybrid
varieties.
•
Hisar
Safeda
:
It
is
a
cross
between
“Allahabad
Safeda”
x
‘Seedless’,
which
has
upright
growth
with
a
compact
crown.
Its
fruits
are round,
weighing
about 92g
each, pulp
is
creamy
–
white
with less
seeds, which
are
soft,
TSS
is 13.4%
and
ascorbic
acid
185
mg/100g.
•
Hisar Surkha
:
It
is
a
cross
between
‘Apple
Color’
x
‘Banarasi
Surkha’.
Tree
is
medium
in
height
with
broad to
compact
crown,
fruit is
round
weighing
86g
each.
Pulp
is
pink
having
13.6%
TSS.0.48%
acidity
and
169
mg/100g
ascorbic
acid.
Yield
is
94
kg/tree/year
•
Breeding
for
wilt
resistance
•
Work
at
CISH,
Lucknow
has shown
that
Chittidar,
Portugal,
Seedless and Spear
Acid
are
tolerant
to
wilt.
•
Polyploidy
Breeding
•
Producing
triploids
will
be futile since the fruit
shape
in
triploid
is
highly
irregular
and
misshapen
because
of
differential
seed
size.
•
However,
in
order
to
evolve
varieties
with less
see
d
s
a
n
d
i
n
c
r
e
ase
d
p
r
o
duc
t
ivi
t
y
,
c
r
oss
e
s
w
e
r
e
made
at
IARI,
New
Delhi,
between
seedless
triploid
and
seeded
diploid
variety
Allahabad
Safeda.
•
Of the
73
F1
hybrids
raised
26
were
diploids,
9
trisomics
5
double trisomics and
13
tetrasomics.
Distinct
variation
in
tree
growth
habit
and
leaf
and
fruit
characters
was
observed.
•
Three
trisomic plants
had
dwarf growth
habit
and
normal
shape
and
size
of
fruits
with
few
seeds.
The
imbalance in
chromosome
numbers
in
aneuploids
imparted
sterility
resulting
in
seed
reduction
in
fruits.
BREEDINGINBANANA
LECTURE#4
•
B
o
t
a
n
i
c
a
l
n
a
m
e
:
M
u
s
a
s
p
.
•
Family
:Musaceae
•
Chromosomenumber
:n=11
2
n
=
22
,
3
3
o
r
44.
•
O
r
i
g
i
n
:
Sout
h
E
a
s
t
A
s
i
a
•
History
of
banana
breeding:
•
Banana
breeding was
started
in
Trinidad,
West
Indies in
1922
and in
Jamaica
in
1924.
•
The
driving
force for
this
breeding
programme
was
to
develop
improved
Fusarium
wilt (
Fusarium
oxsyorum
F
.s
p
.
C
u
b
e
n
se
)
r
e
s
i
st
a
n
t
banana
f
o
r
e
x
p
or
t t
r
a
d
e
.
•
In
1960,
both
the
programmes
were
combined
under
the
Jamaica
Banana
Board.
•
United
Fruit
Company
also
started
a
small
breeding
programme
in
Panama
in
1920s.
•
In
India
hybridization work
was
started
at
Central
Banana
Research
Station,
Adhuthurai,
Tamil
Nadu in
1949.
•
Important
banana
growing
states
are
Maharashtra,
Karnataka,
Kerala,
Tamil
Nadu,
Andhra
Pradesh,
Or
i
ss
a
,
Biha
r
,
W
e
s
t
B
e
n
g
al
a
n
d
A
s
s
am
.
•
In South India,
other
than its
edible
use,
banana is
extensively
used
in
all
auspicious
occasions
such
as
wedding,
festivals
and
worshipping
God.
•
Banana is a
good
table
fruit,
besides,
the
cultivar
Nendran
is
used
for
cooking.
•
Centre
of
diversity:
•
Edible
banana
is
native
to
old world
especially South
East
Asia
(Simmonds,
1962).
•
Malayan
area
seems
to
be
the
primary
center
of
origin
of
cultivated
banana
•
(
M.acuminata
).
M.acuminata,
was
probably
introduced
into
India and Burma
where
M.balbisiana
is
a
native
species.
