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Introduction
Water Content Of The Body
Causes of electrolyte disorders
Electrolytes include:
calcium
chloride
magnesium
phosphate
potassium
sodium
Electrolytes in Foods and Drinks
How many electrolytes do you need?
Treating electrolyte disorders
References
Table of Content
Introduction
A range of factors can compromise the kidneys’ ability
to perform their vital work. These include illnesses like
diabetes or high blood pressure, inflammation and a
range of inherited conditions.
Deficiency or excess in key
minerals like calcium and
phosphorous
,
fluids and electrolyte imbalances
like
sodium and potassium
, dehydration and fluid retention
can all have their genesis in the kidneys.
Water Content Of The Body
Electrolytes are elements and compounds that occur
naturally in the body. They control important physiologic
functions.
Examples of electrolytes include:
calcium
chloride
magnesium
phosphate
potassium
sodium
Understanding electrolyte disorders
Electrolyte disorders are most often caused by a loss
of bodily fluids through prolonged vomiting, diarrhea,
or sweating. They may also develop due to fluid loss
related to burns.
Certain medications can cause electrolyte disorders as
well. In some cases, underlying diseases, such as
acute or chronic kidney disease, are to blame.
Causes of electrolyte disorders
Conditions caused by electrolyte level imbalances include:
calcium
: hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia
chloride:
hyperchloremia and hypochloremia
magnesium
: hypermagnesemia and hypomagnesemia
phosphate
: hyperphosphatemia or hypophosphatemia
potassium
: hyperkalemia and hypokalemia
sodium
: hypernatremia and hyponatremia
Types of electrolyte disorders
Calcium is a vital mineral that your body uses to stabilize
blood pressure and control skeletal muscle contraction. It’s
also used to build strong bones and teeth.
Hypercalcemia
occurs when you have too much calcium in
the blood. This is usually caused by:
kidney disease
thyroid disorders, including hyperparathyroidism
lung diseases, such as tuberculosis or sarcoidosis
certain types of cancer, including lung and breast cancers
Calcium
Hypocalcemia
occurs due to a lack of adequate calcium in the
bloodstream. Causes can include:
kidney failure
hypoparathyroidism
vitamin D deficiency
pancreatitis
prostate cancer
malabsorption
certain medications, including heparin, osteoporosis drugs,
and antiepileptic drugs
Calcium….
Chloride is necessary for maintaining the proper balance
of bodily fluids.
Hyperchloremia
occurs when there’s too much chloride
in the body. It can happen as a result of:
severe dehydration
kidney failure
dialysis
Chloride
Hypochloremia
develops when there’s too little
chloride in the body. It’s often caused by sodium or
potassium problems.
Other causes can include:
cystic fibrosis
eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa
scorpion stings
acute kidney failure
Chloride…
Magnesium
is a critical mineral that regulates many
important functions, such as:
muscle contraction
heart rhythm
nerve function
Magnesium
Hypermagnesemia
means excess amounts of magnesium.
This disorder primarily affects people with Addison’s disease
and end-stage kidney disease.
Hypomagnesemia
means having too little magnesium in the
body. Common causes include:
alcohol use disorder
malnutrition
malabsorption
chronic diarrhea
excessive sweating
Magnesium….
The kidneys, bones, and intestines work to balance
phosphate levels in the body. Phosphate is necessary for a
wide variety of functions and interacts closely with calcium.
Hyperphosphatemia
can occur due to:
low calcium levels
chronic kidney disease
severe breathing difficulties
underactive parathyroid glands
severe muscle injury
Phosphate
Low levels of phosphate, or
hypophosphatemia
, can be
seen in:
acute alcohol abuse
severe burns
starvation
vitamin D deficiency
overactive parathyroid glands
Phosphate…
Potassium is particularly important for regulating heart function. It
also helps maintain healthy nerves and muscles.
Hyperkalemia
may develop due to high levels of potassium. This
condition can be fatal if left undiagnosed and untreated. It’s
typically triggered by:
severe dehydration
kidney failure
severe acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis
certain medications, including some blood pressure medications
and diuretics
adrenal insufficiency, which is when your cortisol levels are too
low
Potassium
Hypokalemia
occurs when potassium levels are too low.
This often happens as a result of:
eating disorders
severe vomiting or diarrhea
dehydration
certain medications, including laxatives, diuretics, and
corticosteroids
Potassium…
Sodium is necessary for the body to maintain fluid balance
and is critical for normal body function. It also helps to
regulate nerve function and muscle contraction.
Hypernatremia
occurs when there’s too much sodium in the
blood. Abnormally high levels of sodium may be caused by:
inadequate water consumption
severe dehydration
excessive loss of bodily fluids as a result of prolonged
vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, or respiratory illness
certain medications, including corticosteroids
Sodium
Hyponatremia
develops when there’s too little sodium.
Common causes of low sodium levels include:
excessive fluid loss through the skin from sweating or
burns
vomiting or diarrhea
poor nutrition
alcohol use disorder
overhydration
thyroid, hypothalamic, or adrenal disorders
Sodium….
