Fascinating World of Minerals

Discover what minerals are, their characteristics, and how they form naturally. Learn about the distinction between minerals like quartz and silver versus substances like coal or glass. Explore the diverse categories of rock-forming minerals, including silicates and nonsilicates, and delve into their crystal structures.

• Minerals
• Characteristics
• Formation
• Rock-forming
• Silicates

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1. Minerals

2. What is a mineral? Naturally occurring inorganic (no living thing or remains) Solid Definite shape ( arranged in an orderly pattern) definite chemical composition

3. Is it inorganic? Coal? No, it is not a mineral- How is it made? magnetite Yes, a mineral pearl No, not a mineral- How is it made?

4. Does it occur naturally? Quartz yes, a mineral- one of the last minerals to form from a magma chamber. Silver yes, a mineral steel no, not a mineral- How is it made?

5. Solid in crystalline form? Petroleum no, not a mineral- What is its natural form? mercury no, not a mineral- What is its natural form? glass not a mineral- What is its form? amorphous

6. Definite chemical composition? Calcium yes, Ca a mineral Graphite yes, C Concrete no, not a mineral- Why?

7. Rock forming minerals Over 3000 minerals only 20 are common, these are rock forming minerals two main groups- silicates and nonsilicates

8. Silicates 96% of the crust contain silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O) Feldspars are the most common silicate minerals, contain Ca, K, and Na Examples- Orthoclase and plagioclase Ferromagnesium- contain Fe and Mg

9. Nonsilicates 4% of the crust No silica Six major groups carbonates-ex. Calcite halides- ex halite native elements- Made of one element ex. copper and silver oxides- hematite and corundum sulfates- gypsum sulfides- galena, pyrite

10. Crystal Structure Specific geometric arrangement of atoms or ions Crystal = natural solid with a definite shape Can be seen under microscope or with the aid of x rays

11. Identifying Minerals Characteristics of Minerals Each mineral has specific properties that provide useful clues for identifying minerals. Optical properties- properties will be identified by looking at the mineral. Tests- tools are used to run tests on the mineral.

12. Optical Properties Color Most easily observed ex. Sulfur is bright yellow, azurite is deep blue least reliable characteristic quartz consists of many colors weathering may hide true color

13. Luster Light reflected from the surface of a mineral metallic luster- like polished metal like silver All others are non metallic vitreous luster- reflects like glass pearly luster adamantine- brilliant luster ex. Diamond or gems other lusters include: waxy, greasy, dull, earthy

14. Crystal Shape Regularly shaped particles, or pattern. Most crystal shapes are hard to identify. six crystal systems cubic ex. Halite, Pyrite orthorhombic ex. Sulfur tetragonal ex. Chalcopyrite hexagonal ex. Plagioclase, Orthoclase monoclinic ex. Micas triclinic ex. Kyanite

15. Cleavage The tendency to split along certain flat surfaces and is related to types of bonds ex. Mica (general name) splits easily in one direction, it has one perfect cleavage ( splits in parallel sheets) Example- biotite and muscovite

16. Fracture Some minerals do not break along cleavage planes instead they fracture or break unevenly into curved or irregular pieces splintery or fibrous fracture- looks like pieces of broken wood conchoidal- curved surfaces like the inside of a shell

17. Simple Tests Streak Test The color of a mineral in powdered form observed by rubbing the mineral against a piece of unglazed ceramic tile called a streak plate the streak is not always the same color as the mineral mineral that have a hardness higher than the streak plate can not be tested

18. Hardness Test The ability to resist scratching hardness does not mean resistance to cleavage or fracture the hardness of an unknown mineral may be determined by using Moh s Hardness Scale -this scale lists 10 minerals in order of increasing hardness -Softest is talc with a hardness of 1 The hardest is diamond with a hardness of 10

19. Mohs Hardness Scale hardness common test easily scratched by fingernail 2 can be scratched by fingernail 3 can not scratch a copper penny fluorite 4 can easily scratch a penny Apatite 5 can barely scratch glass Feldspar 6 can scratch glass quartz 7 very easily/deeply scratches steel and glass topaz 8 scratches quartz corundum 9 no simple tests diamond 10 scratches everything Mineral talc gypsum calcite 1

20. Specific Gravity The ratio of the weight of the mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water. Each mineral has its own specific gravity Can be used to identify a mineral

21. Acid Test Used to easily identify calcite A drop of HCl dropped onto Calcite will cause it to effervesces. The bubbles are CO2gas. Dolomite also responds to the acid test but not as violently and only in powdered form.

22. Special Properties Magnetism- Can attach a magnet Fluorescence- the ability to glow under UV light ex. Calcite appears red under UV Phosphorescence- minerals that continue to glow after a UV light is removed.ex sphalerite

23. Special Properties cont Double refraction- crystals that bend light in such a way that they produce a double image of any object viewed. Radioactivity- certain atoms have unstable electron or neutron arrangements. These minerals activate a Geiger counter.

24. End of Minerals