Evolution of Public Administration in Modern Times
Public administration has evolved significantly over the years, moving from authoritarian and elitist structures to more democratic and welfare-oriented systems. The impacts of capitalism, industrialization, socialist ideas, and democratic ideals have transformed the nature and scope of public administration, leading to a multiplicity of specialized state functions to address complex political and public issues.
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Presentation Transcript
LECTURE 02 PUBLIC POLICY IN PAKISTAN MPA401
Introduction As an activity, public administration is as old as the human civilization itself. The academic discipline of public administration is just hundred years old. However, modern public administration differs considerably from the ancient and medieval form of public administration
Public policy versus public Administration Public policy is the mechanism to frame any kind of mechanism, system/process or procedure to address any phenomenon. Public Administration- It is the implication of the said policy through different instruments. It is concerned with the implementation of government policy, and is an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public service.
Approaches Behavioural approach Systems approach Ecological approach Public choice approach Contingency approach
They were authoritarian, patriarchal and elitist in character Major concerns of the earlier public administration have been the maintenance of law and order, collection of revenue, while the welfare has been purely incidental or optionally undertaken Administrators were small in numbers The administrators were selected at the discretion of the monarch or ruler or king. They were just personal servants of the king The officials had been hereditary.
The following forces has changed the nature and scope of public administration in modern times The rise of capitalism The industrialization revolution Spread of socialist ideas and democratic ideals Welfare state
The impacts on the government Governmental problems have become all encompassing It touches our lives from cradle to grave. Some times even before we are born and after we die This implies a multiplication of state functions and these functions are highly specialized The former system of Administration has become inadequate and incompetent to deal with the complex political and public problems of modern world.
What is public administration Public Administration has different definitions The most common definition PA may be defined as all processes, organizations and individuals associated with carrying out laws and other rules adopted or issued by legislatures, executives and courts. Inclusive definition: administrators are the foremost, but not the only individuals in PA Gordon/Milakovich
Political Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is what government does. As a profession, public administration has developed values and ethical standards, but as an activity it merely reflects the cultural norms, beliefs, and power realities of its society. Public administration is the totality of the working day activities of all the world s bureaucrats whether they are legal or illegal, competent or incompetent, decent or despicable.
Political Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is both direct and indirect. Direct provision of services like mortgage insurance, mail delivery, and electricity. Indirect when the government pays private contractors to provide goods and services to citizens (space shuttle, dams).
Political Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is a phase in the policy-making cycle. Administration does not end with implementation because someone will always think it can be done better. Public administration is implementing the public interest. The public interest is the universal label in which political actors wrap the policies and programs that they advocate. The public interest is a commonly accepted good.
Legal Definitions of Public Administration Because public administration is what a state does, it is both created and bound by an instrument of the law. Public administration is the law in action. Public administration is inherently the execution of a public law. Every application of a general law is necessarily an act of administration. In the Pakistan, the Constitution of 1973 (with amendments) is the law of the land.
Legal Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is the king s largesse. It is whatever goods, services, or honors the ruling authority decides to bestow (monarchy). Plaques and political machines. Public administration is theft. The primary culprit is redistribution. Ayn Rand the only proper function of the government of a free country is to act as an agency which protects the individual s rights. John Kenneth Galbraith It is a simple matter of arithmetic that change may be costly to the man who has something; it cannot be so to the man who has nothing.
Managerial Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is so much a branch of management that many graduate schools of management (or business or administration) are divided into public and private and now increasingly nonprofit programs. Public administration is the executive function of government. Government agencies put into practice legislative acts that represent the will of the people
Managerial Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is a management specialty. Top managers make the big decisions and are responsible for the overall success of the organization. Public administrators are found in middle management, the group responsible for the execution and interpretation of top management policies and the day-to-day operation of an organizational unit.
Managerial Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is Mickey Mouse. Anything that requires considerable effort with few results. Often used to mean red tape , excessive formality and attention to routine. Red ribbon that official used to use to tie up public documents. Use because they promote efficiency and equity overall, although not always in individual cases.
Managerial Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is art, not science or vice versa. Public administration is actually both. It requires judgment, panache, and common sense. It also requires technical skills that allow for the digestion and transference of information. Just because you have the academic credentials does not mean that you can function as a high level administrator.
