Evolution of Microprocessors: A Historical Overview

 
HISTORY
 
OF
MICROPROCESSORS
 
1
 
C
O
N
T
E
N
TS
 
Introduction
4-Bit
 
Microprocessors
8-Bit
 
Microprocessors
16-Bit
 
Microprocessors
32-Bit
 
Microprocessors
64-Bit
 
Microprocessors
 
2
 
I
NTRODUCTION
 
Fairchild Semiconductors (founded 
in
 
1957)
invented 
the first IC 
in
 
1959.
I
n
 
1
9
6
8
,
 
R
o
b
e
r
t
 
N
o
y
c
e
,
 
G
o
r
d
a
n
 
M
o
o
r
e
,
 
A
n
d
r
e
w
G
r
o
v
e
 
r
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
 
f
r
o
m
 
F
a
i
r
c
h
i
l
d
 
S
e
m
i
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
y
 
f
o
u
n
d
e
d
 
t
h
e
i
r
 
o
w
n
 
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
 
I
n
t
e
l
 
(
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
)
.
Intel 
grown 
from 
3 man 
start-up 
in 1968
 
3
 
4-
BIT
 
M
ICROPROCESSORS
 
4
 
I
NTEL
 
4004
 
Introduced in
 
1971.
It was the first
microprocessor 
by 
Intel.
It 
was a 4-bit
 
µP.
Its 
clock 
speed
 
was
740KHz.
 
It had 2,300
 
transistors.
It could execute around
60,000 instructions per
second.
 
5
 
I
NTEL
 
4040
 
Introduced 
in
 
1974.
It 
was also 
4-bit
 
µP.
 
6
 
8-
BIT
 
M
ICROPROCESSORS
 
7
 
I
NTEL
 
8008
 
Introduced 
in
 
1972.
It 
was 
first 8-bit
 
µP.
Its 
clock speed was
 
500
KHz.
Could execute 50,000
instructions per
 
second.
 
8
 
I
NTEL
 
8080
 
Introduced 
in
 
1974.
It 
was also 
8-bit
 
µP.
Its 
clock speed was
 
2
MHz.
It 
had 6,000
 
transistors.
Was 
10 times faster
 
than
8008.
Could execute 5,00,000
instructions per
 
second.
 
9
 
I
NTEL
 
8085
 
Introduced in
 
1976.
It was also 
8-bit
 
µP.
Its 
clock 
speed was 3
 
MHz.
Its data bus is 
8-bit 
and
address bus is
 
16-bit.
It 
had 6,500
 
transistors.
Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per
 
second.
It could access 
64 KB
 
of
memory.
It had 246 instructions.
 
1
0
 
16-
BIT
 
M
ICROPROCESSORS
 
1
1
 
I
NTEL
 
8086
 
Introduced in
 
1978.
 
It 
was 
first 16-bit 
µP.
 
Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8
MHz and 10 MHz, depending on
the
 
version.
 
Its data bus is 16-bit and
address bus is
 
20-bit.
 
It had 29,000
 
transistors.
 
Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per
 
second.
 
It could access 1 MB of
 
memory.
 
It had 22,000
 
instructions.
 
I
t
 
h
a
d
 
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
y
 
a
n
d
 
D
i
v
i
d
e
instructions.
 
1
2
 
I
NTEL
 
8088
 
Introduced in
 
1979.
 
It was also 16-bit
 
µP.
It was created as a
 
cheaper
version of 
Intel’s
 
8086.
 
It was a 16-bit processor
 
with
an 8-bit external
 
bus.
 
1
3
 
I
NTEL 
80186 
&
 
80188
 
Introduced 
in
 
1982.
They were 
16-bit
 
µPs.
Clock speed was 6
 
MHz.
 
1
4
 
I
NTEL
 
80286
 
Introduced in
 
1982.
It was 16-bit
 
µP.
Its 
clock 
speed was 8
 
MHz.
 
1
5
 
32-
BIT
 
M
ICROPROCESSORS
 
1
6
 
I
NTEL
 
80386
 
Introduced in
 
1986.
 
It 
was 
first 32-bit
 
µP.
Its data bus is 32-bit and
address bus is
 
32-bit.
It could address 4 GB of
memory.
 
1
7
 
I
NTEL
 
80486
 
Introduced in
 
1989.
 
It was also 32-bit
 
µP.
It had 1.2 million
 
transistors.
 
Its 
clock speed varied from
 
16
MHz to 100 MHz depending
upon the various
 
versions.
 
1
8
 
I
NTEL
 
P
ENTIUM
 
Introduced in
 
1993.
 
It 
was 
also 32-bit
 
µP.
 
It 
was 
originally named
 
80586.
 
Its clock speed 
was 
66
 
MHz.
 