•
N
a
tu
r
al
h
y
b
r
i
d
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
th
e
s
e
t
w
o
spe
c
i
e
s
mig
h
t
have
resulted
in
many
hybrid
progenies
(AAB,
ABB
etc
.)
.
•
Genetic
resources
•
Musa
has about
50
species
and
this
genus
is
divided
into
five
sections:
•
a) Eumusa:
Includes about 13-15 species of edible and
wild banana. The
chromosome
number is 2n=22 in wild
species
and
most
of the
cultivated
varieties are having
2n=33 (2n=44
rarely)
e.g.
M.acuminata
,
M.balbisiana
,
M.basjoo
etc.
•
b)
Rhodochlamys:
Mostly
diploid,
spread
from
India
to
Indonesia.
Five
to
seven
species
are
kept
in this
group.
Parthenocarpy
is
absent
in this
group
e.g.
M.ornata
,
M.velutina
.
•
c)
Callimusa:
This
is
of
ornamental
value
and
x=10
and
2n
=20. It
is
found
in
Indo-China,
Malaya
and
Borneo.
Parthenocarpy
is
absent
in this type. It includes about
5-6
species
e.g.
M.coccinea
.
•
d)
Australimusa:
Like
Callimusa
it
has
x = 10
and
2n=20
chromosome.
Species
of
this
group
is
common
in
Queensland
and
Philippines.
Important
species
of
this
group
are
M.
textilis
or
manilahemp,
M.maclavi
etc.
•
e)
Incertae
sedis:
It
includes
M.ingens
(x=7,
2n=14)
of
New
Guinea
which
grows
to
a
height
of
over
10
m.
This
is
the
largest
known
herb.
Another
species
in
this
group
is
M.beccarii
(x=9, 2n=18)
from
North
Borneo.
•
The
most
important
Musa
cultivars
are
almost
sterile
triploids (2n=3x=33) and
also
tetraploid
and
diploid
banana
cultivars
have
also
local
importance
in
Asia.
•
All
banana
and
plantain
land
races are
farmers
selection
from
intra
and
inter
specific
hybridization
of
two
different
species.
•
M.acuminata
Colta,
donor
of
the
A
genome
and
M.balbisiana
Colta,
donor
of
the
B
genome.
•
Simmonds
and
Shepherd
(1955)
reported
scoring
technique
to
indicate
the
relative
contribution
of
the
two
wild
species
for
the
constitution
of
a
given
cultivar.
•
Fifteen
distinguishing
characters
between
Musa
acuminata
and
Musa
balbisiana
were
identified
by
them.
•
At
the
botanical
garden,
Howrah, seeds
of
few
banana
species
were
collected
from
Chittagong
and
Madras.
•
More
number
of genotypes of
banana
was
also
maintained
at
Central
Banana
Research
Station,
Aduthurai.
•
After
that
it
was
shifted
to
Horticulture
college
and
research
Institute,
Tamil
Nadu
Agricultural
University,
Coimbatore.
•
After
the
formation
of National
Research
Centre on
Banana
(NRCB)
in 1995, a
wide
germplasm
collection
including
wild
types
are
being
maintained
at
this
center
and
intensive research
programmes
are
being
taken
up
on
various
problems
related
with
banana.
•
Presently,
TNAU
also
maintaining
186 collections
of
germplasm.
•
T
a
x
ono
m
i
c
cl
as
s
i
f
i
c
at
io
n
of ed
i
ble
b
a
n
a
na
(Simmonds
and
Shepherd, 1955)
•
Objectives
of
breeding
•
To
develop dwarf
statured
banana
suitable
for
high
density planting and
to
prevent
damage
from
high wind
velocity.
•
Production
of
good
quality
fruits.
•
Resistant
to
biotic
and
biotic
stresses
i.e.
nematodes,
panama wilt,
bunchy
top,
sigatoka
leaf spot,
moko
disease
and
pseudo
stem
weevil
etc.
•
T
o
d
e
v
el
o
p
v
a
r
i
e
ties
wi
t
h
wider
ag
r
o
-
e
c
olog
i
c
al
adaptability.
•
Development
of
male
fertile
parthenocarpic
diploids
with
resistance
to
major
diseases
and
pests.
