Gender Equality in Humanitarian Crises: Empowering Women and Girls

 
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Participation 
must be 
safe, 
equal and meaningful 
for
women, girls, men and
 
boys.
It’s 
not just about 
who 
is involved in project activities
but how 
they 
are involved. 
There 
are different levels:
from 
attendance, 
to consultation, to 
‘self-mobilizing
action’ linked 
to
 
empowerment.
Key
 
questions
Are 
women and girls actively 
contributing to
discussions?
Are they 
making
 
decisions?
Are they 
involved in matters relevant 
to the 
broader
community 
or are 
they 
just asked about 
‘women’s
issues’?
 
S
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3
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S
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S
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5
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Achieving transformational change 
in power relations
between women and men means working across all
these 
interdependent dimensions of 
women’s
empowerment in 
a 
holistic
 
way:
economic;
social;
political;
personal;
legal.
 
S
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e
 
6
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Better 
disaster preparedness and risk
 
reduction
More efficient and effective humanitarian
 
response
Inclusive 
and 
sustainable 
peace-building and
conflict 
resolution in
 
communities
 
S
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i
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e
 
7
1
.
 
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Women 
frequently 
act as effective leaders in
mobilizing 
communities to 
reduce 
the 
risk of, and
prepare 
for,
 
disaster.
Increasingly they 
lead initiatives 
to 
adapt 
to the
impact of 
climate change, 
where 
their knowledge
 
of
natural resource management has often proved
critical to community
 
survival.
 
S
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e
 
8
2
.
 
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There 
are multiple examples where grassroots
women 
crisis 
responders have 
successfully
organized 
themselves to 
lead humanitarian
interventions, often in areas 
that 
international
agencies have not been able 
to 
reach or remain
 
in.
 
S
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9
3
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Research on 
the 
implementation of UN 
Security
Council Resolution 1325 provides irrefutable
evidence 
that 
women’s 
participation in peace
processes 
significantly 
increases 
the 
likelihood of
peace agreements being reached and
 
implemented.
Agreements 
were 35% more likely 
to 
last 
for 
at least
15 
years 
where women were included as witnesses,
signatories, 
mediators or
 
negotiators.
 
S
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1
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persistent perception of women as 
victims 
rather
than 
resilient 
survivors/ 
active
 
agents;
exclusion 
from 
humanitarian decision making
structures;
lack of 
systematic 
data on 
the 
impact of grassroots
women responders and 
their
 
organizations;
lack of 
funding to 
women’s 
rights
 
organizations.
 
S
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1
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direct 
funding to 
women’s 
rights organizations 
for
preparedness, response, advocacy and 
core 
admin
costs;
scale 
up 
training 
opportunities 
for 
local women
leaders in emergency preparedness and
 
response;
commitment to 
gender parity in all 
community-led,
national and international representation 
structures
overseeing emergency preparedness and
 
response;
establishing 
a 
mechanism within 
the 
UN
humanitarian 
coordination system that focuses 
on
gender equality in humanitarian response, including
engagement of 
women’s 
rights
 
organizations.
 
S
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1
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2
0
1
6
Commitment 
to
 
action
gender-sensitive humanitarian
 
response;
draw on expertise of local women and 
women’s
groups and 
empower 
them 
as 
central actors,
 
leaders
and 
agents 
of
 
change;
scale 
up assistance and 
support to 
women’s
groups;
increase 
% 
of 
implementing partners 
that 
are
women’s
 
groups.
 
S
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1
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S
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1
4
T
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g
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improving 
the 
way leadership is exercised 
more
equitable, inclusive, democratic, open, 
consultative,
collective, supportive,
 
self-aware;
using 
that 
leadership 
to 
achieve gender justice
goals, 
specifically 
gender-equitable humanitarian
action.
 
S
l
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d
e
 
1
5
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Support to 
individual women 
to 
understand 
their
rights and 
take 
up leadership positions; 
strengthen
technical 
and influencing 
skills 
of women
 
leaders.
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n
c
e
;
 
r
e
d
u
c
e
s
 
v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
 
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
w
o
m
e
n
 
a
n
d
 
w
o
m
e
n
s
 
t
i
m
e
 
p
o
v
e
r
t
y
;
 
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
i
n
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t
 
f
o
r
 
w
o
m
e
n
s
 
r
i
g
h
t
s
 
a
t
 
w
o
r
k
.
 
