Fascinating Discoveries in Mammalian Diversity

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Recent scientific findings have unveiled new species of mammals like the gymure Podogymnura intermedia in the Philippines and chipmunks Tamias cratericus and T. grisescens. Notably, the discovery of Rice's whale highlights the critical condition of this species. The evolution and varied characteristics of different mammalian species, from bumble-bee bats to blue whales, showcase the vast diversity within this animal group. Exploring the unique soft anatomy traits of mammals, such as lactation, endothermy, and facial muscles, further enhances our understanding of these fascinating creatures.


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  1. Discovery of Mammalian Diversity Fig. 1. Cumulative and decadal descriptions of taxonomically v alid extant mammal species from 1758 to 15 August 2017. Burgin et al., 2018

  2. Recent new discoveries. Balete et al. (2023) described a new species of gymnure (Podogymnura intermedia) found in the Philippines. Recently, Herrera et al. (2022) described two new species of chipmunks: Tamias cratericus (in central Idaho) and T. grisescens (in central Washington).

  3. New discoveries within the the past few years. Infographic shows illustration of a Rice's whale and indicates its three prominent ridges, 40-foot-long body, and curved dorsal fin. States that there are fewer than 100 individual Rice's whale remaining and says key threats are vessel strikes, ocean noise, oil spills, marine debris, climate change, and fishing entanglements. Lists ways you can help and that Rice's whales (slowing down to 10 knots or less, keeping your distance, and reporting whale sightings). A new species of baleen whale (Balaenoptera ricei) was described in 2019 from the Gulf of Mexico (Rosel et al. 2021).

  4. Onychonycteris Craseonycteris thonglongyai bumble-bee bat < 2 grams Simmons et al. 2008. Nature, 451:818. Balaenoptera musculus blue whale 200 Million grams Thewissen et al.1994. Science, 263:210.

  5. Gliding species (e.g., Petaurus breviceps) Saltatorial species (e.g., Dipodomys ordi)

  6. Fossorial forms (e.g., Thomomys bottae) Arboreal forms (e.g., Bradypus tridactylus) Myrmecophagous forms (e.g., Orycteropus afer)

  7. What is a Mammal? Short Definition: A hairy, milk-producing, endotherm, that (usually) gives birth to live young. As is often the case in biology, a short definition is inadequate, especially for extinct taxa like Morganucodon.

  8. Eleven Soft Anatomy Characters 1) *Lactation 2) Vivipary 3) *Hair 4) *Sweat/*Sebaceous Glands 5) Endothermy 6) 4-Chambered heart 7) *Annucleate RBCs 8) *Renal Artery 9) *Muscular Diaphragm 10) *Facial muscles 11) *Dorsal Pallium expands cerebrum

  9. 3. *Hair; 4.*Sebaceous & *Sweat glands

  10. Eleven Soft Anatomy Characters 1) *Lactation 2) Vivipary 3) *Hair 4) *Sweat/*Sebaceous Glands 5) Endothermy 6) 4-Chambered heart 7) *Annucleate RBCs 8) *Renal Artery 9) *Muscular Diaphragm 10) *Facial muscles 11) *Dorsal Pallium expands cerebrum

  11. 6. Four-chambered Heart 7. *Annucleate erythrocytes Nucleated erythrocytes Related image

  12. 8. *Renal Artery and Vein Many other vertebrates have a renal portal system.

  13. 9. *Muscularized Diaphragm

  14. 10. *Facial Muscles

  15. 11. *Dorsal Pallium

  16. 8 Cranial Characters 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Double occipital condyle *Atlas/Axis complex *Tympanic bone *Three ear ossicles *Dentary is only bone in mandible Single external naris Secondary palate Respiratory turbinates

  17. 2. *Atlas/Axis Complex

  18. 8 Cranial Characters 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Double occipital condyle *Atlas/Axis complex *Tympanic bone *Three ear ossicles *Dentary is only bone in mandible Single external naris Secondary palate Respiratory turbinates

  19. 4. *3 Ear Ossicles Mammalian Ancestral

  20. 8 Cranial Characters 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Double occipital condyle *Atlas/Axis complex *Tympanic bone *Three ear ossicles *Dentary is only bone in mandible Single external naris Secondary palate Respiratory turbinates

  21. 5 Dental Characters 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Lack palatal teeth *Diphyodont Thecodont Heterodont Multicuspate

  22. 2 Axial Skeleton Characters 1. *Extreme regionalization 7 (9) 12 or 13 2. *Ribs only on thoracic vertebrae Variable

  23. 4 Appendicular Skeleton Characters 1) *Limb bones have epiphyses. 2) *Calcaneum. 3) *Reduction of elements in limb girdles. 4) Parasagittal limb posture.

  24. 1. *Limb bones have epiphyses

  25. 2. *Calcaneum (Heel bone) Calcaneum

  26. 3a. *Pectoral Girdle No anterior/posterior coracoids, No interclavicle Ancestrally, there was an interclavicle, and both anterior and posterior coracoids.

  27. 3b. Pelvic Girdle Ilium, Ischium and Pubis fused to form the Innominate bone.

  28. 4. Limbs Rotate under Body (Parasagittal posture)

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