Exploitation Strategy for EUROfusion Tokamak Devices

The WPTE Programme, led by a task force, focuses on Tokamak exploitation priorities including ITER preparation, DEMO design guidance, and machine enhancements. Participation of EUROfusion Tokamak devices such as ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, and WEST is planned with a pre-defined budget allocation. The preparative cycle for 2021 includes calls for proposals and participation. Organized as campaigns and research topics, the programme aims to achieve scientific objectives through collaborative efforts. Regular coordination meetings and machine status reviews are integral for progress and enhancements in diagnostics.

• Tokamak devices
• EUROfusion
• ITER
• DEMO design
• Research topics

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1. WPTE Programme WP Tokamak Exploitation Task Force Leaders: E. Joffrin, Marco Wischmeier, A. Hakola, B. Labit, E. Tsitrone, N. Vianello

2. Overarching priorities for work package Tokamak Exploitation in FP9 1. Prepare ITER exploitation (ITER Research Plan & ITPA CC) 2. Provide Physics Basis for guiding DEMO design 3. Exploit recent machine enhancements, i.e. related to PEX (Plasma EXhaust) Address objectives of EUROfusion Roadmap: Mission 1 (Plasma Regimes of Operation) Mission 2 (Heat exhaust System) https://wiki.euro-fusion.org/wiki/WPTE_wikipages:_Tokamak_Exploitation_Work_Package WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 2

3. Exploitation of EUROfusion Tokamak devices Participation of 4 devices in 2021: ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV and WEST The operational budget allocated to WP TE to all 4 devices is pre-defined by EUROfusion until 2025. WP TE aims at using at best the allocated budget on each device for achieving the overarching scientific objectives using capabilities JET integrated end of 2021 with a pre- defined programme participation*. the devices (C40B) and *PEP to be updated & confirmation from GA awaited WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 3

4. Preparative cycle for WP TE & timeline for 2021 Call for proposal (excluding AUG SPI) and for SCs Deadline: 13 Nov. 2020 WP TE Programme meeting: 07-09 Dec. 2020 Call for participation (open throughout 2021) WPTE WEST Not before 2022 WPTE experiments started on March 4th 2021 Machine Machine 2021 2021 Jun Jun Jan Jan Feb Feb Mar Mar Apr Apr May May Jul Jul Aug Aug Sep Sep Oct Oct Nov Nov Dec Dec AUG AUG AUG programme 2021 AUG programme 2021 MAST-U MAST-U 1 1st st physics campaign physics campaign TCV TCV w/o baffles w/o baffles w/ baffles w/ baffles w/ baffles w/ baffles w/o baffles w/o baffles WEST WEST C6 campaign C6 campaign C5 camp. C5 camp. JET JET (reference) (reference) C40B (TT) DTE2 (DT) C40 (TT) C40, T campaign C40, T campaign C41, DTE2 C41, DTE2 C42 campaign C42 campaign End of NJOC WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 4

5. WPTE exploitation of devices organized as campaign Organization of the WP TE Programme through Research Topics (RTs) lead by Scientific Coordinator(s). TFLs working as a team with scientific responsibilities RTs defined on the basis of scientific proposals into a single unit with defined scientific objectives for 2021 and beyond RTs integrate the proposals Research topic teams have been assembled from the call for participation to address a set of targeted objectives discussed beforehand with the SCs. Links of WPTE RTs with internal programmes agreed with machine heads. Diagnostic enhancement inherited from FP8 is under review by the TFLs. There is no enhancements budget for WPTE in 2021. Bi-weekly Coordination meeting (CoTEC) PMU/TFLs/Machine representatives to review the machine status + timeline and programme requests 2 weeks ahead + participation to the operation of diagnostics. PSO position for WPTE located in Garching to be filled in the next weeks Regular TF meeting every Monday @2pm. WPTE TFLs following JET TF meeting TFLs also following the advances of the JET TT, DT campaign and cleaning (C42) WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 5