S
l
i
d
e
 
1
6
E
n
g
a
g
i
n
g
 
m
e
n
 
a
n
d
 
b
o
y
s
Men and boys 
can 
be important allies and 
change
agents in 
transforming 
damaging 
social 
norms
(beliefs and behaviours), and helping 
to 
minimize
backlash 
from 
men when patriarchy is
 
challenged.
 
S
l
i
d
e
 
1
7
H
o
w
 
c
a
n
 
h
u
m
a
n
i
t
a
r
i
a
n
s
 
e
n
g
a
g
e
 
w
i
t
h
 
t
h
i
s
 
a
g
e
n
d
a
a
l
o
n
g
s
i
d
e
 
t
h
e
 
i
m
m
e
d
i
a
c
y
 
o
f
 
l
i
f
e
-
s
a
v
i
n
g
 
w
o
r
k
?
B
y
 
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
 
m
u
t
u
a
l
l
y
 
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
v
e
 
p
a
r
t
n
e
r
s
h
i
p
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
 
w
o
m
e
n
 
a
c
t
i
v
i
s
t
s
,
 
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
 
a
n
d
 
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
e
n
g
a
g
e
d
 
i
n
 
l
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
 
w
o
m
e
n
s
 
r
i
g
h
t
s
 
w
o
r
k
,
 
a
n
d
 
t
h
o
s
e
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
 
i
n
 
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
i
n
g
 
h
u
m
a
n
i
t
a
r
i
a
n
 
a
i
d
.
 
S
l
i
d
e
 
1
8
W
h
a
t
 
w
o
u
l
d
 
a
 
m
u
t
u
a
l
l
y
 
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
v
e
 
p
a
r
t
n
e
r
s
h
i
p
l
o
o
k
 
l
i
k
e
?
Humanitarians 
can support 
local and national
women’s 
rights organizations and, in 
turn 
harness
their support,
 
by:
recognizing 
their knowledge, 
expertise, influencing
power, 
transformative 
women’s 
rights agenda, and
working with 
them to 
develop inclusive
 
leadership;
strengthening their capacity to 
engage
 
strategically
in humanitarian action by 
funding them, 
offering
training, 
and ensuring 
their 
representation in
decision making
 
bodies;
supporting their 
wider long-term agendas, including
creating 
an enabling environment 
for 
women’s
rights.
 
S
l
i
d
e
 
1
9
G
e
n
d
e
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
 
v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
 
(
G
B
V
)
 
i
s
 
a
n
 
u
m
b
r
e
l
l
a
 
t
e
r
m
f
o
r
 
a
n
y
 
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
 
a
c
t
 
t
h
a
t
 
i
s
 
p
e
r
p
e
t
r
a
t
e
d
 
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
 
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
 
w
i
l
l
 
a
n
d
 
t
h
a
t
 
i
s
 
b
a
s
e
d
 
o
n
 
s
o
c
i
a
l
l
y
 
a
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
(
i
.
e
.
 
g
e
n
d
e
r
)
 
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
 
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
 
m
a
l
e
s
 
a
n
d
 
f
e
m
a
l
e
s
.
I
t
 
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
 
a
c
t
s
 
t
h
a
t
 
i
n
f
l
i
c
t
 
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
,
 
s
e
x
u
a
l
 
o
r
 
m
e
n
t
a
l
h
a
r
m
 
o
r
 
s
u
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
,
 
t
h
r
e
a
t
s
 
o
f
 
s
u
c
h
 
a
c
t
s
,
 
c
o
e
r
c
i
o
n
,
 
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
 
d
e
p
r
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
 
o
f
 
l
i
b
e
r
t
y
.
 