•
Developing
longer
finger
size.
•
Suitability
for
export.
•
Good
keeping
quality.
•
Breeding
methods
and
achievements:
•
Introduction.
•
Hybridization
•
Mutation
breeding
•
Breeding
works
of
different
areas
•
Introduction
•
Introduction
of
some
cultivators
of
banana
was
made with
resistance
to
biotic
stresses
e.g.
Lady
Finger
(EC
160160)
resistant
to
bunchy
top
virus
introduced
from
Australia
and is
being
evaluated
at
IIHR,
Bangalore
and
TNAU,
Coimbatore.
•
Further,
cultivars
Naine
MS
(EC
27237)
from
France
and
Valery
from
West
Indies
were introduced
for
utilization
in
improvement
programme
•
Hybridization
•
In India,
breeding
work
was
started
at
Central
Banana
Research
Station,
Aduthurai
(Tamil
Nadu)
in
1949.
•
Technique
of
hybridization
in
banana
is
different
from
other
crops.
•
Pollination
is
best
carried
out in
the morning. The
bunches
of
female parent
are
bagged
at
shooting
and each
successive
hand
is
pollinated
as it is
exposed.
At
maturity
and
ripening the
bunch
is
cut
and
seeds
are
extracted.
Seeds
are
sown
at
once
in
the
green
house.
•
Evaluation
of
hybrid progenies
from
seedlings
to
harvest
may
not
be the
correct
phase
instead,
evaluation
of
the
same
under
next
vegetative
phase
i.e.,
sucker
to harvest
stage
will
be
ideal as
full
expression
of
yield
potential
could
be
observed
only
in
the
second
crop
of
the
F1
progeny.
•
The
first
crop
(seedling
to
harvest)
takes
more
than
15-19 months,
where
most
of
the
energy
of
the
plants
is
needed
for
corm
formation.
•
H
Y
BR
I
D
I
Z
A
T
IO
N
:
Kallar
Laden(AAB)
x
M
b
a
lbi
s
ia
n
a
c
v
.
Sawai
(
A
B
)
AB
X
Kadali
(AA)
CO-1
(AAB)
•
A
t
K
e
r
al
a
Agric
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
t
w
o
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
viz
.
,
•
BRS-1
(Agniswar
x
Pisang
lilin)
and
•
BRS
-2
(Vannan
x
Pisang
lillin)
have
been
developed.
•
BRS
-1 (AAB) is
100
days
earlier than
Rasthali
with
significant
differences
in
bunch
weight.
It
has been
released
for
homestead
cultivation
in
Kerala,
as
it
is
resistant
to
sigatoka
leaf
spot.
•
BRS-2
(AAB) is a
medium
statured
hybrid,
tolerant
to
leaf
spot and
panama
disease,
rhizome,
weevil
and
nematodes.
The
average
bunch
weight
is
14
kg
with 8
hands
and 118
fruits
crop duration
of
314
days.
•
Breeding
work
in
other
Countries:
•
PITA-9:
A
Black
Sigatoka
Resistant
(BSR)
hybrid
from
the
“False
Horn”
plantain,
a
tetraploid
hybrid
having
black
Sigatoka
resistance
has been
developed
at
International
Institute
of
Tropical
Agriculture
(IITA),
Nigeria.
•
‘
B
I
T
A-3
’
is
a
te
t
r
a
p
l
o
i
d
s
t
a
r
c
h
y
b
a
n
a
n
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
with
low
partial
resistance
to
black
Sigatoka
disease
d
e
v
elop
e
d
a
t
II
T
A
Hig
h
R
ai
n
f
al
l
S
ta
t
i
o
n
in
Onn
e
(Southeastern
Nigeria),
where
both
(Banana
streak
virus)
and
cucumber
mosaic
virus
(CMV)
have
been
observed.
•
‘BITA-3’
is
a
hybrid
from
the
interspecific
cross
‘La
kn
a
u
’
x
‘
T
aj
u
La
g
a
d
a
’
,
‘
L
ak
n
a
u
’
is
a
f
e
m
al
e
–
f
e
r
t
il
e
AAB
starchy
banana
that
closely
resembles
plantains.
