Essential Elements of English Grammar Explained by Dr. Amna Mohammed
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P
h
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l
e
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e
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n
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c
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D
r
.
A
m
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a
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
They are the building
blocks of English
grammar.
Understanding and
applying a process is
learning to learn.
It is a foundation to
improve your writing.
N
o
u
n
s
A
d
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
P
r
o
n
o
u
n
s
V
e
r
b
s
C
o
n
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
P
r
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
A
d
v
e
r
b
s
I
n
t
e
r
j
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
N
a
m
e
s
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
,
p
l
a
c
e
s
,
t
h
i
n
g
s
,
f
e
e
l
i
n
g
s
,
o
r
i
d
e
a
s
.
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
:
J
o
h
n
h
a
s
a
n
e
w
c
a
r
,
a
n
d
h
e
p
a
r
k
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
t
r
e
e
t
u
n
d
e
r
a
b
i
g
t
r
e
e
i
n
F
i
l
e
r
.
N
a
m
e
s
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
,
p
l
a
c
e
s
,
t
h
i
n
g
s
,
f
e
e
l
i
n
g
s
,
o
r
i
d
e
a
s
.
O
f
t
e
n
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
d
b
y
“
n
o
u
n
m
a
r
k
e
r
s
”
-
-
a
,
a
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
.
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
:
T
h
e
b
o
y
o
n
t
h
e
r
e
d
b
i
k
e
h
i
t
a
b
i
r
d
w
i
t
h
a
r
o
c
k
a
t
t
h
e
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
l
o
n
g
r
o
a
d
.
N
a
m
e
s
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
,
p
l
a
c
e
s
,
t
h
i
n
g
s
,
f
e
e
l
i
n
g
s
,
o
r
i
d
e
a
s
.
“
N
o
u
n
m
a
r
k
e
r
s
”
-
-
a
,
a
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
.
N
o
u
n
e
n
d
i
n
g
s
:
-
n
e
s
s
,
-
m
e
n
t
,
-
a
n
c
e
,
-
e
n
c
e
,
-
a
n
c
y
,
-
e
n
c
y
,
-
i
t
y
,
-
i
o
n
,
-
u
r
e
.
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
:
H
a
p
p
i
n
e
s
s
i
s
t
h
e
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
f
e
v
e
r
y
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
s
t
h
e
t
e
n
d
e
n
c
y
t
o
w
a
r
d
k
i
n
d
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
m
e
n
t
.
N
a
m
e
s
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
,
p
l
a
c
e
s
,
t
h
i
n
g
s
,
f
e
e
l
i
n
g
s
,
o
r
i
d
e
a
s
.
“
N
o
u
n
m
a
r
k
e
r
s
”
-
-
a
,
a
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
.
N
o
u
n
e
n
d
i
n
g
s
:
-
n
e
s
s
,
-
m
e
n
t
,
-
a
n
c
e
,
-
e
n
c
e
,
-
a
n
c
y
,
-
e
n
c
y
,
-
i
t
y
,
-
i
o
n
,
-
u
r
e
.
C
a
n
b
e
m
a
d
e
p
l
u
r
a
l
w
i
t
h
s
o
r
e
s
.
Example:
The
needs
of the
masses
may conflict
with
expectations
of the
members
of
legislative
bodies
.
T
h
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
o
r
“
d
o
i
n
g
”
w
o
r
d
s
i
n
a
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
h
o
r
s
e
r
a
n
,
j
u
m
p
e
d
a
n
d
k
i
c
k
e
d
u
n
t
i
l
i
t
t
h
r
e
w
t
h
e
r
i
d
e
r
.
M
o
s
t
v
e
r
b
s
m
a
k
e
s
e
n
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
b
l
a
n
k
s
b
e
l
o
w
:
◦
H
e
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.
◦
T
h
e
y
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.
T
h
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
o
r
“
d
o
i
n
g
”
w
o
r
d
s
i
n
a
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
.
“
L
i
n
k
i
n
g
v
e
r
b
s
”
s
h
o
w
b
e
i
n
g
.
