Growth and Development Across the Lifespan
G
r
owth
and
Development
From Infancy to
Adulthood
Aamena Zaidi
Assistant Professor
1
2
G
r
owth
•
It is the process of
physical maturation
resulting
an increase in size of the body and various
organs.
It occurs by
multiplication
of
cells
and an
increase
in intracellular substance. It is
quantitative
changes of the
body.
3
Development
•
It is the process of functional and
physiological
maturation
of the individual. It is progressive
increase in
skill
and
capacity
to function. It is
related to maturation and
myelination
of the
nervous system
. It includes psychological,
emotional and social changes. It is
qualitative
in
aspect.
Principle
of
G
r
owth
and
Dev
e
lopment
4
5
•
Cep
h
alo
c
audal
dire
c
tion
•
Proximodistal direction
•
General to
Specific
Cephalocaudal
direction
•
The
process
of
cephalocaudal
direction
from
head
down to
tail
.
This
means
that
improvement
in
structure
and function
come first
in the head region, then
in the trunk, and last in
the leg
region.
6
P
r
oxim
o
dis
t
al
di
r
ecti
o
n
The process in
proximodistal from
center or midline to
periphery direction.
development
proceeds
from near to far -
outward from central
axis of the body
toward the
extremities
7
8
General
to
Specific
•
Children use their
cognitive
and language
skills
to
reason
and
solve
problems.
•
Children at first are able hold
the big things
by using both
arms,
In the next part able to hold
things
in a
single
hand,
then only able to pick small objects like peas,
cereals
etc.
•
Children when able to
hold
pencil,
first
starts
draw
circles
then squares then only letters after that
the
words.
•
Development proceeds
from
general
to
specific
responses
From Birth to Adulthood
1-For the first year after birth, a baby is called
an
infant
.
Childhood
begins at age two and continues until
adolescence.
Adolescence
is the last stage of life
before
adulthood
.
A-Infancy
Infancy
is the first year of life after birth. Infants are born
with a surprising range of abilities. They have well-
developed
senses
of touch, hearing, and smell. They can also
communicate their needs by crying
Infancy
By 6 weeks after birth, infants typically start smiling making vocal
sounds. By 6 months, infants are babbling. They have also learned to
sit and are starting to crawl. The deciduous teeth (baby teeth) have
started to come in. By 12 months, infants may be saying their first
words. They usually can stand with help and may even have started to
walk.
Infancy is the period of most rapid growth after birth. Growth is even
faster during infancy that it is during
puberty
. By the end of the first
year, the average baby is twice as long as it was at birth and three
times as heavy.
Childhood
A
toddler
is a child aged 1 to 3 years. Children of this age are learning
to walk, or “toddle.” Growth is still relatively rapid during the toddler
years but it has begun to slow down.
1-By age 4, most children can run, climb stairs. They know many words
and use simple sentences. The majority are also toilet trained.
2-By age five, children are able to carry on conversations, recognize
letters and words, and use a pencil to trace letters. They can usually tie
their own shoelaces and may be learning to ride a bicycle, swing a bat,
kick a ball and play other games
3-By age 6, most children begin losing their deciduous teeth, and
their perm permanent teeth start coming in. They speak fluently
and are learning to read and write. They spend more time with
peers and develop friendships.
Older children continue to grow slowly until they start the
adolescent growth spurt during
puberty
. They also continue
to develop mentally, emotionally, and socially
Puberty
Puberty is the stage of life when a child becomes sexually mature.
Puberty begins when the pituitary gland tells the testis to secrete
testosterone in boys, and in girls the pituitary gland signals the
ovaries to secrete estrogen.
Adolescence
Adolescence is the period of transition between the beginning of
puberty and
adulthood
. Adolescence is also a time of significant
mental, emotional, and social changes. For example:
*Adolescents generally develop the ability to think abstractly.
*Adolescents may have mood swings because of surging hormones.
*Adolescents usually try to be more independent from their parents.
*Adolescents typically spend much of their time with peers.
*Adolescents may start to develop intimate relationships.
Factor
influencing
Growth
and
Development
15
16
•
Growth
and development
depend
upon
multiple
factors or
determinates.
•
They
influence
directly or
indirectly
by
promoting
or
hindering
the
process.
17
•
Genetic
factors
•
Prenatal
factors
•
Postnatal
fa
c
tors
18
Genetic
factors
•
Genetic predisposition
is
an
impor
tant
factor
which
influence
the growth and
development
of
children.
•
Sex
•
Race and
Nationality
19
Prenatal
factors
•
Intrauterine environment
is an
important
predominant
factor of growth and
development.
Various
conditions influence
the f
o
etal growth in
uter
us
.