T
h
e
s
e
 
a
c
t
s
 
c
a
n
 
o
c
c
u
r
 
i
n
p
u
b
l
i
c
 
o
r
 
i
n
 
p
r
i
v
a
t
e
.
Source: IASC GBV Guidelines
 
(2015)
 
V
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
 
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
 
w
o
m
e
n
 
(
V
A
W
)
 
i
s
 
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
 
i
n
 
t
h
e
U
n
i
t
e
d
 
N
a
t
i
o
n
s
 
D
e
c
l
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
 
o
n
 
t
h
e
 
E
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
 
o
f
V
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
 
A
g
a
i
n
s
t
 
W
o
m
e
n
 
a
s
 
a
n
y
 
a
c
t
 
o
f
 
G
B
V
 
t
h
a
t
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
 
i
n
,
 
o
r
 
i
s
 
l
i
k
e
l
y
 
t
o
 
r
e
s
u
l
t
 
i
n
,
 
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
,
 
s
e
x
u
a
l
 
o
r
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
 
h
a
r
m
 
o
r
 
s
u
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
 
t
o
 
w
o
m
e
n
,
 
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
t
h
r
e
a
t
s
 
o
f
 
s
u
c
h
 
a
c
t
s
,
 
c
o
e
r
c
i
o
n
 
o
r
 
a
r
b
i
t
r
a
r
y
 
d
e
p
r
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
 
l
i
b
e
r
t
y
,
 
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
 
o
c
c
u
r
r
i
n
g
 
i
n
 
p
u
b
l
i
c
 
o
r
 
i
n
 
p
r
i
v
a
t
e
 
l
i
f
e
.
Source: 
UN 
Women
 
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/reports.htm
 
S
l
i
d
e
 
2
0
G
B
V
:
 
W
o
m
e
n
 
o
r
 
m
e
n
?
W
h
i
l
e
 
t
h
e
 
t
e
r
m
 
g
e
n
d
e
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
 
v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
 
i
s
 
u
s
e
d
 
t
o
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
 
s
o
m
e
 
f
o
r
m
s
 
o
f
 
v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
 
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
 
m
e
n
 
a
n
d
b
o
y
s
,
 
m
o
s
t
 
a
c
t
s
 
o
f
 
G
B
V
 
a
r
e
 
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
d
 
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
 
w
o
m
e
n
a
n
d
 
g
i
r
l
s
 
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
 
i
n
 
m
a
n
y
 
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
s
,
 
t
h
e
y
 
a
r
e
d
i
s
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
d
 
i
n
 
t
e
r
m
s
 
o
f
 
s
o
c
i
a
l
 
p
o
w
e
r
 
a
n
d
 
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
,
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
 
o
f
 
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
 
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
 
o
f
 
t
h
e
i
r
 
b
o
d
i
e
s
 
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
 
i
n
 
p
u
b
l
i
c
 
l
i
f
e
,
 
m
a
k
i
n
g
 
t
h
e
m
 
m
o
r
e
v
u
l
n
e
r
a
b
l
e
 
t
o
 
v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
.
Source: IASC GBV Guidelines
 
(2015)
 
S
l
i
d
e
 
2
1
T
h
e
 
k
e
y
 
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
 
o
f
 
a
n
y
 
a
c
t
 
o
f
 
G
B
V
 
a
r
e
:
i
t
 
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
 
t
h
e
 
a
b
u
s
e
 
o
f
 
p
o
w
e
r
 
b
y
 
t
h
e
 
p
e
r
p
e
t
r
a
t
o
r
(
e
.
g
.
 
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
,
 
h
u
s
b
a
n
d
s
,
 
a
i
d
 
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
)
;
i
t
 
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
 
s
o
m
e
 
t
y
p
e
 
o
f
 
f
o
r
c
e
,
 
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
 
t
h
r
e
a
t
s
 
a
n
d
c
o
e
r
c
i
o
n
;
t
h
e
r
e
 
i
s
 
a
 
l
a
c
k
 
o
f
 
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
 
c
o
n
s
e
n
t
;
i
t
 
i
s
 
a
 
v
i
o
l
a
t
i
o
n
 
o
f
 
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
 
h
u
m
a
n
 
r
i
g
h
t
s
.
 
S
l
i
d
e
 
2
2
T
y
p
e
s
 
o
f
 
G
B
V
sexual violence: 
rape, attempted rape, 
forced
pregnancy or abortion, 
forced 
prostitution, 
sexual
harassment or abuse and 
sexual
 
exploitation
physical 
violence: 
domestic 
violence,
 
assault
psychological 
violence: verbal 
or emotional abuse,
humiliation, discrimination, 
confinement, 
denial of
opportunities or access 
to
 
services
economic 
violence: 
denial of access 
to 
money within
the
 
household
harmful 
traditional 
practices include 
sexual, 
physical
and psychological 
violence – 
e.g. 
female 
genital
mutilation, harm 
to 
men’s 
genitals, 
forced 
early
marriage, widow 
killings, 
and 
so-called 
‘honour-
killings’
domestic 
violence 
or intimate partner 
violence can
involve any 
single type, 
or 
a combination 
of 
the
types 
of 
violence 
outlined
 
above.
 
