French Phonology Study: C+yod in French Représentation
Research conducted by Tobias Scheer on 2nd July 2021 at Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, BCL examines the occurrence of C+yod in French phonology. The study identifies specific patterns where C+yod occurs, emphasizing morphological boundaries and differentiating between lexical origins of the yod. Further analysis delves into the syllabic identity of Cj and the concept of branching onset within French phonological structures.
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C+yod in French R seau Fran ais de Phonologie 2nd July 2021 Tobias Scheer Universit C te d'Azur, CNRS, BCL
relevant patterns: where Cj occurs in French, there are 5 (and only 5) patterns where Cj is created at morphological boundaries (i.e. where alternations occur) A. the lexical origin of the yod is the root [1a] C+j is word-initial [1b] C+j is not word-initial li-er [lje], ni-er [nje], sci-er [sje], etc. copi-er [k pje], ch ti-er [ atje], unifi-er [ynifje], concili-er [ksilje], appr ci-er [apresje], etc. B. the lexical origin of the yod is the suffix [2a] -ien [2b] -ier [2c] 1pl -i-ons, 2pl -i-ez alsac-ien [...sj], danub-ien [...bj], freud-ien [...dj], br sil-ien [...lj], etc. abricot-ier [...tje], troup-ier [...pje], chemis-ier [...zje], etc. nous rat-i-ons [tj] imparfait que nous rat-i-ons [tj] subjonctif nous rat-er-i-ons [ rj] conditionnel
2. What is the syllabic identity of Cj?
Kaye, Jonathan & Jean Lowenstamm 1984. De la syllabicit . Forme Sonore du Langage, edited by Fran ois Dell, Daniel Hirst & Jean-Roger Vergnaud, 123-159. Paris: Hermann. Klein, Marc 1992. Vers une approche substantielle et dynamique de la constituance syllabique. Le cas des semi-voyelles et des voyelles hautes dans les usages parisiens. Ph.D thesis, Universit Paris 8. syllabic identity of Cj: logical possibilities representations in Strict CV, but that does not matter: replace with your favourite. bipositional branching onset bipositional coda- onset sequence monopositional contour segment yod is the first member of a diphthong gvt C V C V | C <= j T <= R C V C V | C C V | V C | C j V | | | j | V V C j V jV is never a complex nucleus in French (but wV and V may be) in monomorphemic sequences, TRw (trois) and TR (pluie) exist, but TRj does not.
3. Branching onset
3.1. Cj is a branching onset in C.Cj and C Cj
Cj = branching onset Dell, Fran ois 1995. Consonant clusters and phonological syllables in French. Lingua 95: 5-26. CCC = C.TR in French, word-internal clusters of three consonants always involve a coda followed by a branching onset C.TR (Dell 1995: 10-17). 1. C.Cj (=/C.Cj/) C.Cj = C.TR just like TR in C.TR, Cj in C.Cj must be a branching onset (more on the contour segment option below)
Cj = branching onset Dell, Fran ois 1995. Consonant clusters and phonological syllables in French. Lingua 95: 5-26. 2. C'Cj (=/C Cj/) C Cj cimeti re should be just like C TR secr taire C'Cj cim'ti re [mtj] C'TR s'cr taire [skr] but then C'Cj should always be well-formed, which is not the case: cimet-i re vs. h tel-ier cim'tj re [mtj] vs. *h t'lier [tlj] what does that contrast depend upon?
CCj: empirical situation ok C'Cj -- no cases no cases cimet-i re *C'Cj [1a] #Ci [1b] CCi [2a] -ien [2b] -ier [mtj] h tel-ier *[tlj] [2c] -i-ons, -i-ez no C C-final roots, only conditionals in C r-i-ez: aim r-i-ez result schwa can drop in all cases except if followed by the lateral
CCj: empirical situation [2b] -ier record should be near exhaustive and may bear items that are unfamiliar to natives. C1 C2j where C2 l b f s t t t t t t t t t t t gibeci re buffetier cafetier cafeti re giletier gileti re molleti re muletier pelletier pelleti rine toleti re cimeti re n t t t t t t t t t t v t bonnetier bonneti re caneti re canneti re cha netier grainetier lunetier panetier paneti re robinetier ch nevi re papetier r t t t t n t t t n t t v charretier ferretier jarreti re guichetier centenier buvetier louvetier savetier dizenier gazetier noisetier sansevi re t v l z m p s
CCj: empirical situation C1 C2j where C2= l d m l l l l l l l l l chandelier chamelier sommelier sommeli re cannelier tonnelier tunnelier chapelier bourrelier l l l l l l l l bachelier chelier richelieu atelier batelier coutelier h telier r telier s l l l l l l l l l l chancelier chanceli re pincelier vaisselier ficelier boisselier museli re oiselier roselier roseli re t n p r
CCj: empirical situation [2c] -i-ons, -i-ez only conditionals only R r-final roots, because T Rj will fall under the rule of *TRj l r huiler-i-ez filer-i-ez r ler-i-ez caler-i-ez m r ab mer-i-ez acclamer-i-ez ramer-i-ez aimer-i-ez n r acheminer-i-ez donner-i-ez d cliner-i-ez g ner-i-ez *R'rj schwa cannot be left out before j *fil-r-j-ez ok R'rij schwa may be left out before ij (di r se) fil-r-ij-ez Klein (1992: 23) is not sure about the grammaticality of Trij: for camp'riez (from camper "to camp") he notes ?*[k prije]. By contrast, Dell (1973: 263) and Tranel (1981: 285f) document the existence of Trij pronunciations, e.g. demand'rions [d m drij] (from demander "to ask").
