Gender-Based Violence: Human Rights Perspective
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Sexual and gender-based violence:
Core concepts
If the guiding principles are integrated into health care services,
access to care for sexual violence survivors will be improved.
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Do you think all survivors report to your
facility?
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Why or why not?
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“All human beings are born free and equal in
dignity and rights.” (Universal Declaration of
Human Rights)
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Human rights are universal, inalienable,
indivisible, interconnected, and interdependent.
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Everyone is entitled to all the rights and
freedoms, without distinction of any kind, such
as race, gender, religion, political opinion, etc.
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Prevention of and response to gender-based
violence is directly linked to the protection of
human rights.
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GBV violates a number of human rights principles:
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Life, liberty, and security of the person
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Freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or
punishment
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Freedom of movement, opinion, expression, and association
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Entering into marriage with free and full consent and the entitlement to
equal rights to marriage, during marriage, and at its dissolution
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Equality, including to equal protection under the law, even during war
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Human dignity and physical integrity
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Freedom from all forms of discrimination
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Equality in the family
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The highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
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2014 Meta-analysis of 19 studies: Prevalence of sexual violence among female
refugees and IDPs across 14 countries affected by conflict suggests one in five
(21.4%) experienced sexual violence. Likely an underestimation.
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Over 3 months in 2013, IRC Women’s Centres in Bangui, CAR, saw 238 women
reporting extreme levels of violence and abuse. 82% reported experiencing
rape, with 72% reporting gang rape.
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A 2000 CDC survey: 25% of Azeri women acknowledged being forced to have
sex, with the internally displaced in Azerbaijan at greatest risk.
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An estimated 23,000-45,000 Kosovar Albanian Women were raped between
August 1998 and August 1999, the height of the war with Serbia.
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Between 2001 and 2009, 489,687 women in Colombia experienced sexual
violence in municipalities that had State and non-State fighting forces present.
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“Wife beating is an accepted custom…we are wasting our time
debating the issue.”–
Papua New Guinea member of Parliament during
debate on wife battering
•
“.. If it's a legitimate rape, the female body has ways to try to shut that
whole thing
(becoming pregnant
) down
“ -US member of Congress
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“… through questions related to her sexual life it is possible to tell if
the woman is responsible for the attack, because in most cases, it is
the woman who provokes the aggression”–
Agent from the Mexico City
Attorney General’s Office
•
“If my daughter or sister… allowed herself to lose face by doing such
things, I would most certainly take (her) to my farmhouse and in front
of my entire family, I would put petrol on her and set her alight
”–
Perpetrator's defense lawyer in India
GBV Tree
Examples
of GBV
Contributing
factors
Root causes
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Sexual
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Physical
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Emotional
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Economic
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Harmful
practices
Abuse of
power
Disrespect for
human rights
Gender
inequality
Conflict
Lack of
education
Lack of police
protection
Alcohol and
drug abuse
Poverty
Verbal abuse
Dowry abuse
Sexual
abuse
Rape
Forced
marriage
FGM
Domestic
violence
Isolation
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To develop an appropriate response to sexual violence you need
to understand the possible
consequences
of sexual violence
Response
To prevent sexual violence you need to understand
root causes
and
contributing factors
that put people at risk in all sectors
Food security
Protection
Education
Water sanitation
Camp management
Human
resources
Health
Community
Non-food distribution
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There is no consensus on terminology or definitions
among agencies or individuals.
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UNHCR: Sexual and Gender-Based Violence
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IASC: Gender-Based Violence
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WHO: Violence Against Women
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ICRC: Sexual Violence
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IASC definition for GBV
‘An umbrella term for any
harmful
act
that is perpetrated
against a
person’s will
, and that is based on socially ascribed
differences
between males and females
’
There are also different types or forms of violence:
(1) sexual (2)
physical;
(3) harmful traditional practices; (4) socio-economic; and
(5) emotional and psychological
•
UNHCR definition for SGBV
… gender-based violence is
violence
that is directed against a
person
on the basis of gender or sex
. It includes acts that inflict
physical, mental or sexual harm or suffering, threats
of such acts,
coercion
and other
deprivations of liberty
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WHO/IASC:
“any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual
act, unwanted sexual comments or
advances, or acts to traffic,
or otherwise
directed against,
a person’s sexuality, using
coercion,
threats of harm or physical force,
by any person regardless of relationship to
the victim, in any setting, including but not
limited to home and work”
World Report on violence and health, WHO, 2002
Page 8, IASC GBV Guidelines
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Rape
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Sexual slavery and/or trafficking
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Sexual harassment, indecent assault
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Sexual exploitation and/or abuse
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Forced pregnancy, abortion, or sterilization
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Strip searches
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Incest
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Forced marriage, levirate marriage, early marriage
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Female genital mutilation
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?