S
l
i
d
e
 
2
3
T
h
e
 
s
c
o
p
e
 
o
f
 
t
h
e
 
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
 
i
s
 
i
m
m
e
n
s
e
Gender-based violence 
is 
serious, 
life-threatening
and
 
global.
During humanitarian emergencies 
GBV 
is 
known
to
 
increase.
Examples
During 
the 
genocide in Rwanda in 1994, it is
estimated 
that 
between 250,000 and 500,000 women
survived
 
rape.
In the 
Democratic Republic of Congo, 
a study 
in 
2011
estimated 
that 
48 women were raped every
 
hour.
 
S
l
i
d
e
 
2
4
W
h
a
t
 
d
o
 
w
e
 
m
e
a
n
 
b
y
 
D
o
 
N
o
 
H
a
r
m
?
The concept 
of ‘do no harm’ means 
that 
humanitarian
organizations must 
strive to 
minimize 
the 
harm 
they
may inadvertently be doing by being present and
providing assistance. 
Such 
unintended negative
consequences 
may be wide-ranging and extremely
complex...’
Source: IASC GBV Guidelines, 
2015, 
p
 
45
 
S
l
i
d
e
 
2
5
D
o
 
N
o
 
H
a
r
m
 
a
n
d
 
G
B
V
‘…Humanitarian 
actors 
can 
reinforce 
the “Do 
No
 
Harm”
principle 
in 
their 
GBV-related 
work 
through careful
attention 
to 
the 
human 
rights-based, 
survivor-centred,
community-based 
and 
systems
 
approaches.
 
S
l
i
d
e
 
2
6
W
h
y
 
y
o
u
 
s
h
o
u
l
d
 
n
o
t
 
w
a
i
t
 
f
o
r
 
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
 
o
f
 
G
B
V
b
e
f
o
r
e
 
a
c
t
i
n
g
GBV 
is happening everywhere and is under-
reported worldwide due 
to fears 
of 
stigma 
or
retaliation, limited availability of 
trusted service
providers, and impunity 
for
 
perpetrators.
There 
are also huge 
safety 
and ethical 
challenges
involved in 
collecting 
data on prevalence in 
times 
of
crises.
Therefore, 
all humanitarian personnel 
should
assume 
that GBV 
is occurring in populations in
crisis, treat 
it as 
a 
life-threatening problem, and 
take
action based on 
the 
detailed 
IASC GBV Guidelines
for their
 
sector.
 
S
l
i
d
e
 
2
7
K
e
y
 
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
 
t
o
 
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
 
t
h
e
 
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
 
s
a
f
e
t
y
 
o
f
w
o
m
e
n
,
 
g
i
r
l
s
,
 
m
e
n
 
a
n
d
 
b
o
y
s
What 
are 
the social 
attitudes 
toward 
gender-based
violence?
Is 
it more 
common since the crisis
 
began?
What forms 
of interpersonal 
violence 
and organized
violence 
are 
common 
in 
this
 
society?
Do 
female 
and male 
survivors 
of 
sexual 
and other
interpersonal 
violence 
have access 
to
 
justice?
Are 
perpetrators likely 
to 
be
 
punished?
Do people in 
this society 
understand 
their 
human
rights and have access 
to 
human rights
 
defenders?
What are the 
social attitudes toward small 
arms
 
and
light
 
weapons?
Are there 
large numbers of 
former 
or 
current
combatants 
in 
this
 
society?
To 
what extent are police 
services functioning 
in 
this
society?
 