20
C
o
n
t…
•
Maternal
malnutrition
•
Maternal infection
•
Maternal
drug/alcohol
abuse
•
Maternal
illness
•
Hormones
21
Postnatal
factors
•
Growth
potential
•
Nutrition
•
Childhood
illness
•
Physical
environm
e
nt
•
Psycholo
g
ic
a
l
environment
•
Cultural
influence
•
Socio
economic
status
•
Climate and
season
•
Play and
exercise
•
Birth order of
the
child
•
Intelligence
•
Hormonal
influence
GROWTH
AND
&DEVELOPMENTAL
AGE
PERIODS
•
Infancy
–
Neonate
•
Birth to 1
month
–
Infancy
•
1 month to 1
year
•
Early
Childhood
–
Toddler
•
1-3
years
–
Preschool
•
3-6
years
18
•
Middle
Childhood
–
School
age
–
6 to 12
years
•
Late
Childhood
•
Adolescent
–
13 years to
approximat
e
ly
18
years
The Importance of Nutrition in Early Childhood
Development
T
he relationship between nutrition, health and learning is undeniably
strong:
nutrition is one of the three major factors that impact a
child’s development.
As genes and environment are the other two
factors, research studies show that nutrition in a child’s early years is
linked to their health and academic performance in later year
Malnutrition lead to poor brain development that result in irreversible
chronic illnesses. Under-nutrition of a breastfeeding mother will
likewise negatively impact a child’s development, especially in the first
6 months when breast milk is all he/she is consuming. For all soon-to-
be and new mothers, it’s worth making sure you’re consuming a
healthy and balanced diet full of the vital nutrients that both you and
your child need: carbohydrates, protein, calcium, iron and vitamins A,
C and D.
The benefits of good nutrition to health are endless, but the following
few conclusions made by researchers serve to prove my point.
1-Firstly, breastfeeding by mothers following nutritious diets leads to
fewer and less severe cases among their children of illnesses including
diarrhoea, ear infection and bacterial meningitis. This is because
better-nourished children have an enhanced natural ability to fight
infection.
2-Secondly, since iron is a vital component of brain tissue, iron
deficiency makes nerve impulses move slower and may cause
permanent damage to a child’s brain, especially in the first two years
of his/her life; iron deficiency during this time is linked to behaviour
changes and delayed psychomotor development.
3-Thirdly, under-nutrition has been proven to decrease a child’s
activity levels, social interactions, curiosity and cognitive functioning.
The Impact of Nutrition on our Health
Unhealthy eating habits have contributed to the obesity. About adults (33.8%) are
obese and approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2—
19 years are obese.
1
Even for people at a healthy weight, a poor diet is associated
with major health risks that can cause illness and even death. These include heart
disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and certain types of cancer.
The risk factors for adult chronic diseases, like hypertension and type 2 diabetes, are
increasingly seen in younger ages, often a result of unhealthy eating habits and
increased weight gain. Dietary habits established in childhood often carry into
adulthood, so teaching children how to eat healthy at a young age will help them
stay healthy throughout their life.
The link between good nutrition and healthy weight, reduced chronic disease risk,
and overall health is too important to ignore. By taking steps to eat healthy, getting
the nutrients our body needs to stay healthy, active, and strong. As with physical
activity, making small changes in our diet can go a long way.
29
Assessment
of
Development
•
Normal development
is
a complex process
& has a
multitude
of facets.
However,
it is
convenient to understand &
assess
development
under the following
domains.
30
C
o
n
t…
–
Gross
motor
development
–
Fine
motor skill
development
–
Personal
&
social
development
–
Language
–
Vision
&
hearing.
31
Gross
motor
development
•
Motor
development
progress in
an
orderly
sequence to ultimate attainment of
locomotion
&
more complex
motor tasks
thereafter.
In an infant it
is
assessed &
observed
as
follows:-
C
o
n
t…
52
Key
gross
motor development
milestones
Fine
motor
skill development
•
Fine motor development upon neural tract
maturation. Fine motor development promotes
adaptive actives with fine
sensor
y-
motor
adjustments
and include
eye coordination
,
hand
eye coordination
,
hand to mouth coordination
,
hand
skill
as finger thumb position
,
grasping
,
dressing
e
tc
.
53
Key fine motor development
milestone
35
Per
s
onal
&
social
dev
e
lopment
•
Personal and social development includes
personal
reactions to his own social and cultural situations
with neuromotor maturity and environment
stimulation. It is related to interpersonal and social
skill as social smile, recognition of
mother,
use of
toys.
36
Key social
and
adaptive
milesto
nes
Language
development
Thank You
Growth and development from infancy to adulthood encompass physical maturation and functional progression. Growth involves the increase in body and organ size through cell multiplication, while development entails the enhancement of skills and capacities, including psychological and social changes. Principles such as the cephalocaudal and proximodistal directions guide the progression from general to specific responses. This continuous process unfolds from birth through childhood into adulthood.
