Global Cancer Statistics and Trends

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

Lung cancer 

was the most common

cancer worldwide contributing 

13%

 of the

total number of 

new cases 

diagnosed in

2012.



Breast cancer 

(women only) was the

second most common cancer

 with nearly

1.7 million 

new cases in 2012.



Colorectal cancer 

was the 

third

 most

common cancer with nearly 

1.4 million 

new

cases in 2012

http://globocan.iarc.fr

, accessed on 16/01/2015

M

e

n



Lung cancer 

was 

the most common

cancer 

worldwide in men contributing nearly

17% of 

the total number of new cases

diagnosed in 2012.



The top three

, 

lung, prostate 

and

colorectal 

cancers, contributed nearly 

42%

of all cancers (excluding non-melanoma skin

cancer).



Other 

common cancers 

contributing

more than 

5%

 were 

stomach and liver

http://globocan.iarc.fr

, accessed on 16/01/2015

W

o

m

e

n



Breast cancer 

was the 

most common

cancer 

worldwide in women contributing

more than 

25%

 of the total number of new

cases diagnosed in 2012.



The 

top three

, 

breast, colorectal 

and

lung cancers,

 contributed more than 

43%

of all cancers (excluding non-melanoma skin

cancer).



Cervical cancer 

also contributed nearly

8%

 of all cancers (excluding non-melanoma

skin cancer).

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ث



4-Aminobiphenyl



Arsenic

 and arsenic compounds (Note: This

evaluation applies to the group of

compounds as a whole and not necessarily

to all individual compounds within the

group)



Asbestos



Azathioprine



Benzene



Benzidine



Benzo[a]pyrene



Beryllium and beryllium compounds



N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine (Chlornaphazine)



Bis(chloromethyl)ether and chloromethyl methyl ether

(technical-grade)



1,3-Butadiene



1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (

Busulphan; Myleran

)



Cadmium and cadmium compounds



Chlorambucil



1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea

(Methyl-CCNU; Semustine)



Chromium[VI]



Ciclosporin



Cyclophosphamide



Diethylstilbestrol



Dyes metabolized to benzidine



Epstein-Barr virus



Erionite



Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy

(combined)



Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives

(combined) (Note: There is also convincing

evidence in humans that these agents confer a

protective effect against cancer in the

endometrium and ovary)



Estrogens, steroidal (Note: This evaluation applies to the

group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all

individual compounds within the group)



Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal



Ethanol in alcoholic beverages



Ethylene oxide



Etoposide in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin



Formaldehyde



Gallium arsenide



[

Gamma Radiation: see X- and Gamma (g)-Radiation

]



Helicobacter pylori

(infection with)



Hepatitis B virus 

(chronic infection with)



Hepatitis C virus 

(chronic infection with)



Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 

(infection with)



Human papillomavirus types 

16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51,

52, 56, 58, 59 and 66 (Note: The HPV types that have been

classified as carcinogenic to humans can differ by an order of

magnitude in risk for cervical cancer)



Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I



Melphalan



8-Methoxypsoralen (Methoxsalen) plus ultraviolet A

radiation



Methylenebis(chloroaniline) (MOCA)



MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including

alkylating agents



Mustard gas (Sulfur mustard)



2-Naphthylamine



Neutrons



Nickel compounds



butanone (NNK)

Opisthorchis viverrini

 (infection with)



[Oral contraceptives, combined estrogen-progestogen: see

Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined)]



Oral contraceptives, sequential



Phosphorus-32, as phosphate



Plutonium-239 and its decay products (may contain

plutonium-240 and other isotopes), as aerosols



Radioiodines, short-lived isotopes, including iodine-131, from

atomic reactor accidents and nuclear weapons detonation

(exposure during childhood)



Radionuclides, a-particle-emitting, internally deposited (Note:

Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence

for carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as

Group 1 agents)

R

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

Radium

-224 and its decay products



Radium-226 and its decay products



Radium-228 and its decay products



Radon-222 and its decay products



Schistosoma haematobium

(infection with)



Silica, crystalline (inhaled in the form of

quartz or cristobalite from occupational

sources)



Solar radiation



Talc containing asbestiform fibres



Tamoxifen (Note: There is also conclusive

evidence that tamoxifen reduces the risk of

contralateral breast cancer)



2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin



Thiotepa



Thorium-232 and its decay products,

administered intravenously as a colloidal

dispersion of thorium-232 dioxide



ortho-Toluidine



Treosulfan



Vinyl chloride

X

-

a

n

d

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(

g

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M

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

Aflatoxins

 (naturally occurring mixtures

of)



Alcoholic beverages



Areca nut



Betel quid with tobacco



Coal-tar pitches



Coal-tars



Herbal remedies containing plant species of

the genus Aristolochia



Household combustion of coal, indoor

emissions from



Mineral oils, untreated and mildly treated



Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing



Salted fish 

(Chinese-style)