S
l
i
d
e
 
2
8
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
n
g
 
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
 
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
 
f
r
o
m
 
t
h
e
 
r
i
s
k
 
o
f
G
B
V
From 
the 
earliest stages, 
a 
focus 
on 
three
 
 
goals:
t
o
 
r
e
d
u
c
e
 
r
i
s
k
 
o
f
 
G
B
V
 
b
y
 
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
g
 
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
 
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
 
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
 
a
c
r
o
s
s
 
a
l
l
 
a
r
e
a
s
 
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
i
t
a
r
i
a
n
 
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
 
f
r
o
m
 
p
r
e
-
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
 
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
o
 
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
 
s
t
a
g
e
s
;
t
o
 
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
 
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
 
b
y
 
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
i
n
g
 
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
 
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
 
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
 
t
h
a
t
 
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
 
a
n
d
 
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
e
G
B
V
,
 
a
n
d
 
b
y
 
e
n
a
b
l
i
n
g
 
s
u
r
v
i
v
o
r
s
 
a
n
d
 
t
h
o
s
e
 
a
t
 
r
i
s
k
 
o
f
G
B
V
 
t
o
 
a
c
c
e
s
s
 
c
a
r
e
 
a
n
d
 
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
;
t
o
 
a
i
d
 
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
 
o
f
 
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
 
a
n
d
 
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o
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t
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e
s
 
b
y
s
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r
t
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g
 
l
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l
 
a
n
d
 
n
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c
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p
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y
 
t
o
 
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r
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e
 
l
a
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t
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o
n
s
 
t
o
 
t
h
e
 
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
 
o
f
 
G
B
V
.
Source: IASC GBV Guidelines,
 
2015
 
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f
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h
e
 
r
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k
 
o
f
 
G
B
V
Prevention 
and
 
mitigation
identify or develop 
GBV 
and protection
 
networks;
do 
a situational
 
analysis;
gender-balanced
 
teams;
consult 
women, girls, men and boys 
to 
identify risk
and ensure 
their 
participation in 
seeking
 
solutions;
develop 
systems for community-led
 
monitoring.
Supporting
 
survivors
find 
out what 
services 
and referral mechanisms
exist 
for survivors. Publicize
 
them;
advocate 
for 
establishment or improvement of
services;
advocate 
for 
legal reform and access 
to 
justice 
to
protect
 
women;
advocate 
for supportive community
 
responses.
 
S
l
i
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e
 
3
0
S
e
x
u
a
l
 
e
x
p
l
o
i
t
a
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a
n
d
 
a
b
u
s
e
:
 
a
n
 
a
b
u
s
e
 
o
f
 
p
o
w
e
r
Power 
is 
the 
ability 
to 
influence or 
control
. It 
is directly related 
to choice.
The 
more power one has, 
the 
more 
choices 
one has. 
People 
with less
power have 
fewer choices 
and are 
therefore 
more 
vulnerable to
 
abuse.
 
S
l
i
d
e
 
3
1
P
o
w
e
r
,
 
f
o
r
c
e
 
a
n
d
 
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
 
c
o
n
s
e
n
t
Abuse 
and exploitation occur when 
someone 
abuses
their 
real or perceived power 
to force someone 
else,
without 
their 
informed 
consent
, 
into acts of 
sexual
abuse or
 
exploitation.
Informed consent 
means making an informed 
choice
freely 
and 
voluntarily 
by persons in an equal power
relationship. 
In 
many 
situations 
of 
SEA, 
the survivor
believes 
she 
or he has no other 
choice than to
comply; this 
is not 
consent. It 
is
 
exploitation.
Sexual 
abuse is actual or 
threatened 
physical
intrusion of 
a sexual 
nature, including inappropriate
touching, 
by 
force 
or under unequal or 
coercive
conditions.
Sexual 
exploitation is any abuse of 
a 
position of
vulnerability, 
differential 
power, 
or 
trust for sexual
purposes; 
this 
includes profiting 
monetarily, 
socially
or politically 
from the sexual 
exploitation of
 
another.
 