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
:
S
h
e
i
s
a
n
i
c
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
,
a
n
d
w
e
a
r
e
h
e
r
f
r
i
e
n
d
s
.
M
e
m
o
r
i
z
e
t
h
e
l
i
n
k
i
n
g
v
e
r
b
s
:
B
e
,
a
m
,
i
s
,
a
r
e
,
w
a
s
,
w
e
r
e
,
b
e
e
n
,
b
e
i
n
g
.
The action or
“doing” words in a
sentence.
“Linking verbs”
show being.
Change to show
time (tense).
Example:
Today I
am
on a
bus, and it
goes
past my house.
Yesterday I
was
on
a bus, and it
went
past my house.
The words that
change are verbs.
The action or
“doing” words in a
sentence.
“Linking verbs”
show being.
Change to show
time (tense).
Complete verbs
include “helping
verbs.
”
Always
helping verbs
:
Can Will Shall May
Could Would Should Might
Must
Always verbs,
may
be
helping:
◦
Have, has, had
◦
Do, does, did, done
◦
Be, am, is, are, was, were,
been, being
The action or
“doing” words in a
sentence.
“Linking verbs”
show being.
Change to show
time (tense).
Complete verbs
include “helping
verbs.”
Example:
They
might
have
been
going
to the
store if they
could
have
gotten
a ride.
T
h
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
o
r
“
d
o
i
n
g
”
w
o
r
d
s
i
n
a
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
.
“
L
i
n
k
i
n
g
v
e
r
b
s
”
s
h
o
w
b
e
i
n
g
.
C
h
a
n
g
e
t
o
s
h
o
w
t
i
m
e
(
t
e
n
s
e
)
.
C
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
v
e
r
b
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
“
h
e
l
p
i
n
g
v
e
r
b
s
.
”
Describe or modify
only
nouns
.
Example:
A
big
,
red
dump
truck
hit a
parked
l
ittle
car
and the
worried
driver
ran
to the
other
side
of
the
busy
street
.
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
o
r
m
o
d
i
f
y
o
n
l
y
n
o
u
n
s
.
A
n
s
w
e
r
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
,
“
w
h
a
t
k
i
n
d
?
”
o
r
“
h
o
w
m
a
n
y
?
”
Example:
The three tired
teens tried to eat a
large pie at two
pizza parlors.
How many teens? three
What kind of teens? tired
What kind of pie? large
How many parlors? two
What kind of parlors? pizza
Describe or modify
only
nouns.
Answer questions,
“what kind?”
or
“how
many?”
The “noun markers”
a, an, the
are
always
adjectives
.
Example:
The
way to
a
smile
and
an
appreciative
attitude is through
the
stomach
.
Describe or modify
only
nouns.
Answer questions,
“what kind?”
or
“how
many?”
The “noun markers”
a,
an, the
are
always
adjectives.
Usually “piled up”
before nouns
.
Example:
The
long
,
shiny
black
limousine
pulled in front of
the
huge
old
mansion, and
a
tall
,
well-dressed
older
gentleman got out
.
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
o
r
m
o
d
i
f
y
o
n
l
y
n
o
u
n
s
.
A
n
s
w
e
r
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
,
“
w
h
a
t
k
i
n
d
?
”
o
r
“
h
o
w
m
a
n
y
?
”
T
h
e
“
n
o
u
n
m
a
r
k
e
r
s
”
a
,
a
n
,
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
l
w
a
y
s
a
d
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
.
U
s
u
a
l
l
y
“
p
i
l
e
d
u
p
”
b
e
f
o
r
e
n
o
u
n
s
.
M
a
y
f
o
l
l
o
w
l
i
n
k
i
n
g
v
e
r
b
s
a
n
d
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
.
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
:
T
h
e
r
i
v
e
r
i
s
d
e
e
p
,
w
i
d
e
a
n
d
c
o
l
d
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
d
i
v
e
r
s
a
r
e
b
r
a
v
e
a
n
d
w
e
l
l
-
t
r
a
i
n
e
d
.
