Genetic Linkage in Maize and Drosophila
Dr.I.Viji Margaret
Assistant Professor,
PG Dept.of Zoology,
Sarah Tucker College,
Tirunelveli
Linkage in Maize
The phenomenon of linkage is very clear in maize, varieties He crossed varieties with
colored and full with verities with colorless shrunken seeds. coloured and full are dominate
over colourless and shrunken. All the f
1
plants were coloured full.
When F
1
hybrid plants were test crossed with p
1
double recessives the result was not
1:1:1:1 ratios as excepted, instead the parental combinations constituted about 96.4% of the
total plants. the recombination new plants constituded only 3.6% of the total plants. The
parental combinations of coloured full and colourless shrunken constituted 96.4% .of the total
offspring of F
2
due to linkage of genes for these characters.
The genes for colour and endosperm nature remain associated in parental combinations
in 96.4 % of gametes but break apart in 3.6% of the total F
2
plants. Morgan explained the
recombinations of linked genes due to interchange of parts between nonsister chromatids of
homologous which he called crossing over.
Linkage in Drosophila
There are types of linkage in drosophila
A) Complete linkage in male drosophila.
B) Incomplete linkage in female drosophila.
The linked genes are inherited together through two or more generation without crossing-
over in male Drosophila.
In drosophila gray body and long wings (GG) and long wings (LL)
are dominant over black body (GG) and vestigial wings (ll) when a male fly with grey body
and long wings is mated with a female fly with black body and vestigial wings, all the
resulting F
1
flies are with gray body and long wings.
Nevertheless in a test cross between F
1
hybrid male and P
1
double recessive female, the
F
2
generation consists of 50% individuals with gray body and long wings and another 50%
individuals with block body and vestigial wings. Thus we see that the genes for gray body
and long wings are linked; similarly the genes for block body and vestigial wings are also
linked.
B) Incomplete linkage in female drosophila.
Here the linked genes do not always stay together because of crossing-over
between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. The linked genes are
likely to be separated due to crossing over and in such cases the linkage is termed
incomplete.g., female drosophila.
If the female F
1
hybrid drosophila of the previous cross is test – crossed to
p
1
double recessive male then in the F
2
generation, two new combinations do appear,
in addition to the parental combinations. The new combinations are gray vestigial
and block long. These appear in equal numbers and constitute 17% of F
2
. The
parental combinations account for 83% of F
2
and are due to linkage.
THERIES OF LINKAGE
Two theories are given below;
1. Theory of differential multiplication.
This theory was formulated by Bateson (1930). According to this theory, after
segregation of characters during gamete formation, the set of gametes possessing
parental combinations. This result in greater number of gametes with parental
combinations and hence greater number of offspring with parental combinations.
This theory is now obsolete.
2. Chromosome theory of linkage.
This theory was advocated by Morgan and castle. This theory states that
genes located in the same chromosomes are inherited together and the extent of
linkage is indeed correlated with the distance between the genes in the
chromosomes-closer the genes, stronger the linkage and vice-versa. The linkage of
genes according to the concept is linear.
Crossing-over
Complete linkage is rare, because frequently during meiosis, there
occurs break age and interchange of parts between nonsister chromatids of
alleles between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes, during
Pachytene
of meiosis Ι, resulting in recombination of genes.
One or two or
more fragments may be intercganged during crossing over For example
,
When the female drosophila with gray body ad long wings (GLgl) is crossed
in a male, homozygous, with black body and vestigial wings (glgl) four types of
flies are formed. These are given below:
1.Gray long (41.5%)
2.Block vestigial (41.5)%
3.Gray vestigial (8.5)% }17%
4.Block long (8.5)%
The last two combinatios viz. gray vestigial and black long appear in equal
numbers and constitute 17% of the total offspring. There two new combinations are
formed as a result of a result of crossing –over between homologous chromosomes,
during gamete formation in female
drosophila.
Recombination thus takes place in
17% of the gametes as a result of crossing over, resulting in two new combinations,
which substantiate genetic crossing over.
Theories of mechanism of crossing over
Three theories are given below:
1.
The contact first theory.
This theory was formulated by serebrovsky. According to this theory
the chromatids first touch and cross each other and then breakage takes
place. The broken ends rejoin to form new combinations. Thus according to
this concept, chiasma is formed first and crossing over takes place
subsequently.
2.T
he breakage first theory.
This theory was put forward by muller. According to this theory, the
chromatids break off frist, and then crossing-over takes place between
nonsister chromatids. The chiasma is formed due to crossing-over. In other
words, it is the result of crossing over.
3. The strain theory.
This theory was advocated by darlington. The chromatids do break off
at the points of contact, relieving the chromatids of the strain. Later the
broken chromatids uncoil near the broken end, and reunite to from chiasma,
resulting in new combinations.
Kinds of crossing-over
Depending upon the number of chiasmata formed, the following type of crossing-
over are recognized:
Single crossing-over.
Here only one cchiasma are formed and this results in the formation of single cross-
over gametes.
Double crossing-over.
Here two chiasmata are formed. Both the crossing over can be between the same
nonsister chromatids or between different chromatids. Two or three or all the four
chromatids of the bivalents may be involved in this double crossing-over.
Multiple crossing-over
.
Here more than two chiasmata are formed as a result of crossing over.