•
Mutation
breeding:
•
Bud
mutation
in
Indian banana
is very
common
perhaps
due
to
spontaneous
rearrangement
of
chromosomes
in
somatic
meristem
and
structural
re-assortment.
•
Hig
h
g
a
t
e
(
A
A
A)
is a
se
m
i-
d
w
a
r
f
mu
t
a
n
t
o
f
G
r
o
s
Michel
(AAA),
•
Motta
Poovan
(AAB)
is
a
sport
of
Poovan
(AAB),
•
A
yi
r
a
n
k
a
R
a
s
t
h
a
l
i
a
spor
t
o
f
R
a
s
t
h
a
l
i
(
o
r
S
i
l
k
)
,
•
Barhari
Malbhog
is
a
sport
of
Malbhog,
•
Krishna
Vazhai
is
a
natural
mutant
of
Virupakshi
(or
Pome),
•
Sambrani
Monthan
(ABB),
a
mutant
of
Monthan
(ABB).
Name
of the
clone/cultivars
N
ame
o
f t
h
e
b
i
o
t
i
c
a
n
d
a
b
i
o
t
i
c
s
t
r
ess
M
u
s
a
ba
l
b
i
s
i
a
n
a
Cal
c
u
t
t
a-
4
P
isa
n
g
L
i
l
in
S
H
314
2
(
D
i
p
l
o
i
d
h
y
b
ri
d
)
Musa
acuminata
sp
malaccensis
M
u
s
a
a
c
u
mi
n
a
t
a
s
p
bu
rm
a
n
n
i
c
a
P
isa
n
g
J
ari
B
u
a
y
a
(
P
J
B
)
T
o
n
g
a
t
a
n
d
A
n
ai
k
om
b
an
Drought
Bl
a
ck
s
i
g
a
t
o
k
a
Panama
wilt
(Race1)
Race
1
of
Fusarium
Race
1
and
Race
2
of
Fusarium
Bacterial
wilt
race
2,
Moko
Disease
B
u
r
r
ow
i
n
g
n
e
m
a
t
o
d
e
Nematodes
Guava, a hardy fruit grown in various states in India, has significant breeding objectives such as developing seedless varieties, enhancing pectin content, achieving uniform ripening, and improving resistance to pests. Various genotypes and floral biology aspects play a role in the breeding process.
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BREEDING OFGUAVA Lecture#7
GUAVA B.N.: Psidium guajava L. Family: Myrtaceae Chromosomenumber 2n-2x-2 Origin: TropicalAmerica
Important guava growing states in the country are Uttar Pradesh,Bihar,Madhya Pradeshand Maharashtra. Allahabad district of Uttar Pradeshhas the reputation of growing the best quality of guava fruits in the world. The importance of guava is due tothe fact that it is the hardy fruit which can be grown in alkaline and poorly drained soil.
Germplasmresources: Guava is mainly a self pollinated crop but occurrence of cross pollination results in great variationin the seedling population. About 103 genotypes are available in the Indian collections Yadav(1990) has listed 153 genotypes including Psidium species, cultivars and hybrids mainly at CISH, Lucknow, IIHR, Bangalore,NDUAT ,Faizabad, and HAU, Hisar .
Breedingobjectives 1. Developmentof seedlessvariety 2. Less pectin contentforedible purpose 3. More pectin content for processing 4. Uniform ripening 5. High keeping quality 6. Resistance to tea mosquito bug and wilt.
Botany Most of the Cultivars of Indian guava belongs to the genus Psidium and species gujava. Based on the shape of common guava fruits, they are classified into two groups i.e. Psidium pyriferum,Psidium pomiferum.
FLORALBIOLOGY Guava bears flower solitary or in cyme of two to three flowers,on the current season growth in the axilof the leaves. About one month is required from flower bud differentiation tocomplete development upto calyx cracking stage.
Peak time of Anthesis is between 5.00-6.30 AM in most of the varieties of guava. The dehiscence of anthers starts 15- 30 minutes after Anthesis and continues fortwo hours. The pollen fertility is high in almost all the cultivars. The pollen fertility is 78% and 91% in Allahabad Round and Lucknow Safed, respectively.