1
9
 
I
NTEL 
P
ENTIUM
 
P
RO
 
Introduced in
 
1995.
It was also 
32-bit
 
µP.
 
I
NTEL 
P
ENTIUM
 
II
 
Introduced 
in
 
1997.
It 
was also 32-bit
 
µP.
 
2
1
 
I
NTEL 
P
ENTIUM 
II
 
X
EON
 
Introduced in
 
1998.
 
It was also 
32-bit
 
µP.
 
2
2
 
I
NTEL 
P
ENTIUM
 
III
 
Introduced 
in
 
1999.
It 
was also 32-bit
 
µP.
 
2
3
 
I
NTEL 
P
ENTIUM
 
IV
 
Introduced in
 
2000.
It was also 
32-bit
 
µP.
 
2
4
 
I
NTEL 
D
UAL
 
C
ORE
 
Introduced 
in
 
2006.
It is 32-bit or 
64-bit
 
µP.
It 
has two
 
cores.
Both the cores have there
own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the
external bus and L2 
cache
 
2
5
 
2
6
 
64-
BIT
 
M
ICROPROCESSORS
 
2
7
 
I
NTEL 
C
ORE
 
2
 
Introduced in
 
2006.
It 
is a 64-bit
 
µP.
 
2
8
 
I
NTEL 
C
ORE
 
I
7
 
Introduced in
 
2008.
It is a 64-bit
 
µP.
 
2
9
 
I
NTEL 
C
ORE
 
I
5
 
Introduced in
 
2009.
It is a 64-bit
 
µP.
 
3
0
 
I
NTEL 
C
ORE
 
I
3
 
Introduced in
 
2010.
It is a 64-bit
 
µP.
 
3
1
 
The salient features of 8085
microprocessor.
 
8085 Microprocessor
 
The salient features of 8085 μp are :
1.
It is a 8 bit microprocessor.
2.
It has 16 bit address bus and hence can
address up to 2
16
 = 65536 bytes (64KB)
memory locations through A0-A15.
3.
 The first 8 lines of address bus and 8 lines
of data bus are multiplexed AD0 – AD7.
4.
Data bus is a group of 8 lines D0 – D7.
5.
 It supports 5 hardware interrupt  and 8
software interrupt.
 
8085 Microprocessor
 
6.
A 16 bit program counter (PC)
7.
 A 16 bit stack pointer (SP)
8.
 Six 8-bit general purpose register
arranged in pairs: BC,DE, HL.
9.
It requires a signal +5V power supply
10.
Maximum Clock Frequency  is 3MHz
and Minimum Clock Frequency is
500kHz
 
Pin Diagram of
 
8085
 
 
X
1 
&
 
X
2
 
Pin 1 and Pin 2
 
(Input)
These are also
 
called
Crystal Input
 
Pins.
 
8085 can
 
generate
clock 
signals
internally.
 
To 
generate clock
signals 
internally,
8085 requires
 
external
inputs from 
X
1 
and
 
X
2
.
 
 
RESET IN and 
RESET
 
OUT
 
Pin 36 
(Input) 
and Pin 3
 
(Output)
R
E
S
E
T
 
I
N
:
 
It is used to reset
 
the
microprocessor.
 
It is active low
 
signal.
 
When the signal on 
this
pin is low for at least 3
clocking cycles, it
forces the
microprocessor to
 
reset
itself.
 
 
Pin 36 
(Input) 
and Pin 3
 
(Output)
Resetting the
microprocessor
 
means:
 
Clearing 
the 
PC and
 
IR.
Disabling all
 
interrupts
(except
 
TRAP).
Disabling 
the SOD
 
pin.
A
l
l
 
t
h
e
 
b
u
s
e
s
 
(
d
a
t
a
,
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
,
 
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
)
 
a
r
e
 
t
r
i
-
s
t
a
t
e
d
.
Gives HIGH 
output
 
to
RESET 
OUT
 
pin.
 
RESET IN and 
RESET
 
OUT
 
 
RESET IN and 
RESET
 
OUT
 
Pin 36 
(Input) 
and Pin 3
 
(Output)
R
E
S
E
T
 
O
U
T
:
 
It is used to reset the
peripheral devices and
 
other
ICs on the
 
circuit.
 
It is an output
 
signal.
 
It is an active high
 
signal.
 
The output on this pin goes
high whenever RESET IN
 
is
given low
 
signal.
 
The output remains high as
long as RESET IN is kept
 
low.
 
 
SID and
 
SOD
 
Pin 4 
(Input) 
and Pin 5
 
(Output)
S
I
D
 
(
S
e
r
i
a
l
 
I
n
p
u
t
D
a
t
a
)
:
 
o
It takes 1 bit input
 
from
serial port of
 
8085.
 
o
Stores the bit at the
 
8
th
position (MSB) of the
Accumulator.
 
o
RIM (Read Interrupt
Mask) instruction is
used to transfer the
 
bit.
 