the lateral is the bad guy Charette, Monik 1998. Empty and pseudo-empty categories. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics 8: 167- 176. Charette, Monik 2003. Empty and pseudo-empty categories. Living on the Edge. 28 papers in honour of Jonathan Kaye, edited by Stefan Ploch, 465-479. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Charette (1998, 2003) thought that schwa-drop in C Cj depends on the CC cluster created (based on 10 words) C'C are onset-onset clusters with right-headed interonset government well-formed interonset CCs are identical to well-formed coda-onset CCs (in St. GP) hence mt (cim'ti re) is ok, but tl (h telier) is not: tl does not quality as coda-onset. schwa-drop has nothing to do with the CC cluster created rl (bourrelier) and sl (vaisselier) are good coda-onset clusters in French they occur in intervocalic position: rl merle, arlequin, berlue, horloge, hurler, sl islam, islande etc. but still schwa cannot drop.
the lateral is the bad guy all Cs can make a good branching onset with yod, except the lateral Cj = branching onset: schwa governed lj is not a branching onset: schwa ungoverned gvt gvt C V C V C V C V | | | g i C V C V C V C V | | | o t | t <= j | | | l | j | e e guichet-ier [ tj] h tel-ier *[tlj]
3.2. rj cannot make a branching onset
r cannot make a branching onset with yod in order to test this word-internally, a sequence Rrj is needed since Trj already bears a branching onset Tr but Rr is impossible in French: lr does not exist (exept as a result of schwa deletion: ail'ron, animal'rie) N in Nr will nasalize the preceding vowel. only #rj can be tested. Cj li-er no cases no cases no cases rj ri-ons, ri-ez [1a] #Ci [1b] CCi = Rri [2a] -ien = Rr-ien [2b] -ier = Rr-ier lj lij *rj rij
3.3. Cj from -i-ons, -i-ez are contour segments
Cj contour segment Dell, Fran ois 1972. Une r gle d'effacement de i en fran ais. Recherches Linguistiques de Vincennes 1: 63-88. *TRj is true everywhere except for [2c] Tl + -i-ons, -i-ez: vous boucl-i-ez [klj] vs. le boucl-ier *[klj] [but holds for [2c] Tr + -i-ons, -i-ez: vous ouvr-i-ez *[vrj] Tlj pli-er oubli-er no root in -Tl sabl-ier Trj pri-er expatri-er sartr-ien cendr-ier [1a] #Ci [1b] CCi [2a] -ien [2b] -ier *plj *blj *prj *trj *trj *drj *blj [2c] -i-ons, -i-ez boucl-i-ez klj ouvr-i-ez *vrj
Klein, Marc 1992. Vers une approche substantielle et dynamique de la constituance syllabique. Le cas des semi-voyelles et des voyelles hautes dans les usages parisiens. Ph.D thesis, Universit Paris 8. Cj contour segment Tlj Klein (1992: 40-42) lj cannot be a branching onset, since Tl is already a branching onset lj cannot be a coda-onset, since Tl is a branching onset lj must be a contour segment -i-ons, -i-ez C V - -ien C V | I en -ier C V | I C V | | I I e e floating I produces contour segments associated I produces branching onsets
Klein, Marc 1992. Vers une approche substantielle et dynamique de la constituance syllabique. Le cas des semi-voyelles et des voyelles hautes dans les usages parisiens. Ph.D thesis, Universit Paris 8. Cj contour segment rat-i-ez C-final root C V C | | r a -i- -ez C V - C V - V > C | r V | a t I e C V | - C V - C V | t I e boucl-i-ez TR-final root C V C | | | b ou c <= l -i- -ez C V C | V - C V - V > C | b ou c <= l I e V | C | V C V | - C V - C V I e
Cj contour segment vous attel-i-ez tlj atel-ier *tlj gvt gvt C V C V C V | | a t C V C V C V C V | | | a t | | l | I | l I e e
Cj contour segment r cannot make a contour segment with yod Tr-final roots: vous livr-i-ez *vrj conditional vous donner-i-ez *nrj compare vous attel-i-ez tlj vous camper-i-ez *prj
4. Summary thus far
summary syllabic identities coda-onset ok ok ok contour segment * ok ok branching onset * * ok rj lj Cj regarding C Cj "La seconde question que nous laisserons de c t est le maintien de schwa lorsqu'il est suivi d'une liquide et d'un yod" Dell (1985 [1973]: 262).