Inheritancepattern Bold seed is found to be dominant over soft seed and governed monogenically. Red flesh coloris dominant to white pulp color and also governed monogenically. Red fleshed cultivars are supposed to be heterozygous. There is linkage betweenred flesh colorand bold seed size. Triploidy and some other genetic factors are responsible forfemale sterility.
Breedingmethodsand achievements Clonal Selection Hybridization PolyploidyBreeding
CLONAL SELCTION Improvement work in guava was started for the first time in the country in 1907 at Ganesh khand fruit Research Station, Pune primarily with the collectionof seeds of varieties,grown in different places to isolate superior strains. AtHorticultural Research Station, Saharanpur, evaluationof seedlingtypes resulted in a superior selection, S-1, having goodfruitshape, fewseeds, sweet tasteand high yield. At IIHR, Bangalore, from 200 open pollinated seedlingsof varietyAllahabad Safedacollected from Uttar Pradesh, one seedling selection, selection-8, was found to be promising.
S.N o Varieties Importantcharacters L.49 Developed at GFES, Pune, Seedling selection of Allahabad Safeda, Semi dwarf tree, high yielding 1 Banarsi Surkha It is a selection from local red fleshed type, heavy bearer, large fruits, flesh soft and pink. 2 CISHG-1 Developed at CISH, Lucknow. Fruit skin color is deep red, TSS 15 Brix, soft seeds. 3 Bangalore Local It is a local selection, with white flesh and soft seeds, fruit is large. 4 Arka Mridula (Sel -8) Developed at CISH, Lucknow, it is a selection from apple color seedling, skin and flesh color is pink with good acid sugar blend. 5 Plant prabhat Seedling selection from GBPUAT,Pantnagar, Prolific bearer, soft seed with good quality 6
Hybridization At IIHR, Bangalore, as a result of hybridization among Allahabad Safeda, Red FleshChittidar,Apple color,Lucknow-49 and Bananas, 600 F1 hybrids wereraised. One hybrid Arka Amulyahas been released recently. It is a progenyfromthe cross Allahabad Safedax Triploid. Hybrid16-1 (Apple color x Allahabad safeda) has been developed.
At Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy (Telangana), inter-varietal hybridization resulted in the isolation of twosuperior hybrids. Safed Jam: This is a hybrid between Allahabad Safedaand Kohir(a localcollection from Hyderabad Karnataka region). It is similar to Allahabad Safeda in growth habit and fruit quality.The fruits are biggerin sizewith goodqualityand fewsoft seeds. Kohir Safeda: It is a hybrid between Kohir x Allahabad Safeda, Treeis vigorous, fruits arelarger with fewsoft seeds and white flesh. CISH,Lucknow isolatedtwohybrids H-136 forred pulp and Softseelerwith high TSS.
Haryana AgriculturalUniversity,Hisar has released twohybrid varieties. Hisar Safeda: It is a cross between Allahabad Safeda x Seedless ,which has upright growth with a compact crown. Its fruits are round, weighing about 92g each, pulp is creamy white with less seeds, which are soft, TSS is 13.4% and ascorbic acid 185 mg/100g. Hisar Surkha: It is a cross between Apple Color x Banarasi Surkha . Tree is medium in height with broad to compact crown, fruit is round weighing 86g each. Pulp is pink having 13.6% TSS.0.48% acidity and 169 mg/100g ascorbicacid. Yield is 94 kg/tree/year
Breedingfor wilt resistance Work at CISH, Lucknow has shown that Chittidar, Portugal, Seedless and Spear Acid are tolerant to wilt.
Polyploidy Breeding Producing triploids will be futile since the fruit shapein triploidis highly irregularand misshapen becauseof differentialseed size. However, in order to evolve varieties with less seeds and increasedproductivity,crosses were made at IARI, New Delhi,between seedless triploid and seededdiploid variety Allahabad Safeda. Of the 73 F1 hybrids raised 26 were diploids, 9 trisomics 5 double trisomics and 13 tetrasomics. Distinct variationin tree growth habit and leafand fruitcharacters was observed.
Three trisomic plants had dwarf growth habit and normalshapeand sizeof fruits with fewseeds. The imbalance in chromosome numbers in aneuploids imparted sterility resulting in seed reduction in fruits.