Shale-oils



Soots



Tobacco, smokeless



Wood dust

E

x

p

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s

u

r

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u

m

s

t

a

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c

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s



Aluminum production



Arsenic in drinking-water



Auramine production



Boot and shoe manufacture and repair



Chimney sweeping



Coal gasification



Coal-tar distillation



Coke production



Furniture and cabinet making



Hematite mining (underground) with exposure to radon



Involuntary smoking 

(exposure to secondhand or

'environmental' tobacco smoke)



Iron and steel founding



Isopropyl alcohol manufacture (strong-acid process)



Magenta production



Painter (occupational exposure as a)



Paving and roofing with coal-tar pitch



Rubber industry



Strong-inorganic-acid mists containing sulfuric acid

(occupational exposure to)



Tobacco smoking and tobacco smoke

ه‍

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ة



tobacco use



being overweight or obese



low fruit and vegetable intake



physical  inactivity



alcohol use



Sexually  transmitted HPV-infection



urban air pollution



indoor smoke from household use of solid

fuels

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.



dietary habits 

and 

cancer incidence 

and

mortality

 and the large global variations in

cancer incidence and mortality rates, along

with rapid changes in cancer rates among

migrant populations .

Cancer Epidemiology

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.



Body fatness

Be as lean as possible within the normal

range of body weight



Personal recommendations

-Ensure that body weight throughout

childhood and adolescent growth projects

towards the 

lower end of the normal BMI

range at age 21

.



Maintain

 body weight within the normal

range from 

age 21

.



Avoid weight gain 

and increases in waist

circumference throughout adulthood

P

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

Physical activity

Be physically active as part of everyday life



Personal recommendations



Be 

moderately physically 

active, equivalent 

to

brisk walking

, for at least 

30 min 

every day



As fitness improves

, aim for ≥60 min of

moderate or ≥30 min of vigorous physical

activity every day



Limit sedentary habits 

such as 

watching

television

F

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

Foods and drinks that promote weight

gain

Limit consumption of energy-dense foods

and avoid sugary drinks



Personal recommendations



Consume 

energy-dense foods 

sparingly



Avoid 

sugary drinks



Consume 

fast foods 

sparingly, if at all

P

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

Plant foods

Eat foods mostly of plant origin



Personal recommendations



Eat at least 

five portions/servings 

(at least

400 g 

or 14 oz) of a variety of non-

starchy vegetables and fruit every day



Eat relatively

 unprocessed cereals 

(grains)

and/or pulses (legumes) with every meal

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

Animal foods

Limit

 intake of 

red meat

 and 

avoid

processed

meat



Personal recommendations

People who eat red meat to consume

<500 g (18 oz) a week, very little – if any

– to be processed

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

Alcoholic drinks

Limit alcoholic drinks



Personal recommendations

If alcoholic drinks are consumed, limit

consumption to no more than two drinks

a day for men and one drink a day for

women

P

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

Preservation, processing, preparation

Limit consumption of salt

Avoid mouldy cereals (grains) or pulses

(legumes)



Personal recommendations



Avoid salt-preserved

, salted, or salty foods;

preserve foods without using salt.



Limit consumption of processed foods 

with

added salt to ensure an intake of 

<6 g 

(2.4 g

sodium) a day



Do not eat mouldy cereals 

(grains) or pulses

(legumes)



Dietary supplements

Aim to meet nutritional needs 

through

diet alone



Personal recommendations

Dietary supplements are not

recommended for cancer prevention

B

r

e

a

s

t

f

e

e

d

i

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g



Breastfeeding

Mothers to breastfeed; children to be

breastfed



Personal recommendations



Aim to breastfeed infants exclusively 

up

to 6 months and continue with

complementary feeding thereafter

C

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s



Cancer survivors

Follow the recommendations for cancer

prevention



Personal recommendations



All cancer survivors 

should receive

nutritional care

 from an appropriately

trained professional.



If able to do so, and unless otherwise

advised, aim to follow the recommendations

for 

diet, healthy weight, and physical activity



1.

Cancer survivors 

are people who are

living with a diagnosis of cancer

, including

those who have

 recovered 

from the

disease



2. 

This recommendation 

does not 

apply

to those who are 

undergoing active

treatment

, subject to the qualifications in

the text



3. 

This includes 

all cancer survivors

, before,

during, and after active treatment.

n

o

t

e

s



Normal (or healthy) weight

correspond to 

a body mass index

between 

18.5

 and 

24.9

 kg/m

2

.

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)



Energy-dense foods 

are defined as

those with an energy content of

more than about 

225–275 kcal/g.

S

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g

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

“

Fast foods

” refer to readily available

convenience foods that tend to be

energy-dense

 and are frequently

consumed in large portions

.



Source

: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective

.

.

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