S
l
i
d
e
 
3
2
E
x
t
r
a
c
t
 
f
r
o
m
 
O
x
f
a
m
 
E
m
p
l
o
y
e
e
 
C
o
d
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o
f
 
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
 
a
n
d
 
V
a
l
u
e
s
I 
will 
treat 
all people with respect and dignity and
challenge 
any 
form 
of harassment, discrimination,
intimidation or
 
exploitation.
I 
will 
contribute to a 
working environment 
characterized 
by
mutual respect, 
integrity, 
dignity and
 
non-discrimination.
I 
will ensure 
that 
my relationships and behaviour are not
exploitative, abusive or 
corrupt 
in any
 
way.
I 
will respect all 
people’s 
rights, including children’s rights,
and will not engage in any 
form 
of abuse or 
sexual
exploitation of 
children, 
or of any persons of any
 
age.
With 
beneficiaries, 
I 
will not exchange 
money, 
offers 
of
employment, goods or 
services for sex 
nor 
for 
any 
forms
of humiliating, degrading or exploitative
 
behaviour.
I 
will use my best endeavours 
to 
report any 
such
behaviours or malpractice in 
the 
workplace by others 
to
my line management or 
through 
recognized 
confidential
reporting
 
systems.
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Addressing gender equality in humanitarian crises is crucial for empowering women and girls. Access and participation in facilities and activities, meaningful participation, dignity, and empowerment are key aspects to consider. Women's empowerment spans various spheres and requires holistic approaches. Improving disaster preparedness, response effectiveness, and inclusive peace-building are essential for advancing gender equality during crises.


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  1. Slide 1 Access and participation Access to facilities, services and information (e.g. latrines, wash points, non-food item distributions, entitlements) must be equally and safely accessible to women, girls, men and boys. Participation in activities such as meetings, committees, and training and employment programmes must also be equal and safe for all.

  2. Slide 2 Meaningful participation Participation must be safe, equal and meaningful for women, girls, men and boys. It s not just about who is involved in project activities but how they are involved. There are different levels: from attendance, to consultation, to self-mobilizing action linked toempowerment. Key questions Are women and girls actively contributing to discussions? Are they making decisions? Are they involved in matters relevant to the broader community or are they just asked about women s issues ?

  3. Slide 3 Dignity is about having your needs met in a respectful way. This will not happen if you are ignored, discriminated against, insulted, or embarrassed. The needs of an individual will differ in every cultural context so preserving dignity means consulting women and girls on what is needed.

  4. Slide 4 Empowerment is the process of gaining control over the self, over ideology and the resources that determine power. Women s empowerment is the process through which women, individually and collectively, become aware of how power structures operate in their lives and gain the confidence to challenge the resulting gender inequalities.

  5. Slide 5 Women s empowerment can take place in different interdependent spheres Achieving transformational change in power relations between women and men means working across all these interdependent dimensions of women s empowerment in a holistic way: economic; social; political; personal; legal.

  6. Slide 6 What do we need to do to work above the line on gender equality during humanitarian crises? Better disaster preparedness and risk reduction More efficient and effective humanitarian response Inclusive and sustainable peace-building and conflict resolution in communities

  7. Slide 7 1. Better disaster preparedness and risk reduction Women frequently act as effective leaders in mobilizing communities to reduce the risk of, and prepare for, disaster. Increasingly they lead initiatives to adapt to the impact of climate change, where their knowledge of natural resource management has often proved critical to community survival.

  8. Slide 8 2. More efficient and effective humanitarian response There are multiple examples where grassroots women crisis responders have successfully organized themselves to lead humanitarian interventions, often in areas that international agencies have not been able to reach or remain in.

  9. Slide 9 3. Inclusive and sustainable peace-building and conflict resolution in communities Research on the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 provides irrefutable evidence that women s participation in peace processes significantly increases the likelihood of peace agreements being reached and implemented. Agreements were 35% more likely to last for at least 15 years where women were included as witnesses, signatories, mediators or negotiators.

  10. Slide 10 Barriers to women s leadership in humanitarian response persistent perception of women as victims rather than resilient survivors/ active agents; exclusion from humanitarian decision making structures; lack of systematic data on the impact of grassroots women responders and their organizations; lack of funding to women s rights organizations.

  11. Slide 11 What action is needed to strengthen women s leadership in humanitarian action? direct funding to women s rights organizations for preparedness, response, advocacy and core admin costs; scale up training opportunities for local women leaders in emergency preparedness and response; commitment to gender parity in all community-led, national and international representation structures overseeing emergency preparedness and response; establishing a mechanism within the UN humanitarian coordination system that focuses on gender equality in humanitarian response, including engagement of women s rights organizations.

  12. Slide 12 World Humanitarian Summit, May 2016 Commitment to action gender-sensitive humanitarian response; draw on expertise of local women and women s groups and empower them as central actors, leaders and agents ofchange; scale up assistance and support to women s groups; increase % of implementing partners that are women s groups.