N
o
t
e
:
t
o
t
e
s
t
t
h
e
s
e
,
t
r
y
p
u
t
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
i
n
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
u
n
t
h
e
y
m
o
d
i
f
y
.
D
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
o
r
m
o
d
i
f
y
o
n
l
y
n
o
u
n
s
.
A
n
s
w
e
r
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
,
“
w
h
a
t
k
i
n
d
?
”
o
r
“
h
o
w
m
a
n
y
?
”
T
h
e
“
n
o
u
n
m
a
r
k
e
r
s
”
a
,
a
n
,
t
h
e
a
r
e
a
l
w
a
y
s
a
d
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
.
U
s
u
a
l
l
y
“
p
i
l
e
d
u
p
”
b
e
f
o
r
e
n
o
u
n
s
.
M
a
y
f
o
l
l
o
w
l
i
n
k
i
n
g
v
e
r
b
s
a
n
d
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
.
Specialized words
to take the place of
nouns
.
Example:
Paul gave Emily
stationery because
he
wanted
her
to
write to
him
when
she
could.
Specialized words to
take the place of
nouns.
Often refer to people
and have several
forms.
Memorize:
I he we she they
me him us her them
Other common
pronouns:
◦
you, it, this, that, who,
what, someone,
everything, anyone,
and many other similar
words.
S
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
z
e
d
w
o
r
d
s
t
o
t
a
k
e
t
h
e
p
l
a
c
e
o
f
n
o
u
n
s
.
O
f
t
e
n
r
e
f
e
r
t
o
p
e
o
p
l
e
a
n
d
h
a
v
e
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
f
o
r
m
s
.
M
a
y
b
e
p
o
s
s
e
s
s
i
v
e
,
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
o
w
n
e
r
s
h
i
p
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
l
i
k
e
a
n
a
d
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
.
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
:
H
e
r
r
e
d
c
a
r
i
s
f
a
s
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
m
y
o
l
d
F
o
r
d
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
i
r
n
e
w
H
o
n
d
a
c
o
s
t
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
o
u
r
s
.
N
o
t
e
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
:
I
h
e
w
e
s
h
e
t
h
e
y
m
e
h
i
m
u
s
h
e
r
t
h
e
m
m
y
h
i
s
o
u
r
h
e
r
s
t
h
e
i
r
s
O
t
h
e
r
s
:
y
o
u
r
s
,
i
t
s
,
w
h
o
s
e
Specialized words to take the place of nouns.
Often refer to people and have several forms
.
May be possessive, showing ownership and
working
like an adjective.
Specialized words to
start prepositional
phrases.
A prepositional phrase
is a group of words
describing things
which starts with a
preposition and ends
with a noun or
pronoun
.
The man
on the bus
with a hat on his
head
looked
at me
and turned
toward
the window.
Specialized words
to start
prepositional
phrases.
Most prepositions
are small, common
words indicating
time, place or
position.
Memory clue:
The rabbit went _____
the hollow log.
Memorize:
at, from, to, on, in,
into, onto, between,
under, over, against,
around, through
Specialized words to
start prepositional
phrases.
Most prepositions are
small, common words
indicating time, place
or position.
Some prepositions
simply must be
memorized
.
Example
:
The problem
with
him
is that he sleeps
during the day
and
spends most
of the
night with his
friends.
Memorize:
of, with, for, during
Specialized words to start prepositional
phrases.
Most prepositions are small, common words
indicating time, place or position.
Some prepositions simply must be
memorized.
W
o
r
d
s
w
h
i
c
h
“
h
o
o
k
”
w
o
r
d
s
,
p
h
r
a
s
e
s
,
o
r
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
s
.
M
e
m
o
r
y
c
l
u
e
:
F
A
N
B
O
Y
S
.
F
o
r
B
u
t
A
n
d
O
r
N
o
r
Y
e
t
S
o
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
:
S
h
e
a
n
d
I
l
e
f
t
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
y
s
t
a
y
e
d
,
f
o
r
J
o
e
o
r
T
e
d
w
a
s
c
o
m
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
b
u
s
,
y
e
t
n
o
t
o
n
t
i
m
e
.