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Sexual violence is immediately life-threatening
•
Sexual violence has serious negative consequences
at all levels
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Effective response to sexual violence can
prevent
further violence
•
It is feasible and possible to prevent some negative
consequences of sexual violence
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“Invasion of the body of a person by conduct resulting
in penetration, however slight, of any part of the body
of the victim or of the perpetrator with a sexual organ,
or of the anal or genital opening of the victim’s body
with any object or any other part of the body
… committed by force, or by threat of force or
coercion…
…or by taking advantage of a coercive environment, or
committed against a person incapable of giving
genuine consent…”
-International Criminal Court (ICC)
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Legal definitions differ for each country, but
always include:
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Rape occurs
without consent
of the victim
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Some kind of
force
was used
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What is the legal definition of rape in your
setting?
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<Update this slide with information prior to
the training>
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Victim
Suggests passivity rather than resilience
Reinforces stigmatization
But: Important status for legal purposes
Survivor
Empowering
Right to self-determination
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Sexual violence is a violation of human rights
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Abuse of power and gender inequality are root causes of GBV
•
Various stakeholders must collaborate to develop
comprehensive sexual violence prevention and response
activities
•
There is no common terminology amongst actors
•
Agree on the same definitions when responding to survivors
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Guiding principles:
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Safety
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Confidentiality
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Respect
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Non-discrimination
R
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n
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Vu, A., et al. 2014. “The Prevalence of Sexual Violence among Female Refugees in Complex
Humanitarian Settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” PLOSE Current Disasters.
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UKAid. April 2014. “Evidence Digest: Issue 01.” Violence Against Women and Girls
Helpdesk
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United Nations Security Council. 2014.
Conflict-Related Sexual Violence: Report of the
Secretary-General.
S/2014/181.
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Ward, J., 2002.
If Not Now, When? Addressing gender-based violence in refugee, internally
displaced, and post-conflict settings.
RHRC.
•
Ward, J., 2006.
Broken Bodies, Broken Dreams: Violence against women exposed.
IRIN.
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Oxfam. 2010. “First Survey on the Prevalence of Sexual Violence Against Women in the
Context of the Colombian Armed Conflict 2001-2009,” p. 1, cited in Shteir, S. 2014.
Conflict-Related Sexual and Gender-Based Violence: An introductory overview to support
prevention and response efforts.
ACMC.
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Inter-Agency Standing Committee. 2015.
Guidelines for Integrating Gender-Based Violence
Interventions in Humanitarian Action: Reducing risk, promoting resilience and aiding
recovery
.
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WHO/UNHCR. 2004. Clinical management of rape survivors: developing protocols for use
with refugees and internally displaced persons.
•
SPRINT Guide
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Plan International, Double Jeopardy: Adolescent Girls and Disasters,
•
http://plan-international.org/girls/reportsand-publications/the-state-of-the-worlds-girls-
2013.php?lang=en
The content discusses the clinical management of sexual violence survivors, barriers to care and support, human rights principles, and attitudes contributing to the problem of gender-based violence. It emphasizes the integration of guiding principles in healthcare for improved access to care. Violations of human rights through gender-based violence are highlighted, showcasing the need for universal rights protection. The societal attitudes presented underscore the urgent need for combating harmful beliefs and practices to address the global issue effectively.
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Presentation Transcript
Clinical management Clinical management of sexual violence of sexual violence Sexual and gender-based violence: Core concepts If the guiding principles are integrated into health care services, access to care for sexual violence survivors will be improved.
Barriers to care and support Barriers to care and support Do you think all survivors report to your facility? Why or why not?
Human Rights Human Rights All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Human rights are universal, inalienable, indivisible, interconnected, and interdependent. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms, without distinction of any kind, such as race, gender, religion, political opinion, etc. Prevention of and response to gender-based violence is directly linked to the protection of human rights.