  13. Slide 13 Transformative leadership for women s rights This is about more than getting more women into positions of power and leadership. We also need to think about the quality and intention of their leadership. It is about leadership for sustainable change that challenges the root causes of inequality and builds an enabling environment for the leadership potential of individuals. It means focusing on the politics and practice of power and rethinking leadership with the aim of developing and modelling more equal and inclusive leadership styles.

  14. Slide 14 TLWR has a twofold goal improving the way leadership is exercised more equitable, inclusive, democratic, open, consultative, collective, supportive, self-aware; using that leadership to achieve gender justice goals, specifically gender-equitable humanitarian action.

  15. Slide 15 Programme approaches for transformative leadership for women srights Support to individual women to understand their rights and take up leadership positions; strengthen technical and influencing skills of women leaders. Support to women s collective action (alliances, networks) that promotes a women s rights agenda across sectors (including humanitarian) and support for safer and more effective influencing. Closing the policy practice gap - e.g. legal and policy reform to support women s leadership, implementation of reforms. Creates an enabling environment - e.g. challenges social norms and expectations re. women s leadership; creates safe spaces for women to organize and influence; reduces violence against women and women s time poverty; increases investment for women s rights at work.

  16. Slide 16 Engaging men and boys Men and boys can be important allies and change agents in transforming damaging social norms (beliefs and behaviours), and helping to minimize backlash from men when patriarchy is challenged.

  17. Slide 17 How can humanitarians engage with this agenda alongside the immediacy of life-saving work? By building mutually supportive partnerships between women activists, leaders and movements engaged in long-term women s rights work, and those involved in delivering humanitarian aid.

  18. Slide 18 What would a mutually supportive partnership look like? Humanitarians can support local and national women s rights organizations and, in turn harness their support, by: recognizing their knowledge, expertise, influencing power, transformative women s rights agenda, and working with them to develop inclusive leadership; strengthening their capacity to engage strategically in humanitarian action by funding them, offering training, and ensuring their representation in decision making bodies; supporting their wider long-term agendas, including creating an enabling environment for women s rights.

  19. Slide 19 Gender-based violence (GBV) is an umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person s will and that is based on socially ascribed (i.e. gender) differences between males and females. It includes acts that inflict physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering, threats of such acts, coercion, and other deprivations of liberty. These acts can occur in public or in private. Source: IASC GBV Guidelines(2015) Violence against women (VAW) is described in the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women as any act of GBV that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life . Source: UN Women http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/reports.htm

  20. Slide 20 GBV: Women or men? While the term gender-based violence is used to describe some forms of violence against men and boys, most acts of GBV are directed against women and girls because in many contexts, they are disadvantaged in terms of social power and influence, control of resources, control of their bodies and participation in public life, making them more vulnerable to violence. Source: IASC GBV Guidelines(2015)

  21. Slide 21 The key characteristics of any act of GBV are: it involves the abuse of power by the perpetrator (e.g. teachers, husbands, aid workers); it involves some type of force, including threats and coercion; there is a lack of informed consent; it is a violation of fundamental human rights.

  22. Slide 22 Types of GBV sexual violence: rape, attempted rape, forced pregnancy or abortion, forced prostitution, sexual harassment or abuse and sexual exploitation physical violence: domestic violence, assault psychological violence: verbal or emotional abuse, humiliation, discrimination, confinement, denial of opportunities or access to services economic violence: denial of access to money within the household harmful traditional practices include sexual, physical and psychological violence e.g. female genital mutilation, harm to men s genitals, forced early marriage, widow killings, and so-called honour- killings domestic violence or intimate partner violence can involve any single type, or a combination of the types of violence outlined above.

  23. Slide 23 The scope of the problem is immense Gender-based violence is serious, life-threatening and global. During humanitarian emergencies GBV is known to increase. Examples During the genocide in Rwanda in 1994, it is estimated that between 250,000 and 500,000 women survived rape. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, a study in 2011 estimated that 48 women were raped every hour.