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Presentation Transcript
Growth and Development From Infancy to Adulthood Aamena Zaidi Assistant Professor 1
Growth It is the process of physical maturation resulting an increase in size of the body and various organs. It occurs by multiplication of cells and an increase in intracellular substance. It is quantitative changes of the body. 2
Development It is the process of functional and physiological maturation of the individual. It is progressive increase in skill and capacity to function. It is related to maturation and myelination of the nervous system. It includes psychological, emotional and social changes. It is qualitative in aspect. 3
Principle of Growth and Development 4
Cephalocaudal direction Proximodistal direction General to Specific 5
Cephalocaudal direction The process of cephalocaudal direction from head down to tail. This means that improvement in structure and function come first in the head region, then in the trunk, and last in the leg region. 6
Proximodistal direction The process in proximodistal from center or midline to periphery direction. development proceeds from near to far - outward from central axis of the body toward the extremities 7
General to Specific Children use their cognitive and language skills to reason and solve problems. Children at first are able hold the big things by using both arms, In the next part able to hold things in a single hand, then only able to pick small objects like peas, cereals etc. Children when able to hold pencil, first starts draw circles then squares then only letters after that the words. 8
Development proceeds from generalto specificresponses
From Birth to Adulthood 1-For the first year after birth, a baby is called an infant. Childhood begins at age two and continues until adolescence. Adolescence is the last stage of life before adulthood. A-Infancy Infancy is the first year of life after birth. Infants are born with a surprising range of abilities. They have well- developed senses of touch, hearing, and smell. They can also communicate their needs by crying
Infancy By 6 weeks after birth, infants typically start smiling making vocal sounds. By 6 months, infants are babbling. They have also learned to sit and are starting to crawl. The deciduous teeth (baby teeth) have started to come in. By 12 months, infants may be saying their first words. They usually can stand with help and may even have started to walk. Infancy is the period of most rapid growth after birth. Growth is even faster during infancy that it is during puberty. By the end of the first year, the average baby is twice as long as it was at birth and three times as heavy.
Childhood A toddler is a child aged 1 to 3 years. Children of this age are learning to walk, or toddle. Growth is still relatively rapid during the toddler years but it has begun to slow down. 1-By age 4, most children can run, climb stairs. They know many words and use simple sentences. The majority are also toilet trained. 2-By age five, children are able to carry on conversations, recognize letters and words, and use a pencil to trace letters. They can usually tie their own shoelaces and may be learning to ride a bicycle, swing a bat, kick a ball and play other games
3-By age 6, most children begin losing their deciduous teeth, and their perm permanent teeth start coming in. They speak fluently and are learning to read and write. They spend more time with peers and develop friendships. Older children continue to grow slowly until they start the adolescent growth spurt during puberty. They also continue to develop mentally, emotionally, and socially
Puberty Puberty is the stage of life when a child becomes sexually mature. Puberty begins when the pituitary gland tells the testis to secrete testosterone in boys, and in girls the pituitary gland signals the ovaries to secrete estrogen. Adolescence Adolescence is the period of transition between the beginning of puberty and adulthood. Adolescence is also a time of significant mental, emotional, and social changes. For example: *Adolescents generally develop the ability to think abstractly. *Adolescents may have mood swings because of surging hormones. *Adolescents usually try to be more independent from their parents. *Adolescents typically spend much of their time with peers. *Adolescents may start to develop intimate relationships.
Factorinfluencing Growth andDevelopment 15
Growth and development depend upon multiple factors or determinates. They influence directly or indirectly by promoting or hindering the process. 16
Genetic factors Prenatal factors Postnatal factors 17
Genetic factors Genetic predisposition is an important factor which influence the growth and development of children. Sex Race and Nationality 18
Prenatal factors Intrauterine environment is an important predominant factor of growth and development. Various conditions influence the foetal growth in uterus. 19
Cont Maternal malnutrition Maternal infection Maternal drug/alcohol abuse Maternal illness Hormones 20
Postnatal factors Growth potential Nutrition Childhood illness Physical environment Psychological environment Cultural influence Socio economic status Climate and season Play and exercise Birth order of the child Intelligence Hormonal influence 21
GROWTH AND&DEVELOPMENTAL AGE PERIODS Infancy Neonate Birth to 1 month Infancy 1 month to 1 year
Early Childhood Toddler 1-3 years Preschool 3-6 years 18
Middle Childhood School age 6 to 12 years Late Childhood Adolescent 13 years to approximately 18 years
The Importance of Nutrition in Early Childhood Development The relationship between nutrition, health and learning is undeniably strong: nutrition is one of the three major factors that impact a child s development. As genes and environment are the other two factors, research studies show that nutrition in a child s early years is linked to their health and academic performance in later year Malnutrition lead to poor brain development that result in irreversible chronic illnesses. Under-nutrition of a breastfeeding mother will likewise negatively impact a child s development, especially in the first 6 months when breast milk is all he/she is consuming. For all soon-to- be and new mothers, it s worth making sure you re consuming a healthy and balanced diet full of the vital nutrients that both you and your child need: carbohydrates, protein, calcium, iron and vitamins A, C and D.