5. Three distinct lexical identities of "yod"
no dirse lj pj dj tj di r se lij *pij *dij *tij lexical identity of "yod" [1a] #Ci [1b] CCi [2a] -ien [2b] -ier li-er copi-er freud-ien abricot-ier [2c] -i-ons, -i-ez vous rat-i-ez tj *tij since all else is equal, there must be a lexical difference between the root-final -i in [1a] li-er [Cij] vs. [1b] copi-er *[Cij] this contrast must then extend to suffix-yod [2a] freud-ien, [2b] abricot-ier, such that: [1a] li-er vs. [1b] copier = [2a] freudien = [2b] abritocier the identity of suffix-yod being an associated I, the -i of [1b] copi-er is an I associated to an onset the -i of [1a] lier is an I associated to a nucleus
lexical identity of "yod" three lexical identities of "yod" [1a] li-er C V | l [1a] lier: I associated to a nucleus | I [1b] copier, [2a] -ien, [2b] -ier: I associated to an onset, (makes a branching onset with the preceding C) [1b] copi-er C V C V C V | | | c o p <= I [2a] -ien C V | I en [2b] -ier C V | I | | | e [2c] -i-ons, -i-ez C V - C V [2c] -i-ons, -i-ez: floating I I I e
workings [1a] lier phonology: no syn r se lij C V - | | l I phonology: syn r se lj C V - | l I I spreads onto the empty C lexical ingredients C V - C V | | l I C V C V syn r se = severe the vocalic association e e e syn r se is optional lexical ingredients C V C V C V - | | | c o p <= I [1b] + V-initial suffix: copi-er C V | suffix-V locates in the FEN e ij is impossible because the target V for spreading is enclosed in a branching onset and thus inaccessible phonology: pj C V C V C V - | | | c o p <= I C V | e
Dell, Franois 1976. Schwa prcd d'un groupe obstruante-liquide. Recherches Linguistiques de Vincennes 4: 75-111. workings [1b] bare root: elle copi-e lexical ingredients C V C V C V | | | c o p <= I in French, branching onsets need a vowel to their right in order to exist: *TR | hence p<=I is not viable. phonology: pij C V C V C V | | | c o p Repair: the I branches on the preceding nucleus, result pij | I TR autre C V C V C V | | V T different repair since R cannot spread onto nuclei absence of vocalic support leads to the loss of R: un liv' d'art, aut'', aut''ment | R
workings you can actually hear the difference -Cij # -Ci # C V | l C V C V C V | | | c o p il copi-e il li-e | I | I C V C V | | c o la copie (nom) | | I p
workings can't severe *TRj C | p <= V C | l l V | I I - C V e e [1]: [1a] plier, [1b] oubli-er syn r se prohibited in order to avoid TR ou b <= C | fr V | eu o C | d t V - C | I I V | en e [2] -C: [2a] freud-ien, [2b] abricot-ier <= <= branching onset created abri c [2] -TR: [2a] sartr-ien, [2b] boucl-ier can't severe no branching onset possible C | r b V | C | t c V C | r l V - C | I I V | en e thus spreading onto the FEN to avoid TR syn r se prohibited sa <= <= ou
workings C | fr V | eu o C | d t V - C | I I V | en e rj <= <= recall: r can't make a branching onset with yod abri c -C: C | c V | o C | p <= I V C | V - C V [2a] freud-ien, [2b] abricot-ier [1b] copi-er branching onset prohibits di r se confirmation Midi French: c[o]pj-er e C | g s V | e o C | r r V - C | I I V | en e -r al tr [2a] alg r-ien, [2b] tr sor-ier [1b] vari-er nucleus not enclosed in a branching onset, thus di r se possible C | v V | a C | r V C | I V - C V e confirmation Midi French: col[ ]ri-er, alg[ ]r-ien