6. Research Topics linked to Mission 1 Collaboration with WP rIO RT1 IBL scenarios towards low detachment and low collisionality (14) H-mode entry and pedestal dependence with impurities and isotopes (9) RT3 RF-assisted breakdown and current ramp-up optimization (8) RT2 Mission 1-1: Demonstrate and qualify MHD stable high performance operation with metallic plasma facing components for ITER and DEMO RT4 Disruption avoidance development for ITER and DEMO (10) RT5 Run-awayelectron generation and mitigation (11) ELM mitigation and suppression in ITER/DEMO relevant condition (4) RT7 Negative triangularityscenarios as an alternative for DEMO(4) RT8 I-mode and QH-mode studies assessment in view of DEMO(7) RT9 Extension of EDA and QCE performance towards DEMO (7) RT6 Mission 1-2: Improve physics description (experiments, theory / simulation) of energetics particles including their non- linear interplay with thermal plasmas in order to control burning plasmas in ITER and DEMO. RT10 Fast-ion physics with dominant ICRF heating (10) RT11 Impact of MHD activity on fast ion losses and transport (14) Mission scenarios with controllers for long pulse, ultimately steady state, operation for ITER and DEMO. 1-3: Develop integrated RT12 Development of the steady state scenario (7) WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 6

7. Research Topics linked to Mission 2 RT13 X-point radiation and control (8) Mission Mission 2 2- -1 1: : Detachment ITER, ITER, DEMO DEMO baseline operation operation. . Detachment control baseline and control for and HELIAS HELIAS for Physics of plasma detachment / impurity mix/ heat load patterns (16) RT14 RT15 Extrapolation of SOL transport to ITER and DEMO (14) RT16 PFC damage evolution under tokamak conditions (7) Mission 2 Mission 2- -2: Facing Components (PFC) operation Facing Components (PFC) operation for ITER, DEMO and HELIAS. for ITER, DEMO and HELIAS. 2: Prepare efficient Plasma Prepare efficient Plasma Material migration and fuel retention mechanisms in tokamaks (10) RT17 Collaboration with WP WPIE Mission 2 Mission 2- -3: innovative innovative divertor DEMO. DEMO. 3: Investigate alternative Investigate alternative divertor geometries for geometries for RT18 Alternative divertor configurations (12) WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 7

8. WPTE Programme in a nutshell WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 8

9. Linking WP TE with WP PWIE and DEMO Central Design Team Link with WP PWIE and PEX exploitation (WPTE DTFL also TA coord) Topic WP TE activity WP PWIE activity PWI (material migration, fuel retention/recovery ) and PFC ageing (crack formation, W recrystalization ) Dedicated experiments (RT16, RT17) Component analysis before / after exposure in tokamaks and comparison with experiments in linear devices Plasma edge background modelling (RT16, RT17) Plasma PWI codes on background provided by TE (material migration, melting ) Alternative divertor configurations Dedicated experiments (RT18) Prospective modelling for next step devices (EU DEMO, DTT*, ) Link with DEMO central design team: Regular meetings in the framework of the bi-weekly FSD-FTD meetings Identification of gaps and resulting actions for over coming these gaps Interaction aims at updating document on Key DEMO Physics Uncertainties and Related Investigation Needs to include a prioritization * through WPDIV WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 9

10. Linking WPTE with WP rIO and WP SA EUROfusion database on disruption, pedestal, confinement: Meetings: status of the database reviewed and action drawn for their development in 2021. ITPA management Meeting: relation with the ITPA EU members discussed. Further discussion will be held at the FSD level. WPrIO Breakdown and ramp-up for ITER: Meeting with TSVV11: coordination of the work agreed. No meeting has been held with WPSA yet (Delay of JT-60SA). However: First plasma: RT03 (breakdown + ramp-up) + RT04 (control of disruptions) First campaigns: RT12 (advanced scenario) + RT10 & RT11 (fast particles) + RT02 (pedestal) + RT05 (run-aways) WPSA are topics of interaction between the WPs. WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 10