Electrolytes in food
Leafy green vegetables:
Spinach, kale, and collard greens are
good sources of calcium and magnesium.
Other vegetables:
Avocado, sweet potato, and squash are rich in
potassium. Potatoes are a good source of phosphorous and
magnesium, and, with their skin on, they are also high in
potassium.
Fruits:
Bananas, dried apricots, prunes, and other fruits are high
in potassium.
Dairy products:
Cheese, yogurt, and other forms of dairy are
good sources of calcium. They also contain other electrolytes,
such as magnesium, sodium, and. Phosphorous.
Electrolytes in food…
Nuts and seeds:
Nuts, seeds, and nut or seed butters are a
good source of magnesium, and some, such as cashews,
contain moderate amounts of phosphorous.
Beans and lentils:
Lentils, kidney beans, and soybeans
contain magnesium, potassium, and phosphorous. Tofu
can be a source of calcium if the manufacturers use
calcium sulfate as a coagulant.
Table salt and salty foods:
Table salt containsTrusted
Source approximately 40% sodium and 60% chloride. Salty
foods, such as olives and pickles, are also a source of these
electrolytes
Electrolytes in food…
Electrolytes in drinks
Drinks that naturally contain electrolytes include:
milk, which contains calcium and potassium
orange juice, which contains potassium and,
sometimes, calcium
coconut water, which contains potassium,
magnesium, sodium, and calcium and is naturally low
in sugar
soy milk, which contains magnesium and potassium
tomato juice, which contains sodium
Electrolytes in drinks
PotassiumTrusted Source:
3,400 milligrams (mg) for adult males and
2,600 mg for adult females.
Calcium Trusted Source:
1,000 mg for people aged 19–50 and males
aged 51–70; 1,200 mg for females aged 51 or over and males aged 71
and over.
Magnesium Trusted Source:
400 mg for males and 310 mg for females
aged 19–30; 420 mg for males and 320 mg for females aged 31 and
over.
Phosphorous Trusted Source:
700 mg for people aged 19 and over.
Sodium Trusted Source:
A maximum of 2,300 mg, but ideally no more
than 1,500 mg.
Chloride:
The Institute of Medicine set the level of chloride at the
equivalent level as sodium, as almost all dietary chloride comes from
table salt.
How many electrolytes do you need?
Intravenous (IV) fluids
Certain IV medications
Oral medications and supplements
Treating electrolyte disorders
There is evidence to support an association between
aspects of hydration and outcomes relevant to
human health and performance, but there are many
inconsistencies in the available evidence.
This inconsistency is the result of variations in the
definitions used, lack of a standard method for
assessment of hydration status, use of inappropriate
methodologies, and the large individual variation in
physiological function.
References
Google.com
Wikipedia.org
Studymafia.org
Slidespanda.com
Thanks
To
StudyMafia.org
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StudyMafia.Org Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance Submitted To: Studymafia.org Submitted By: Studymafia.org
Table of Content Introduction Water Content Of The Body Causes of electrolyte disorders Electrolytes include: calcium chloride magnesium phosphate potassium sodium Electrolytes in Foods and Drinks How many electrolytes do you need? Treating electrolyte disorders References
Introduction A range of factors can compromise the kidneys ability to perform their vital work. These include illnesses like diabetes or high blood pressure, inflammation and a range of inherited conditions. Deficiency or excess in key minerals like calcium and phosphorous, fluids and electrolyte imbalances like sodium and potassium, dehydration and fluid retention can all have their genesis in the kidneys.
Understanding electrolyte disorders Electrolytes are elements and compounds that occur naturally in the body. They control important physiologic functions. Examples of electrolytes include: calcium chloride magnesium phosphate potassium sodium
Causes of electrolyte disorders Electrolyte disorders are most often caused by a loss of bodily fluids through prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, or sweating. They may also develop due to fluid loss related to burns. Certain medications can cause electrolyte disorders as well. In some cases, underlying diseases, such as acute or chronic kidney disease, are to blame.