 
SID and
 
SOD
 
Pin 4 
(Input) 
and Pin 5
 
(Output)
S
O
D
 
(
S
e
r
i
a
l
 
O
u
t
p
u
t
D
a
t
a
)
:
 
o
It takes 
1 bit 
from
Accumulator 
to 
serial
 
port
of
 
8085.
 
o
Takes 
the 
bit 
from 
the
 
8
th
position (MSB) 
of the
Accumulator.
 
o
SIM (Set Interrupt
 
Mask)
instruction 
is 
used 
to
transfer the
 
bit.
 
 
Interrupt
 
Pins
 
I
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
:
 
It means 
interrupting 
the normal execution of
 
the
microprocessor.
 
When microprocessor receives interrupt signal,
 
it
discontinues whatever it was
 
executing.
 
It starts executing new program indicated by the
 
interrupt
signal.
 
Interrupt signals are generated by external
 
peripheral
devices.
 
After 
execution of the new program, microprocessor
 
goes
back to the previous
 
program.
 
 
Sequence 
of Steps 
Whenever
 
There
is an
 
Interrupt
 
Microprocessor completes execution of current
instruction of the
 
program.
 
PC contents are stored in
 
stack.
 
PC is loaded with address of the new
 
program.
 
After 
executing the new program, the
microprocessor returns back to the previous
program.
 
It 
goes 
to the previous program by reading the
top value of
 
stack.
 
 
Five Hardware 
Interrupts 
in
 
8085
 
TRAP
 
RST
7.5
 
RST
6.5
 
RST
5.5
 
INTR
Slide Note
Embed
Share

The history of microprocessors traces back to Fairchild Semiconductors in 1959, leading to the founding of Intel in 1968. The evolution from 4-bit to 64-bit microprocessors by Intel revolutionized computing. Key milestones include the Intel 4004 and 4040 (4-bit), 8008, 8080, and 8085 (8-bit), and the Intel 8086 (16-bit). These developments in microprocessor technology paved the way for faster and more powerful computing capabilities.


Uploaded on Jul 25, 2024 | 4 Views


Download Presentation

Please find below an Image/Link to download the presentation.

The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author. Download presentation by click this link. If you encounter any issues during the download, it is possible that the publisher has removed the file from their server.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSORS 1

  2. CONTENTS Introduction 4-Bit Microprocessors 8-Bit Microprocessors 16-Bit Microprocessors 32-Bit Microprocessors 64-Bit Microprocessors 2

  3. INTRODUCTION Fairchild Semiconductors (founded in 1957) invented the first IC in 1959. In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore,Andrew Grove resigned from Fairchild Semiconductors. They founded their own company Intel (Integrated Electronics). Intel grown from 3 man start-up in 1968 3

  4. 4-BIT MICROPROCESSORS 4

  5. INTEL 4004 Introduced in 1971. It was the first microprocessor by Intel. It was a 4-bit P. Its clock speed was 740KHz. It had 2,300 transistors. It could execute around 60,000 instructions per second. 5

  6. INTEL 4040 Introduced in 1974. It was also 4-bit P. 6

  7. 8-BIT MICROPROCESSORS 7

  8. INTEL 8008 Introduced in 1972. It was first 8-bit P. Its clock speed was 500 KHz. Could execute 50,000 instructions per second. 8

  9. INTEL 8080 Introduced in 1974. It was also 8-bit P. Its clock speed was 2 MHz. It had 6,000 transistors. Was 10 times faster than 8008. Could execute 5,00,000 instructions per second. 9

  10. Introduced in 1976. INTEL 8085 It was also 8-bit P. Its clock speed was 3 MHz. Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit. It had 6,500 transistors. Could execute 7,69,230 instructions per second. It could access 64 KB of memory. It had 246 instructions. 10

  11. 16-BIT MICROPROCESSORS 11

  12. Introduced in 1978. INTEL8086 It was first 16-bit P. Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and 10 MHz, depending on the version. Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 20-bit. It had 29,000 transistors. Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second. It could access 1 MB of memory. It had 22,000 instructions. It had Multiply and Divide instructions. 12

  13. INTEL 8088 Introduced in 1979. It was also 16-bit P. It was created as acheaper version of Intel s 8086. It was a 16-bit processorwith an 8-bit external bus. 13

  14. INTEL 80186 & 80188 Introduced in 1982. They were 16-bit Ps. Clock speed was 6 MHz. 14

  15. INTEL 80286 Introduced in 1982. It was 16-bit P. Its clock speed was 8 MHz. 15

  16. 32-BIT MICROPROCESSORS 16

  17. Introduced in 1986. It was first 32-bit P. INTEL80386 Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit. It could address 4 GB of memory. 17