  24. Slide 24 What do we mean by Do No Harm ? The concept of do no harm means that humanitarian organizations must strive to minimize the harm they may inadvertently be doing by being present and providing assistance. Such unintended negative consequences may be wide-ranging and extremely complex... Source: IASC GBV Guidelines, 2015, p45

  25. Slide 25 Do No Harm and GBV Humanitarian actors can reinforce the Do NoHarm principle in their GBV-related work through careful attention to the human rights-based, survivor-centred, community-based and systemsapproaches.

  26. Slide 26 Why you should not wait for evidence of GBV before acting GBV is happening everywhere and is under- reported worldwide due to fears of stigma or retaliation, limited availability of trusted service providers, and impunity for perpetrators. There are also huge safety and ethical challenges involved in collecting data on prevalence in times of crises. Therefore, all humanitarian personnel should assume that GBV is occurring in populations in crisis, treat it as a life-threatening problem, and take action based on the detailed IASC GBV Guidelines for their sector.

  27. Slide 27 Key questions to establish the relative safety of women, girls, men and boys What are the social attitudes toward gender-based violence? Is it more common since the crisis began? What forms of interpersonal violence and organized violence are common in this society? Do female and male survivors of sexual and other interpersonal violence have access to justice? Are perpetrators likely to be punished? Do people in this society understand their human rights and have access to human rights defenders? What are the social attitudes toward small armsand light weapons? Are there large numbers of former or current combatants in this society? To what extent are police services functioning in this society?

  28. Slide 28 Protecting affected populations from the risk of GBV From the earliest stages, a focus on threegoals: to reduce risk of GBV by implementing prevention and mitigation strategies across all areas of humanitarian response from pre-emergency through to recoverystages; to promote resilience by strengthening nationaland community-based systems that prevent and mitigate GBV, and by enabling survivors and those at risk of GBV to access care andsupport; to aid recovery of communities and societies by supporting local and national capacity to createlasting solutions to the problem ofGBV. Source: IASC GBV Guidelines,2015

  29. Slide 29 Strategies for reducing the risk of GBV Prevention and mitigation identify or develop GBV and protection networks; do a situational analysis; gender-balanced teams; consult women, girls, men and boys to identify risk and ensure their participation in seeking solutions; develop systems for community-led monitoring. Supporting survivors find out what services and referral mechanisms exist for survivors. Publicize them; advocate for establishment or improvement of services; advocate for legal reform and access to justice to protect women; advocate for supportive community responses.

  30. Slide 30 Sexual exploitation and abuse: an abuse of power Power is the ability to influence or control. It is directly related to choice. The more power one has, the more choices one has. People with less power have fewer choices and are therefore more vulnerable to abuse. What gives power? Types or power? Examples ofpowerful people Men, older people, teacher, parents, doctor, aidworker Elected leaders Social power Status Political power Ability tomobilize, control policies, implement laws Money/access togoods and services and assets Strength, size, use of weapons, controlling access orsecurity Economic power Father, husband, aid worker Physical power Soldiers, police, robbers, gangs

  31. Slide 31 Power, force and informed consent Abuse and exploitation occur when someone abuses their real or perceived power to force someone else, without their informed consent, into acts of sexual abuse or exploitation. Informed consent means making an informed choice freely and voluntarily by persons in an equal power relationship. In many situations of SEA, the survivor believes she or he has no other choice than to comply; this is not consent. It is exploitation. Sexual abuse is actual or threatened physical intrusion of a sexual nature, including inappropriate touching, by force or under unequal or coercive conditions. Sexual exploitation is any abuse of a position of vulnerability, differential power, or trust for sexual purposes; this includes profiting monetarily, socially or politically from the sexual exploitation of another.

  32. Slide 32 Extract from Oxfam Employee Code of Conduct Standards and Values I will treat all people with respect and dignity and challenge any form of harassment, discrimination, intimidation or exploitation. I will contribute to a working environment characterized by mutual respect, integrity, dignity and non-discrimination. I will ensure that my relationships and behaviour are not exploitative, abusive or corrupt in any way. I will respect all people s rights, including children s rights, and will not engage in any form of abuse or sexual exploitation of children, or of any persons of any age. With beneficiaries, I will not exchange money, offers of employment, goods or services for sex nor for any forms of humiliating, degrading or exploitative behaviour. I will use my best endeavours to report any such behaviours or malpractice in the workplace by others to my line management or through recognized confidential reporting systems.

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