B R E E D I N G I N B A N A N A LECTURE#4
Botanicalname:Musasp. Family:Musaceae Chromosomenumber:n=11 2n=22,33or44. Origin:SouthEastAsia
Historyof banana breeding: Banana breeding was started in Trinidad, West Indies in 1922and in Jamaica in 1924. The driving force for this breeding programme was to develop improved Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxsyorum F .sp.Cubense)resistant banana forexport trade. In 1960, both the programmes were combined under the Jamaica Banana Board. United Fruit Companyalso starteda small breeding programme in Panamain 1920s. In India hybridization work was started at Central Banana ResearchStation, Adhuthurai,TamilNadu in 1949. Importantbanana growingstatesareMaharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, TamilNadu, AndhraPradesh, Orissa,Bihar, WestBengaland Assam .
In South India, other than its edible use, banana is extensively used in all auspicious occasions such as wedding, festivals and worshippingGod. Banana is a good table fruit, besides, the cultivar Nendranis usedforcooking. Centre of diversity: Edible banana is native to old world especially South EastAsia (Simmonds,1962). Malayan area seemsto be the primary centerof origin of cultivatedbanana (M.acuminata). M.acuminata, was probably introduced into India and Burma whereM.balbisiana is a native species. Naturalhybridizationbetweenthese two speciesmight haveresulted in manyhybridprogenies(AAB,ABBetc .) .
Genetic resources Musa has about 50 speciesand this genusisdivided intofivesections: a) Eumusa: Includes about 13-15 species of edible and wild banana. The chromosome number is 2n=22 in wild species and most of the cultivated varieties are having 2n=33 (2n=44 rarely) e.g. M.acuminata, M.balbisiana, M.basjoo etc. b) Rhodochlamys: Mostly diploid,spreadfrom India to Indonesia. Five to seven species are kept in this group. Parthenocarpy is absent in this group e.g. M.ornata, M.velutina. c) Callimusa: Thisis of ornamentalvalueand x=10and 2n =20. It is foundin Indo-China,Malaya and Borneo. Parthenocarpy is absent in this type. It includes about 5-6 speciese.g. M.coccinea.
d) Australimusa: Like Callimusa it has x = 10 and 2n=20 chromosome. Species of this group is commonin Queensland and Philippines. Important speciesof this group are M. textilisor manilahemp, M.maclavi etc. e) Incertae sedis: It includes M.ingens (x=7, 2n=14) of New Guineawhich growsto a height of over 10 m. This is the largest known herb. Another species in this group is M.beccarii (x=9, 2n=18) from North Borneo.
The most important Musa cultivars are almost sterile triploids (2n=3x=33) and also tetraploid and diploid bananacultivars havealso localimportance in Asia. All banana and plantain land races are farmers selection fromintraand inter specifichybridization of twodifferent species. M.acuminataColta, donor of the A genome and M.balbisianaColta, donor of the B genome. Simmonds and Shepherd (1955) reported scoring technique to indicate the relative contribution of the two wild speciesforthe constitution of a given cultivar. Fifteen distinguishing characters between Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana were identifiedby them.
At the botanical garden, Howrah, seeds of few banana specieswere collectedfrom ChittagongandMadras. More number of genotypes of banana was also maintained at Central Banana Research Station, Aduthurai. After that it was shifted to Horticulture college and researchInstitute,TamilNadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. After the formation of National Research Centre on Banana (NRCB) in 1995, a wide germplasm collection including wild types arebeingmaintained at thiscenter and intensive research programmes are being taken up on various problemsrelatedwith banana. Presently,TNAUalso maintaining 186 collectionsof germplasm.