The benefits of good nutrition to health are endless, but the following few conclusions made by researchers serve to prove my point. 1-Firstly, breastfeeding by mothers following nutritious diets leads to fewer and less severe cases among their children of illnesses including diarrhoea, ear infection and bacterial meningitis. This is because better-nourished children have an enhanced natural ability to fight infection. 2-Secondly, since iron is a vital component of brain tissue, iron deficiency makes nerve impulses move slower and may cause permanent damage to a child s brain, especially in the first two years of his/her life; iron deficiency during this time is linked to behaviour changes and delayed psychomotor development. 3-Thirdly, under-nutrition has been proven to decrease a child s activity levels, social interactions, curiosity and cognitive functioning.
The Impact of Nutrition on our Health Unhealthy eating habits have contributed to the obesity. About adults (33.8%) are obese and approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2 19 years are obese.1 Even for people at a healthy weight, a poor diet is associated with major health risks that can cause illness and even death. These include heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and certain types of cancer. The risk factors for adult chronic diseases, like hypertension and type 2 diabetes, are increasingly seen in younger ages, often a result of unhealthy eating habits and increased weight gain. Dietary habits established in childhood often carry into adulthood, so teaching children how to eat healthy at a young age will help them stay healthy throughout their life. The link between good nutrition and healthy weight, reduced chronic disease risk, and overall health is too important to ignore. By taking steps to eat healthy, getting the nutrients our body needs to stay healthy, active, and strong. As with physical activity, making small changes in our diet can go a long way.
Assessment ofDevelopment Normal development is a complex process & has a multitude of facets. However, it is convenient to understand & assess development under the following domains. 29
Cont Gross motor development Fine motor skill development Personal & social development Language Vision & hearing. 30
Gross motor development Motor development progress in an orderly sequence to ultimate attainment of locomotion & more complex motor tasks thereafter. In an infant it is assessed & observed as follows:- 31
Key gross motor developmentmilestones Cont Age Milestone 3months Neck holding 5months Rolls over 6months Sits with own support 8months Sitting without support 9months Standing holding on (with support) 12months Creep well, stand without support 15months Walks alone creeps upstairs 18months Runs 2 yr Walks up and down stairs 3 yr Rides tricycle, 4yr Hops on one foot, alternate feet going downstairs. 52
Fine motor skill development Fine motor development upon neural tract maturation. Fine motor development promotes adaptive actives with fine sensory-motor adjustments and include eye coordination, hand eye coordination, hand to mouth coordination, hand skill as finger thumb position,grasping, dressing etc. 53
Key fine motor development milestone Age Milestone 4 months reaching out for the objects with both hands 6months Reaching out for the objects with one hand 9months Immature pincer graps 12months Pincer graps mature 15months Imitates scribbling, tower of 2 blocks 18months Scribbles, tower of 3 blocks 2 years Tower of 6 blocks, vertical and circular stroke 3 years Tower of 9 blocks, copies circle 4years Copies cross, bridge with blocks 5years Copies triangle, gate with blocks 54
Personal & social development Personal and social development includes personal reactions to his own social and cultural situations with neuromotor maturity and environment stimulation. It is related to interpersonal and social skill as social smile, recognition of mother, use of toys. 35
Key social and adaptive milestones Age Milestone 2months Social smile 3months Recognizes mother 6months Recognizes strangers, stranger anxiety 9months Waves bye bye 1 year Comes when called, plays simple ball game 1 year and 3 months 1.5 years Jargon Copies parents in tasks 2yr Asks for food, drink, toilet 3yr Shares toys, knows full name andgender 4yr Plays cooperatively in a group, goes to toilet alone. 5yr Helps in household tasks, dressing andundressing 36
Language development Age 1m 3m 4m 6m 9m 12m 18 m 2yr Milestone Alerts to sound Coos ( musical vowel sounds) Laugh loud Monosyllables (ba, da, pa) sound Bisyllables ( mama, baba, dada) sound 1-2 words with meaning 8 -10 words vocabulary 2-3 word sentences, uses pronouns I , Me , you 3 yr 4yr 5yr Ask question Says songs or poem, tell stories Asks meaning of words 57