W
o
r
d
s
w
h
i
c
h
“
h
o
o
k
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
”
w
o
r
d
s
,
p
h
r
a
s
e
s
,
o
r
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
s
.
S
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Words which “hook together” words, phrases,
or sentences.
Some conjunctions only hook clauses
.
Describe verbs,
adjectives, or other
adverbs
.
She
quickly
ran
to
her
extremely
tired
friend and gave him
a
very
big
hug.
Describe verbs,
adjectives, or other
adverbs.
Answer the adverb
questions: How?
When? Where? Why?
Under what
conditions?
Soon
the
very
able
pilot
confidently
flew
west,
and
thus
he
almost
crashed
.
When? soon
Where? west
How? very,confidently
Why? thus
What conditions? almost
Describe verbs,
adjectives, or other
adverbs.
Answer the adverb
questions: How? When?
Where? Why? Under
what conditions?
Often end in -ly
Example:
The
extremely
hungry
animal howled
eerily
in
the
especially
dark
night.
Describe verbs,
adjectives, or other
adverbs.
Answer the adverb
questions: How? When?
Where? Why? Under
what conditions?
Often end in -ly
Always adverbs:
not very, often,
here, almost,
always, never, there
Example
:
We do
not
very
often
want them
here
, for
they are
always
late
and
almost
never
want
to go
there
with us.
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Where? Why? Under what conditions?
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Comprehensive overview of key components in English grammar - nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs, and interjections - vital for improving writing skills. Detailed explanation of noun markers, endings, and the importance of verbs, including linking verbs, in sentence structure.
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Presentation Transcript
PhD level English course Dr. Amna Mohammed
They are the building blocks of English grammar. Understanding and applying a process is learning to learn. It is a foundation to improve your writing.
Nouns Adjectives Pronouns Verbs Conjunctions Prepositions Adverbs Interjections
Names of persons, places, things, feelings, or ideas. Example: John has a new car, and he parks on the street under a big tree in Filer.
Names of persons, places, things, feelings, or ideas. Often indicated by noun markers -- a a, an Example: the The boy on the red bike hit a a bird with a a rock at the end of the the the long road. an, and the the.
Names of persons, places, things, feelings, or ideas. Noun markers -- a a, an Noun endings: -ness, -ment, - ance, -ence, - ancy, -ency, -ity, - Example: ness is ence of ion and is the tendency toward kindness and contentment Happiness the preference every action an, and the the. ency ness ment. ion, -ure.
Names of persons, places, things, feelings, or ideas. Noun markers -- a, an, and the. Noun endings: -ness, -ment, -ance, -ence, -ancy, -ency, - ity, -ion, -ure. Can be made plural with s or es. Example: The needs of the masses may conflict with expectations of the members of legislative bodies.
The action or doing words in a sentence. The horse ran, jumped and kicked until it threw the rider. Most verbs make sense in the blanks below: He _________. They ________.
The action or doing words in a sentence. Linking verbs show being. Example: She is a nice person, and we are her friends. Memorize the linking verbs: Be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being.
The action or doing words in a sentence. Linking verbs show being. Change to show time (tense). Example: Today I am on a bus, and it goes past my house. Yesterday I was on a bus, and it went past my house. The words that change are verbs.
The action or doing words in a sentence. Linking verbs show being. Change to show time (tense). Complete verbs include helping verbs. Always helping verbs: Can Will Shall May Could Would Should Might Must Always verbs, may be helping: Have, has, had Do, does, did, done Be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being
The action or doing words in a sentence. Linking verbs show being. Change to show time (tense). Complete verbs include helping verbs. Example: They might have been going to the store if they could have gotten a ride.
The action or doing words in a sentence. Linking verbs show being. Change to show time (tense). Complete verbs include helping verbs.
Describe or modify only nouns. Example: A big, red dump truck little car worried driver to the other side the busy street truck hit a parked car and the driver ran side of street.