11. Linking WP TE RTs with TSVVs and Thrusts TSVV / Research topic No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Thrust 1 TSVV 01 Physics of the L-H Transition and Pedestals TSVV 03 Plasma Particle/Heat Exhaust: Fluid/Gyrofluid Edge Codes TSVV 04 Plasma Particle/Heat Exhaust: Gyrokinetic/Kinetic Edge Codes TSVV 05 Neutral Gas Dynamics in the Edge TSVV 06 Impurity Sources, Transport, and Screening TSVV 07 Plasma-Wall Interaction in DEMO TSVV 08 Integrated Modelling of Transient MHD Events TSVV 09 Dynamics of Runaway Electrons in Tokamak Disruptions TSVV 10 Physics of Burning Plasmas TSVV 02 Physics Properties of Strongly Shaped Configurations TSVV 11 Validated Frameworks for the Reliable Prediction of Plasma Performance and Operational Limits in Tokamaks TSVV 14 Multi-Fidelity Systems Code for DEMO Thrust 2 Thrust 3 Thrust 5 Interaction between WPs, E-tasc SB and TSVVs is organised in thrusts and WPTE acts as facilitator for Thrust 1 WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 11

12. Overview of RTs, SCs and related TFLs TFLs Title SC SC SC RT1 T. Puetterich L. Piron IBL scenarios towards low collisinality and detachment H-mode entry and pedestal dependence with impurities and isotopes RF-assisted breakdown and current ramp-up optimization D. Ricci, EJ/MW Disruption avoidance and control for ITER and DEMO EJ/AH Run-awayelectron generation and mitigation ELM mitigation and suppression in ITER/DEMO relevant condition Negative triangularity scenarios as an alternative for DEMO NV/BL QH-mode and I-mode assessmentin view of DEMO MW/BL Extension of EDA and QCE performance towards DEMO ET/AH Fast-ion physics with dominant ICRF heating O. Sauter, EJ/BL RT2 L. Frassinetti M. Dunne, NV/BL RT3 RT4 RT5 T Wauters M. Maraschek C. Reux, EJ/BL O. Kudlacek O. Ficker F. Felici, U. Sheikh, RT6 D. Ryan W. Suttrop NV/AH RT7 T. Bolzonella NV/BL RT8 RT9 RT10 A.Merle L. Gil R.Bilato M. Garcia- Munoz C. Piron S. Wiesen E. Viezzer M. Faitsch Y. Kazakov RT11 NV/BL Impact of MHD activity on fast ion losses and transport M. Vallar RT12 RT13 Development of the steady state scenario S. Coda, M. Bernert, EJ/NV MW/AH X-point radiation and control MW/ETPhysics of plasma detachment / impurity mix/ heat load patterns NV/ET Extrapolation of SOL transport to ITER and DEMO ET/AH PFC damage evolution under tokamak conditions Material migration and fuel retention mechanisms in tokamaks MW/EJ Alternative divertor configurations RT14 S. Henderson A. Jarvinen O. F vrier, RT15 RT16 G. Harrer K. Krieger D. Brida, Y. Corre, RT17 J. Likonen T. Loarer, ET/AH RT18 C. Theiler A. Thornton WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 12

13. Overview of proposals and allocated pulses Request for pulses was largely oversubscribed AUG 1223 387 TCV 1741 806 MAST 978 360 WEST 1305 270 Total Budget AUG AUG AUG TCV TCV TCV MAST MAST MAST WEST WEST WEST TOTAL for M1 979 56,6% 219 1163 34,0% 339 624 34,4% 165 663 17,4% 50 TOTAL for M2 244 26,1% 101 603 30,7% 306 354 27,9% 134 707 62,5% 180 320 645 299 TOTAL 230 Budget 387 806 360 270 Contingency pulses left 67 161 61 40 Contingency left in % 17 20 17 15 WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 13