Types of electrolyte disorders Conditions caused by electrolyte level imbalances include: calcium: hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia chloride: hyperchloremia and hypochloremia magnesium: hypermagnesemia and hypomagnesemia phosphate: hyperphosphatemia or hypophosphatemia potassium: hyperkalemia and hypokalemia sodium: hypernatremia and hyponatremia
Calcium Calcium is a vital mineral that your body uses to stabilize blood pressure and control skeletal muscle contraction. It s also used to build strong bones and teeth. Hypercalcemia occurs when you have too much calcium in the blood. This is usually caused by: kidney disease thyroid disorders, including hyperparathyroidism lung diseases, such as tuberculosis or sarcoidosis certain types of cancer, including lung and breast cancers
Calcium. Hypocalcemia occurs due to a lack of adequate calcium in the bloodstream. Causes can include: kidney failure hypoparathyroidism vitamin D deficiency pancreatitis prostate cancer malabsorption certain medications, including heparin, osteoporosis drugs, and antiepileptic drugs
Chloride Chloride is necessary for maintaining the proper balance of bodily fluids. Hyperchloremiaoccurs when there s too much chloride in the body. It can happen as a result of: severe dehydration kidney failure dialysis
Chloride Hypochloremiadevelops when there s too little chloride in the body. It s often caused by sodium or potassium problems. Other causes can include: cystic fibrosis eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa scorpion stings acute kidney failure
Magnesium Magnesium is a critical mineral that regulates many important functions, such as: muscle contraction heart rhythm nerve function
Magnesium. Hypermagnesemia means excess amounts of magnesium. This disorder primarily affects people with Addison s disease and end-stage kidney disease. Hypomagnesemia means having too little magnesium in the body. Common causes include: alcohol use disorder malnutrition malabsorption chronic diarrhea excessive sweating
Phosphate The kidneys, bones, and intestines work to balance phosphate levels in the body. Phosphate is necessary for a wide variety of functions and interacts closely with calcium. Hyperphosphatemia can occur due to: low calcium levels chronic kidney disease severe breathing difficulties underactive parathyroid glands severe muscle injury
Phosphate Low levels of phosphate, or hypophosphatemia, can be seen in: acute alcohol abuse severe burns starvation vitamin D deficiency overactive parathyroid glands
Potassium Potassium is particularly important for regulating heart function. It also helps maintain healthy nerves and muscles. Hyperkalemia may develop due to high levels of potassium. This condition can be fatal if left undiagnosed and untreated. It s typically triggered by: severe dehydration kidney failure severe acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis certain medications, including some blood pressure medications and diuretics adrenal insufficiency, which is when your cortisol levels are too low
Potassium Hypokalemia occurs when potassium levels are too low. This often happens as a result of: eating disorders severe vomiting or diarrhea dehydration certain medications, including laxatives, diuretics, and corticosteroids
Sodium Sodium is necessary for the body to maintain fluid balance and is critical for normal body function. It also helps to regulate nerve function and muscle contraction. Hypernatremiaoccurs when there s too much sodium in the blood. Abnormally high levels of sodium may be caused by: inadequate water consumption severe dehydration excessive loss of bodily fluids as a result of prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, or respiratory illness certain medications, including corticosteroids
Sodium. Hyponatremiadevelops when there s too little sodium. Common causes of low sodium levels include: excessive fluid loss through the skin from sweating or burns vomiting or diarrhea poor nutrition alcohol use disorder overhydration thyroid, hypothalamic, or adrenal disorders
Electrolytes in food Leafy green vegetables: Spinach, kale, and collard greens are good sources of calcium and magnesium. Other vegetables: Avocado, sweet potato, and squash are rich in potassium. Potatoes are a good source of phosphorous and magnesium, and, with their skin on, they are also high in potassium. Fruits: Bananas, dried apricots, prunes, and other fruits are high in potassium. Dairy products: Cheese, yogurt, and other forms of dairy are good sources of calcium. They also contain other electrolytes, such as magnesium, sodium, and. Phosphorous.
Electrolytes in food Nuts and seeds: Nuts, seeds, and nut or seed butters are a good source of magnesium, and some, such as cashews, contain moderate amounts of phosphorous. Beans and lentils: Lentils, kidney beans, and soybeans contain magnesium, potassium, and phosphorous. Tofu can be a source of calcium if the manufacturers use calcium sulfate as a coagulant. Table salt and salty foods: Table salt containsTrusted Source approximately 40% sodium and 60% chloride. Salty foods, such as olives and pickles, are also a source of these electrolytes
Electrolytes in drinks Drinks that naturally contain electrolytes include: milk, which contains calcium and potassium orange juice, which contains potassium and, sometimes, calcium coconut water, which contains potassium, magnesium, sodium, and calcium and is naturally low in sugar soy milk, which contains magnesium and potassium tomato juice, which contains sodium
How many electrolytes do you need? PotassiumTrusted Source: 3,400 milligrams (mg) for adult males and 2,600 mg for adult females. Calcium Trusted Source: 1,000 mg for people aged 19 50 and males aged 51 70; 1,200 mg for females aged 51 or over and males aged 71 and over. Magnesium Trusted Source: 400 mg for males and 310 mg for females aged 19 30; 420 mg for males and 320 mg for females aged 31 and over. Phosphorous Trusted Source: 700 mg for people aged 19 and over. Sodium Trusted Source: A maximum of 2,300 mg, but ideally no more than 1,500 mg. Chloride: The Institute of Medicine set the level of chloride at the equivalent level as sodium, as almost all dietary chloride comes from table salt.
Treating electrolyte disorders Intravenous (IV) fluids Certain IV medications Oral medications and supplements
There is evidence to support an association between aspects of hydration and outcomes relevant to human health and performance, but there are many inconsistencies in the available evidence. This inconsistency is the result of variations in the definitions used, lack of a standard method for assessment of hydration status, use of inappropriate methodologies, and the large individual variation in physiological function.
References Google.com Wikipedia.org Studymafia.org Slidespanda.com
Thanks To StudyMafia.org