Taxonomicclassificationof edible banana (Simmondsand Shepherd, 1955) Genome Ploidy level Nomenclature AA 2x Matti, Anai komban Cavendish, Robusta, Grand Nine Bodles Altafort (Synthetic hybrid of West Indies) AAA 3x AAAA 4x AB 2x Ney Poovan, Kunnan AAB Poovan, Hill banana, Champa, Rsathali 3x ABB 3x Monthan, Kanchkela, ABBB 4x Klue Teparod
Objectivesof breeding To develop dwarf statured banana suitable for high density planting and to prevent damage from high wind velocity. Productionof good quality fruits. Resistant to biotic and biotic stressesi.e. nematodes, panama wilt, bunchy top, sigatoka leaf spot, moko diseaseand pseudo stemweeviletc. T odevelopvarietieswith wider agro-ecological adaptability. Developmentof male fertileparthenocarpic diploids with resistancetomajor diseasesandpests. Developinglonger fingersize. Suitabilityforexport. Good keepingquality.
Breedingmethodsand achievements: Introduction. Hybridization Mutationbreeding Breedingworksof different areas
Introduction Introduction of some cultivators of banana was made with resistance to biotic stresses e.g. Lady Finger (EC 160160) resistant to bunchy top virus introduced from Australia and is being evaluated at IIHR, Bangalore and TNAU, Coimbatore. Further,cultivars Naine MS (EC 27237) fromFrance and Valery from West Indies were introduced for utilization in improvement programme
Hybridization In India, breeding work was started at Central Banana Research Station, Aduthurai (TamilNadu) in 1949. Technique of hybridization in banana is different fromother crops. Pollination is best carried out in the morning. The bunches of female parent are bagged at shooting and each successive hand is pollinated as it is exposed. At maturity and ripening the bunch is cut and seeds areextracted. Seedsaresown at oncein the green house.
Evaluation of hybrid progenies from seedlings to harvest may not be the correct phase instead, evaluationof the same under next vegetativephase i.e., sucker to harvest stage will be ideal as full expression of yield potential could be observed only in the second cropof the F1 progeny. The firstcrop (seedlingto harvest)takesmore than 15-19 months, where most of the energy of the plants is neededforcorm formation.
HYBRIDIZATION: KallarLaden(AAB) x M balbisiana cv.Sawai (AB) AB X Kadali(AA) CO-1 (AAB)
AtKeralaAgriculturalUniversity,two hybrids viz., BRS-1 (Agniswarx Pisang lilin) and BRS -2 (Vannan x Pisang lillin) have been developed. BRS -1 (AAB) is 100 days earlier than Rasthali with significant differences in bunch weight. It has been released for homestead cultivation in Kerala, as it is resistant tosigatokaleaf spot. BRS-2 (AAB) is a medium statured hybrid, tolerant to leaf spot and panama disease, rhizome, weevil and nematodes. The average bunch weight is 14 kg with 8 hands and 118 fruits crop duration of 314 days.
Breedingwork in other Countries: PITA-9:A Black SigatokaResistant(BSR) hybrid from the False Horn plantain, a tetraploid hybrid having black Sigatoka resistance has been developed at International Institute of Tropical Agriculture(IITA),Nigeria. BITA-3 is a tetraploid starchybanana hybrid with low partial resistance to black Sigatoka disease developedat IITAHighRainfall Station in Onne (Southeastern Nigeria), where both (Banana streak virus) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) havebeen observed. BITA-3 is a hybrid fromthe interspecific cross Laknau x Taju Lagada , Laknau is a female fertile AAB starchy banana that closely resembles plantains.
Mutationbreeding: Bud mutation in Indian banana is very common perhaps due to spontaneous rearrangement of chromosomes in somatic meristem and structural re-assortment. High gate(AAA) is a semi-dwarf mutant of Gros Michel (AAA), Motta Poovan(AAB) is a sportof Poovan (AAB), AyirankaRasthalia sport of Rasthali (or Silk), Barhari Malbhog is a sport of Malbhog, Krishna Vazhaiis a natural mutant of Virupakshi(or Pome), Sambrani Monthan(ABB), a mutant of Monthan (ABB).
Name of theclone/cultivars Name of the biotic and abioticstress Musabalbisiana Drought Calcutta-4 Blacksigatoka PisangLilin Panamawilt(Race1) SH3142(Diploidhybrid) Race 1 of Fusarium Musaacuminataspmalaccensis Race 1 and Race 2 of Fusarium Musaacuminataspburmannica Bacterialwilt race2,Moko Disease Burrowingnematode PisangJari Buaya(PJB) Tongatand Anaikomban Nematodes