  18. Introduced in 1989. INTEL80486 It was also 32-bit P. It had 1.2 million transistors. Its clock speed varied from16 MHz to 100 MHz depending upon the various versions. 18

  19. Introduced in 1993. INTELPENTIUM It was also 32-bit P. It was originally named 80586. Its clock speed was 66 MHz. 19

  20. INTEL PENTIUM PRO Introduced in 1995. It was also 32-bit P.

  21. INTEL PENTIUM II Introduced in 1997. It was also 32-bit P . 21

  22. INTEL PENTIUM II XEON Introduced in 1998. It was also 32-bit P. 22

  23. INTEL PENTIUM III Introduced in 1999. It was also 32-bit P. 23

  24. INTEL PENTIUM IV Introduced in 2000. It was also 32-bit P . 24

  25. Introduced in 2006. INTEL DUAL CORE It is 32-bit or 64-bit P. It has two cores. Both the cores have there own internal bus and L1 cache, but share the external bus and L2 cache 25

  26. 26

  27. 64-BIT MICROPROCESSORS 27

  28. INTEL CORE 2 Introduced in 2006. It is a 64-bit P . 28

  29. INTEL CORE I7 Introduced in 2008. It is a 64-bit P. 29

  30. INTEL CORE I5 Introduced in 2009. It is a 64-bit P. 30

  31. INTEL CORE I3 Introduced in 2010. It is a 64-bit P. 31

  32. The salient features of 8085 microprocessor.

  33. 8085 Microprocessor The salient features of 8085 p are : 1. It is a 8 bit microprocessor. 2. It has 16 bit address bus and hence can address up to 216 = 65536 bytes (64KB) memory locations through A0-A15. 3. The first 8 lines of address bus and 8 lines of data bus are multiplexed AD0 AD7. 4. Data bus is a group of 8 lines D0 D7. 5. It supports 5 hardware interrupt and 8 software interrupt.

  34. 8085 Microprocessor 6. A 16 bit program counter (PC) 7. A 16 bit stack pointer (SP) 8. Six 8-bit general purpose register arranged in pairs: BC,DE, HL. 9. It requires a signal +5V power supply 10.Maximum Clock Frequency is 3MHz and Minimum Clock Frequency is 500kHz

  35. Pin Diagram of 8085

  36. X1 & X2 Pin 1 and Pin 2 (Input) These are also called Crystal Input Pins. 8085 can generate clock signals internally. To generate clock signals internally, 8085 requires external inputs from X1 and X2.

  37. RESET IN and RESET OUT Pin 36 (Input) and Pin 3 (Output) RESET IN: It is used to reset the microprocessor. It is active low signal. When the signal on this pin is low for at least 3 clocking cycles, it forces the microprocessor to reset itself.

  38. RESET IN and RESET OUT Pin 36 (Input) and Pin 3 (Output) Resetting the microprocessor means: Clearing the PC and IR. Disabling all interrupts (except TRAP). Disabling the SOD pin. All the buses (data, address, control) are tri- stated. Gives HIGH output to RESET OUTpin.

  39. RESET IN and RESET OUT Pin 36 (Input) and Pin 3 (Output) RESET OUT: It is used to reset the peripheral devices and other ICs on the circuit. It is an outputsignal. It is an active high signal. The output on this pin goes high whenever RESET IN is given low signal. The output remains high as long as RESET IN is keptlow.

  40. SID and SOD Pin 4 (Input) and Pin 5 (Output) SID (Serial Input Data): o It takes 1 bit input from serial port of 8085. o Stores the bit at the 8th position (MSB) of the Accumulator. o RIM (Read Interrupt Mask) instruction is used to transfer the bit.

  41. SID and SOD Pin 4 (Input) and Pin 5 (Output) SOD (Serial Output Data): o It takes 1 bit from Accumulator to serial port of 8085. o Takes the bit from the 8th position (MSB) of the Accumulator. o SIM (Set Interrupt Mask) instruction is used to transfer the bit.

  42. Interrupt Pins Interrupt: It means interrupting the normal execution ofthe microprocessor. When microprocessor receives interrupt signal,it discontinues whatever it wasexecuting. It starts executing new program indicated by theinterrupt signal. Interrupt signals are generated by externalperipheral devices. After execution of the new program, microprocessorgoes back to the previousprogram.

  43. Sequence of Steps Whenever There is an Interrupt instruction of the program. Microprocessor completes execution of current PC contents are stored in stack. PC is loaded with address of the new program. After executing the new program, the microprocessor returns back to the previous program. It goes to the previous program by reading the top value of stack.

  44. Five Hardware Interrupts in 8085 TRAP RST 7.5 RST 6.5 RST 5.5

More Related Content

giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#