The concept of genetic linkage is explored through experiments in maize and Drosophila, showcasing how specific traits are inherited together due to their close association on chromosomes. In maize, the phenomenon of linkage is demonstrated through color and endosperm traits, while in Drosophila, complete and incomplete linkage is illustrated with body color and wing size variations. The role of crossing over in determining the extent of linkage is also discussed, highlighting the intricate interplay of genes during inheritance.
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Presentation Transcript
Dr.I.Viji Margaret Assistant Professor, PG Dept.of Zoology, Sarah Tucker College, Tirunelveli
Linkage in Maize The phenomenon of linkage is very clear in maize, varieties He crossed varieties with colored and full with verities with colorless shrunken seeds. coloured and full are dominate over colourless and shrunken. All the f1plants were coloured full. When F1 hybrid plants were test crossed with p1 double recessives the result was not 1:1:1:1 ratios as excepted, instead the parental combinations constituted about 96.4% of the total plants. the recombination new plants constituded only 3.6% of the total plants. The parental combinations of coloured full and colourless shrunken constituted 96.4% .of the total offspring of F2 due to linkage of genes for these characters. The genes for colour and endosperm nature remain associated in parental combinations in 96.4 % of gametes but break apart in 3.6% of the total F2 plants. Morgan explained the recombinations of linked genes due to interchange of parts between nonsister chromatids of homologous which he called crossing over.
Linkage in Drosophila There are types of linkage in drosophila A) Complete linkage in male drosophila. B) Incomplete linkage in female drosophila. The linked genes are inherited together through two or more generation without crossing- over in male Drosophila. In drosophila gray body and long wings (GG) and long wings (LL) are dominant over black body (GG) and vestigial wings (ll) when a male fly with grey body and long wings is mated with a female fly with black body and vestigial wings, all the resulting F1 flies are with gray body and long wings. Nevertheless in a test cross between F1 hybrid male and P1 double recessive female, the F2 generation consists of 50% individuals with gray body and long wings and another 50% individuals with block body and vestigial wings. Thus we see that the genes for gray body and long wings are linked; similarly the genes for block body and vestigial wings are also linked.
B) Incomplete linkage in female drosophila. Here the linked genes do not always stay together because of crossing-over between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. The linked genes are likely to be separated due to crossing over and in such cases the linkage is termed incomplete.g., female drosophila. If the female F1 hybrid drosophila of the previous cross is test crossed to p1 double recessive male then in the F2 generation, two new combinations do appear, in addition to the parental combinations. The new combinations are gray vestigial and block long. These appear in equal numbers and constitute 17% of F2. The parental combinations account for 83% of F2 and are due to linkage.
THERIES OF LINKAGE Two theories are given below; 1. Theory of differential multiplication. This theory was formulated by Bateson (1930). According to this theory, after segregation of characters during gamete formation, the set of gametes possessing parental combinations. This result in greater number of gametes with parental combinations and hence greater number of offspring with parental combinations. This theory is now obsolete. 2. Chromosome theory of linkage. This theory was advocated by Morgan and castle. This theory states that genes located in the same chromosomes are inherited together and the extent of linkage is indeed correlated with the distance between the genes in the chromosomes-closer the genes, stronger the linkage and vice-versa. The linkage of genes according to the concept is linear.
Crossing-over Complete linkage is rare, because frequently during meiosis, there occurs break age and interchange of parts between nonsister chromatids of alleles between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes, during Pachytene of meiosis , resulting in recombination of genes.One or two or more fragments may be intercganged during crossing over For example,
When the female drosophila with gray body ad long wings (GLgl) is crossed in a male, homozygous, with black body and vestigial wings (glgl) four types of flies are formed. These are given below: 1.Gray long (41.5%) 2.Block vestigial (41.5)% 3.Gray vestigial (8.5)% }17% 4.Block long (8.5)% The last two combinatios viz. gray vestigial and black long appear in equal numbers and constitute 17% of the total offspring. There two new combinations are formed as a result of a result of crossing over between homologous chromosomes, during gamete formation in female drosophila. Recombination thus takes place in 17% of the gametes as a result of crossing over, resulting in two new combinations, which substantiate genetic crossing over.
Theories of mechanism of crossing over Three theories are given below: 1.The contact first theory. This theory was formulated by serebrovsky. According to this theory the chromatids first touch and cross each other and then breakage takes place. The broken ends rejoin to form new combinations. Thus according to this concept, chiasma is formed first and crossing over takes place subsequently. 2.The breakage first theory. This theory was put forward by muller. According to this theory, the chromatids break off frist, and then crossing-over takes place between nonsister chromatids. The chiasma is formed due to crossing-over. In other words, it is the result of crossing over. 3. The strain theory. This theory was advocated by darlington. The chromatids do break off at the points of contact, relieving the chromatids of the strain. Later the broken chromatids uncoil near the broken end, and reunite to from chiasma, resulting in new combinations.
Kinds of crossing-over Depending upon the number of chiasmata formed, the following type of crossing- over are recognized: Single crossing-over. Here only one cchiasma are formed and this results in the formation of single cross- over gametes. Double crossing-over. Here two chiasmata are formed. Both the crossing over can be between the same nonsister chromatids or between different chromatids. Two or three or all the four chromatids of the bivalents may be involved in this double crossing-over. Multiple crossing-over. Here more than two chiasmata are formed as a result of crossing over.