14. Statistics after the call for participation selection (I) Allocations in line with high priority items: RT01: ITER baseline scenario RT18: PEX Upgrade: RT14: Physics of detachment RT05 and RT10, RT11 strong effort required on modelling and specific diagnostic operation (not covered by operation cost) Other remarks: RT07: no pulses this year RT16 and RT17 (PFCs for next devices) focus on metallic machines + actively cooled components (AUG and WEST) RT18 (alternative divertor) PEX enhancements in TCV & MAST-U RT12: AT scenario part of IPP domestic Programme until end 2023. WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 14

15. Statistics after the call for participation selection (II) Beneficiary effort for the WPTE Programme in 2021 PPY There are ~280keuros remaining in the participation after the account of people covered by other means . This will be dealt with in the next weeks. The extended AUG campaign is already agreed. The detailed participation awaiting the timeline of the opening in 2021. WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 15

16. Perspectives beyond 2021 ASDEX Upgrade, TCV are likely to operate in the first half of 2022. MAST-U will operate in the second half of the year WEST C6 campaign is shifted not before Dec. 2021 TFLs will review 2021 results in September 2021. This will be followed by the FSD Programme meeting and plans for 2022 on the basis of General Programme meeting of the 7th of December and the content of the Consortium Work Plan. A limited call for proposal (for example RT07, ) will be requested in advance of this review. Call for participation will follow immediately after at the latest end of October 2021. WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 16

17. JET - 2022 2023 WPTE TFLs are planning to incorporate the JET campaign into their overall programme from the 1st of January 2022 (if JET continues) At this time JET plans to start the C42 cleaning-up campaigns (10 weeks) with the following elements*: Tritium clean-up to a level <1% using baking, ICWC and plasmas heated with ICRH and NBI Plasmas for T &DT comparisons: Be erosion and migration, impact of impurities & neutrals on pedestal and SOL and ICRH assisted breakdown. He4 plasmas for diagnostic calibration and effect of He4 on PFCs, detachment and Be erosion and migration. Comparison plasmas for D and DT at high input power for reaching 0.007% tritium. This campaign has been planned and organised by the present JET TFLs. Afterwards, WPTE TFLs will plan for the JET campaigns according to the JET agreed schedule for 2022 and 2023 (tbc) *in current version of PEP foreseen at end 2021 WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 17

18. 2021 change requests WEST Following the incident on the cryo system, the participation has to be moved to 2022 as soon as the details on the repair will become clearer. JET The recent change of the JET schedule at the end of 2021 including a C40B (TT) campaign in Nov-Dec, thus delaying C42 (cleaning-up) in Jan-Feb-Mar 2022: to be included in WPTE management. Reply to comment by S. C.: Assistence to the success of the JET DT programme was offered and an anlysis of the RTs which can contribute to the advances of the JET programme was made Exchange of JPEC and CoTEC minutes and involvement, mutual inclusion of mailing lists for task force meeting announcements WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 18

19. Back-up slides WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 19

20. Risk identification Risk description Non availability of any WP TE devices Delay in the PEX Upgrades on the various devices Mitigation action Reprioritization of device usage Reprioritize PEX experiments and develop international collaboration Find alternative mitigation solution to be developed on tokamaks Increase focus on JT-60SA and the importance of stellarator research Develop alternative monitoring methods Review JET extension objectives for DTE3 Put more resources on real time control Expand the studies to JT-60SA SPI experiments not conclusive in mitigating the disruption loads on tokamaks. Transferability of no/reduced ELM scenario to ITER and DEMO not feasible. Monitoring of the retention in metallic devices not sufficiently quantifiable JET DT campaign not or partially achieved in 2021 Delay on real time diagnostics deployment for radiation control Fast ion losses found too high in high beta scenarios for viable fusion performance WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 20

21. Participation by research topics and by beneficiaries WP TE TFLs | WP TE Programme | 17/06/2021 | Page 21