Example: The three tired teens tried to eat a large pie at two pizza parlors. How many teens? three What kind of teens? tired What kind of pie? large How many parlors? two What kind of parlors? pizza Describe or modify only nouns. Answer questions, what kind? how many what kind? or how many? ?
Example: The and an attitude is through the Describe or modify only nouns. Answer questions, what kind? many? The noun markers a, an, the always adjectives. The way to a a smile an appreciative what kind? or how many? how the stomach. a, an, the are
Example: The long, shiny black limousine pulled in front of the huge old mansion, and a tall, well-dressed older gentleman got out. Describe or modify only nouns. Answer questions, what kind? many? The noun markers a, an, the adjectives. Usually piled up before nouns. what kind? or how many? how a, an, the are always
Example: Describe or modify only nouns. what The river is deep, wide and cold, but the divers are brave and well-trained. Note: to test these, Answer questions, what kind? The noun markers a, the Usually piled up before kind? or how many? how many? a, an, an, the are always adjectives. nouns. try May follow linking verbs and describe the putting them in front subject. of the noun they modify.
Describe or modify only nouns. Answer questions, what kind? many? The noun markers a, an, the adjectives. Usually piled up before nouns. May follow linking verbs and describe the subject. what kind? or how how many? a, an, the are always
Specialized words to take the place of nouns. Example: Paul gave Emily stationery because he wanted her to write to him when she could.
Specialized words to take the place of nouns. Often refer to people and have several forms. Memorize: I he we she they me him us her them Other common pronouns: you, it, this, that, who, what, someone, everything, anyone, and many other similar words.
Example: Specialized words to take the place of nouns. Often refer to people and have several forms. May be possessive, showing ownership and working like an Her red car is faster than my old Ford, but their new Honda cost more than ours. Note the form: I he we she they me him us her them my his our hers theirs Others: yours, its, whose adjective.
Specialized words to take the place of nouns. Often refer to people and have several forms. May be possessive, showing ownership and working like an adjective.
Specialized words to start prepositional phrases. A prepositional phrase is a group of words describing things which starts with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun. The man on the bus with a hat on his head looked at me and turned toward the window.
Specialized words to start prepositional phrases. Most prepositions are small, common words indicating time, place or position. Memory clue: The rabbit went _____ the hollow log. Memorize: at, from, to, on, in, into, onto, between, under, over, against, around, through
Example: The problem with him is that he sleeps during the day and spends most of the night with his friends. Memorize: of, with, for, during Specialized words to start prepositional phrases. Most prepositions are small, common words indicating time, place or position. Some prepositions simply must be memorized.
Specialized words to start prepositional phrases. Most prepositions are small, common words indicating time, place or position. Some prepositions simply must be memorized.
Words which hook words, phrases, or sentences. Memory clue: FAN BOYS. Example: She and I left, but they stayed, for Joe or For But And Or Yet So Ted was coming on the bus, yet not on time. Nor
Words which hook together words, phrases, or sentences. Some conjunctions only hook clauses. They include: when, as, if, since, because, while, Example: I ran when I saw her because I was happy since she was home. Memory clue: She is cute _____ she smiles. after, although, before
Words which hook together words, phrases, or sentences. Some conjunctions only hook clauses.
Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. She quickly ran to her extremely tired friend and gave him a very big hug.
Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Answer the adverb questions: How? When? Where? Why? Under what conditions? Soon the very able pilot confidently flew west, and thus he almost crashed. When? soon Where? west How? very,confidently Why? thus What conditions? almost
Example: The extremely hungry animal howled eerily in the especially dark night. Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Answer the adverb questions: How? When? Where? Why? Under what conditions? Often end in -ly
Example: We do not very often want them here, for they are always late and almost never want to go there with us. Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Answer the adverb questions: How? When? Where? Why? Under what conditions? Often end in -ly Always adverbs: not very, often, here, almost, always, never, there
Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Answer the adverb questions: How? When? Where? Why? Under what conditions? Often end in -ly Always adverbs: not very, often, here, almost, always, never, there
Words which show emotion or are fillers with no other function. Example: Oh, I am surprised, but please don t do it again. Ouch, you hurt me.