GBV and Human Rights GBV and Human Rights GBV violates a number of human rights principles: Life, liberty, and security of the person Freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment Freedom of movement, opinion, expression, and association Entering into marriage with free and full consent and the entitlement to equal rights to marriage, during marriage, and at its dissolution Equality, including to equal protection under the law, even during war Human dignity and physical integrity Freedom from all forms of discrimination Equality in the family The highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
Attitudes that contribute to the problem Attitudes that contribute to the problem Wife beating is an accepted custom we are wasting our time debating the issue. Papua New Guinea member of Parliament during debate on wife battering .. If it's a legitimate rape, the female body has ways to try to shut that whole thing (becoming pregnant) down -US member of Congress through questions related to her sexual life it is possible to tell if the woman is responsible for the attack, because in most cases, it is the woman who provokes the aggression Agent from the Mexico City Attorney General s Office If my daughter or sister allowed herself to lose face by doing such things, I would most certainly take (her) to my farmhouse and in front of my entire family, I would put petrol on her and set her alight Perpetrator's defense lawyer in India
GBV Tree Verbal abuse Domestic violence FGM Examples of GBV Isolation Sexual abuse Forced marriage Rape Dowry abuse Alcohol and drugabuse Poverty Contributing factors Sexual Physical Emotional Economic Harmful practices Lackof education Lackof police protection Conflict Root causes Disrespect for human rights Abuse of power Gender inequality
Prevention Prevention To prevent sexual violence you need to understand root causes and contributing factors that put people at risk in all sectors Food security Human resources Protection Health Education Community Water sanitation Non-food distribution Camp management Response To develop an appropriate response to sexual violence you need to understand the possible consequences of sexual violence
Definitions and Terminology Definitions and Terminology There is no consensus on terminology or definitions among agencies or individuals. UNHCR: Sexual and Gender-Based Violence IASC: Gender-Based Violence WHO: Violence Against Women ICRC: Sexual Violence
Definitions Definitionsof (S)GBV of (S)GBV IASC definition for GBV An umbrella term for any harmful actthat is perpetratedagainst a person s will, and that is based on socially ascribed differences between males and females There are also different types or forms of violence: (1) sexual (2) physical; (3) harmful traditional practices; (4) socio-economic; and (5) emotional and psychological UNHCR definition for SGBV gender-based violence is violence that is directed against a person on the basis of gender or sex. It includes acts that inflict physical, mental or sexual harm or suffering, threats of such acts, coercion and other deprivations of liberty
Definition of sexual violence Definition of sexual violence WHO/IASC: any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed against,a person s sexuality, using coercion, threats of harm or physical force, by any person regardless of relationship to the victim, in any setting, including but not limited to home and work World Report on violence and health, WHO, 2002 Page 8, IASC GBV Guidelines
Types of sexual violence Types of sexual violence Rape Sexual slavery and/or trafficking Sexual harassment, indecent assault Sexual exploitation and/or abuse Forced pregnancy, abortion, or sterilization Strip searches Incest Forced marriage, levirate marriage, early marriage Female genital mutilation
Why focus on clinical care of Why focus on clinical care of sexual violence? sexual violence? Sexual violence is immediately life-threatening Sexual violence has serious negative consequences at all levels Effective response to sexual violence can prevent further violence It is feasible and possible to prevent some negative consequences of sexual violence Providing clinical care for survivors of sexual Providing clinical care for survivors of sexual violence is a priority intervention in emergencies violence is a priority intervention in emergencies
International definition of rape International definition of rape Invasion of the body of a person by conduct resulting in penetration, however slight, of any part of the body of the victim or of the perpetrator with a sexual organ, or of the anal or genital opening of the victim s body with any object or any other part of the body committed by force, or by threat of force or coercion or by taking advantage of a coercive environment, or committed against a person incapable of giving genuine consent -International Criminal Court (ICC)
Definition of rape in national laws Definition of rape in national laws Legal definitions differ for each country, but always include: Rape occurs without consent of the victim Some kind of force was used What is the legal definition of rape in your setting?
Legal definition of rape Legal definition of rape <Update this slide with information prior to the training>
Victim or Survivor Victim or Survivor Victim Suggests passivity rather than resilience Reinforces stigmatization But: Important status for legal purposes Survivor Empowering Right to self-determination
Key messages Key messages Sexual violence is a violation of human rights Abuse of power and gender inequality are root causes of GBV Various stakeholders must collaborate to develop comprehensive sexual violence prevention and response activities There is no common terminology amongst actors Agree on the same definitions when responding to survivors Guiding principles: Safety Confidentiality Respect Non-discrimination
